Mbledhja e te dhenave, futja e tyre ne

databaze dhe Interpretimi

 Statistikat Deskriptive
Statistikat: Analiza e te dhenave permes
 Mesatarja testeve te ndryshme:
 Moda
 Correlation
 Mediana  Chi Square
 Minimumi  T-tests
 P-values
 Maksimumi
 ANOVA
 Rangu  Regresioni
 Statistikat Deskriptive
 Histogrami
 Varianca
 Devijimi Standard
 Frequency Distribution
Cili grup eshte me i mencur?

Klasa A--IQs e 13 Studenteve Klasa B--IQs e 13 Studenteve

102 115 127 162
128 109 131 103
131 89 96 111
98 106 80 109
140 119 93 87
93 97 120 105
110 109

Secili indiivid mund te jete I ndryshem. Nese mundohesh ta kuptosh nje

grup duke I mbajtur mend karakteristikat e secilit anetar, do te deshtosh ta
kuptosh grupin.
Statistikat Deskriptive

Cili grup eshte me I mencur?

Klasa A— IQ mesatare klasa B– IQ mesatare

110.54 110.23

Pothuajse te njejta!

Me Statistika Deskriptive eshte shume me e lehte per ta kuptuar.

 Relative Frequency Distribution of IQ for Two Classes

IQ Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

82.00 1 4.2 4.2 4.2
87.00 1 4.2 4.2 8.3

Frequency 89.00
93.00
1
2
4.2
8.3
4.2
8.3
12.5
20.8

Distribution
96.00 1 4.2 4.2 25.0
97.00 1 4.2 4.2 29.2
98.00 1 4.2 4.2 33.3
102.00 1 4.2 4.2 37.5
103.00 1 4.2 4.2 41.7
105.00 1 4.2 4.2 45.8
106.00 1 4.2 4.2 50.0
107.00 1 4.2 4.2 54.2
109.00 1 4.2 4.2 58.3
111.00 1 4.2 4.2 62.5
115.00 1 4.2 4.2 66.7
119.00 1 4.2 4.2 70.8
120.00 1 4.2 4.2 75.0
127.00 1 4.2 4.2 79.2
128.00 1 4.2 4.2 83.3
131.00 2 8.3 8.3 91.7
140.00 1 4.2 4.2 95.8
162.00 1 4.2 4.2 100.0
Total 24 100.0 100.0
Histogram

Histogram of IQ Scores for Two Classes

Frequency
3

0
80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00
IQ
 Descriptive Statistics

Pershkrimi I te dhenave:

Vlerat e mesme
Mesatarja
Mediana
Moda

 Variacioni (Diferencat ne grup)

Rangu
Varianca
Devijimi Standard
 Rangu (Gjeresia e variacionit)
Distanca mes vlerave ekstreme (me te ultes dhe me te
lartes)

Per ta gjetur rangun, e zbret vleren maksimale me ate

minimale.

klasa A--IQs e 13 Studentave klasa B--IQs e 13 Studentave

102 115 127 162
128 109 131 103
131 89 96 111
98 106 80 109
140 119 93 87
93 97 120 105
110 109
Rangu Klasa A = 140 - 89 = 51 Rangu Klasa B = 162 - 80 = 82
 Varianca
E mat shperndarjen e vlerave te regjistruara ne nje variable.

Sa me e madhe qe te jete varianca, aq me e larget do te jete

distance mes vlerave individuale dhe mesatares.

Mesatarja

Sa me e vogel te jete varianca, me afer do te jene vlerat

individuale me mesataren.

Mesatarja
 Varianca
Devijimi i 102 nga 110.54 eshte? Devijimi i 115?

Klasa A--IQs e 13 Studentave

102 115
128 109
131 89
98 106
140 119
93 97
110
Mesatarja= 110.54
 Varianca
Devijimi i 102 nga 110.54 eshte? Devijimi i 115?
102 - 110.54 = -8.54 115 - 110.54 = 4.46

Klasa A--IQs e 13 Studentave

102 115
128 109
131 89
98 106
140 119
93 97
110
Mesatarja= 110.54
Varianca

 Per te gjetur Devijimin per te gjitha variablat, duhet te

gjejm fuqine ne katror te devijimit per te eliminuar
shenjat negative.

