Lab report number 2

Universal testing machine

Objective:
The objective of this lab is to understand the basic operation and usage of
universal testing machine so we can use them in our practical life.

Introduction:-
A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester,[1]
materials testing macije or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile
strength and compressive strength of materials. An earlier name for a tensile
testing machine is a tensometer. The "universal" part of the name flects that it
can perform many standard tensile and compressin tests on materials,
components, and structures (in other words, dat it is versatile). Trapezium
software is used in UTM that enhances the features and capabilities of these
machines for conducting static and low frequency cyclic testing on a wide
variety of materials and component in automatic and manual control modes.

Function:-
The main functions of UTM are to test the mechanical properties of materials.
The standard tests performed by UTM are:

Tensile Test
Compression Test
Adhesion Tests Pull-Out Tests
Bending Test
Hysteresis Test
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Components:-
A universal testing machine consists of two main
parts:
• Loading Unit
• Control Unit
The arrangement of the test specimen and the exertion of the load is held in
the loading unit. The variations in the application of the load and the
corresponding test result are obtained from the control unit.

In the figure, the left unit with table and crosshead form the loading unit. The
right unit with a load indicator arrangement is the control unit
The loading unit of a UTM consists of the following components:

• Load Frame

Upper crosshead and Lower crosshead

Elongation Scale

Load Frame:-
The load frame of a universal testing machine can be made either by single
support or by double support. The load Frame consists of a table (where the
specimen is placed for the compression test), upper crosshead, and lower
crosshead.
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Upper Crosshead and Lower Crosshead:- The upper crosshead is used to clamp
one end of the test specimen. The lower crosshead in the load frame is the
movable crosshead whose screws can be loosened for height adjustment and
tightened. Both the crossheads have a tapered slot at the center. This slot has
a pair of racked jaws that is intended to grip and hold the tensile test
specimen. Elongation Scale:- The relative movement of the lower and upper
table is measured by an elongation scale which is provided along with the
loading unit.

2. Control Unit:-The main components of the control unit in a universal testing

machine are: Hydraulic Power Unit Load Measuring Unit Control Devices

1. Hydraulic Power Unit:-

This unit consists of an oil pump that provides non-pulsating oil flow into the
main cylinder of the load unit. This flow helps in the smooth application of load
on the specimen. The oil pump in a hydraulic power unit is run by an electric
motor and sump.
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2. Load Measuring Unit:-

This unit has a pendulum dynamometer unit that has a small cylinder with a
piston which moves with the non-pulsating oil flow. The pendulum is
connected to the piston by pivot lever. The pivot lever deflects based on the
load applied to the specimen. This deflection is converted to the load pointer
and displays as the load on the dial.

The range of load application can be adjusted by means of a knob in the load
measuring unit (0-100 KN; 0-250 kN; 0-500 kN and 0-1000 KN). The accuracy of
measuring unit controls the overall accuracy of the machine.

3. Control Devices:-
The control devices can be electric or hydraulic Electric control devices make
use of switches to move the crossheads and switch on/off the unit. A hydraulic
control device consists of two valves, Right Control Valve and Left Control
Valve or Release Valve. Aright control valve is used to apply load on the
specimen. The left control valve is used to release the load

Construction And Working Of UTM:- The universal

testing machine has two vertical threaded shafts. where the movable
crosshead will slide on these vertical Bars. The Crosshead will be constant.

These two heads will have locking clamps to hold the specimen in place. such
as wires, rods, for mostly tensile test only. If it is a tensile test then the
specimen will be placed in between the

Cross head and the movable head jaws. If it is a compressive test. The
specimen will be placed in between the movable head and the table.
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There is a speed controller, this controls the speed of the two vertical threaded
shafts, as the result, there will be a in the load applied to the specimen with
the help of the movable crosshead. With the help of the loading dial indicator,
we can observe how much load is applied to the specimen during the test.

Figure:

Conclusion:-
In this lab we have learnt the basic, components and usage of universal testing
machine in our daily life.