Devijimi ne fuqi katror: (Yi – Y-bar)2

Ne shembullin e IQ-se,
Devijimi ne fuqi katror per 102 eshte: per 115:
(102 - 110.54)2 = (-8.54)2 = 72.93 (115 - 110.54)2 = (4.46)2 = 19.89
Varianca

Nese do ti llogaritnit dhe mbildhnit Shumen e devijimeve per secilen

njesi, do te gjenim ate qe njihet si Shuma e katroreve, (eng. Sum of
Squares)

Sum of Squares (SS) = Σ (Yi – Y-bar)2

SS = (Y1 – Y-bar)2 + (Y2 – Y-bar)2 + . . . + (Yn – Y-bar)2

Varianca

Hapi I fundit…

Mesatarja e sum of squares na jep variancen.

SS/N = Varianca per populacionin.

SS/n-1 = Varianca per mostren (shembullin).

Varianca = Σ(Yi – Y-bar)2 / n – 1

 Varianca
Per Klasen A, Varianca = 2825.39 / n - 1
= 2825.39 / 12 = 235.45

Cfare na duhet kjo???

Devijimi standard

Qe te konvertojm variancen ne dicka me kuptimplote, e

gjem devijimin standard.

Rrenja katrore e variances na jep devijimin mesatar te

obzervimeve nga mesatarja.

s.d. = Σ(Yi – Y-bar)2

n-1
 Devijimi standard
Per Klasen A, devijimi standard eshte:

235.45 = 15.34

Pra, mesatarja e devijimit te nxenesve nga mesatarja

e IQ-se (110.54) eshte 15.34 pike te IQ-se.
Tipare te pazakonshme tek te dhenat
 Nganjehere, mund te haset me karakteristika te
pazakonshme tek te dhenat.
 Dy prej me te njohurave jane:
 Gaps – zbrazetirat ne mes te distribucionit
 Outliers – Vlerat ekstreme, shume te ndryshme prej vlerave tjera
ne shembull
 Ne nje databaze I gjeni keto te dhena? Si do t’i
lexonit?
id age gender educ wrkstat life income4 pres92
1 43 1 11 1 2 3 2
2 44 1 16 1 3 3 1
3 43 2 16 1 3 3 2
4 78 2 17 5 3 4 1
5 83 1 11 5 2 1 1
6 55 2 12 1 2 99 1
7 75 1 12 5 2 1 0
8 31 1 18 1 3 4 2
9 54 2 18 2 3 1 1
10 23 2 15 1 2 3 3
11 63 2 4 5 1 1 1
12 33 2 10 4 3 1 0
13 39 2 8 7 3 1 0
14 55 2 16 1 2 4 1
15 36 2 14 3 2 4 1
16 44 2 18 2 3 4 1
17 45 2 16 1 2 4 1
18 36 2 18 1 2 99 1
19 29 1 16 1 3 3 1
20 30 2 14 1 2 2 1
 Kodimi i te dhenave
 Table 1: Based on data from the U.S. General Social Survey (GSS) 2013*
 An example of a small data matrix, showing measurements of seven
variables for 20 respondents in a social survey. The variables are defined as:
 age: age in years;
 Gender: gender (1=male; 2=female);
 educ: highest year of school completed;
 wrkstat: labour force status (1=working full time; 2=working part time;
3=temporarily not working; 4=unemployed; 5=retired; 6=in education;
7=keeping house; 8=other);
 life: is life exciting or dull? (1=dull; 2=routine; 3=exciting);
 income4 : total annual family income (1=$24,999 or less; 2=$25,000–$39,999;
3=$40,000–$59,999; 4=$60,000 or more; 99 indicates a missing value);
 pres92 : vote in the 1992 presidential election (0=did not vote or not eligible
to vote; 1=Bill Clinton; 2=George H. W. Bush; 3=Ross Perot; 4=Other).
USHTRIM

 Ne fajllin ne Excel, ne faqen (sheet) Pyetesori I keni te

dhenat e nje pyetesori.
1. Bejeni pershkrimi e te dhenave tek “metadata”
2. Vendosni te dhenat ne SPSS
Kodimi I te dhenave
Kuptimi I te dhenave ne menyre te
thjeshtezuar – Hyrje ne SPSS, xls
 Descriptive Statistics
 Bar and Pie charts
 Histograms
 Frequencies