FINAL TERM: CHAPTER 3 - LESSON 1

MS. CLAIRE A. GARCIA

INSTRUCTOR
Explain the energy changes during chemical reactions.
Distinguish between exothermic and endothermic
processes.
Explain the first law of Thermodynamics
Do exercises on thermochemical calculations
Explain enthalpy of a reaction.
It measures the average
kinetic energy of the
particles; measured in
°C, °F, and K

Total amount of
energy that flows
between matter;
measured in calories
or Joules
 The study of
the energy
changes that
accompany
changes in
Anything that The totality of all matter
Defined
surrounds the the systems in
environment
system their surroundings
• It absorbs heat energy (Surrounding → System)
• 𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 > 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• It is accompanied by cooling of the surroundings
• It releases heat energy (System → Surroundings)
• 𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 < 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• It is accompanied by heating of the surroundings
 Heat releases Heat absorbs
CHEMISTRY by the by the
surrounding, surrounding,
ΔU = Δ𝒒 + 𝒘 SURROUNDING (-q), exo (+q), endo

Heat absorbs Heat releases

by the system, by the system,
(+q), endo (-q), exo
ΔU = Δq - w

SYSTEM
ΔU =Δq + w Workisdone
Work doneon
by Work
Workisdone
doneonon
thethe system
surrounding, surrounding,
the surrounding
(-w) (+w)
(+w)
Internal energy (U), is the sum of
Work done on Work done on
total potential and kinetic energy of a ΔU = Δ𝒒 − 𝒘
the system the surrounding
system, particularly a closed system.
(+w) (-w) PHYSICS
 (Δq < 0) : the system releases heat to the
surrounding (EXO)

(Δq > 0) : the system absorbs heat from

the surrounding (ENDO)

(w<0) : the work is done BY the system

(w>0) : the work is done ON the system

First Law of (ΔU < 0) : the internal energy decreases

Thermodynamics: Law of
Conservation of Energy (ΔU > 0) : the internal energy increases
 Internal energy is crucial in designing Internal energy is central to the operation
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning of heat engines, such as car engines and
(HVAC) systems in buildings. power plants.
A gas sample in a vessel has an internal energy of -1280 J. If
280 J of heat is added in the system, calculate the work done
by the gas sample.
A gas sample in a vessel has an internal energy of -1280 J. If
280 J of heat is added in the system, calculate the work done
by the gas sample.
+250 J
ΔU = Δq + w w = ΔU - Δq (heat is added
to the system)
ΔU - Δq = w w = - 1280 J – (280 J)

w = ΔU - Δq w = – 1560 J The work is done BY

the system
 A gas sample expands in a vessel, exerting a work of 45.3 J.
If 40.6 J of heat is absorbed by the gas, calculate the internal
energy for this expansion.
 A gas sample expands in a vessel, exerting a work of 45.3 J.
If 40.6 J of heat is absorbed by the gas, calculate the internal
energy for this expansion.

ΔU = Δq + w
- 22.4 kJ
(work is done
ΔU = 40.6 J + (-45.3 kJ) BY the system)

The internal energy of the

ΔU = – 4.70 J
system has been decreased by
4.70 J.
If the change in internal energy of the system is 50.0 J, how
much heat must be added to the system so that it can do
work of 15.5J?
If the change in internal energy of the system is 50.0 J, how
much heat must be added to the system with a work of
15.5 J?

ΔU = Δq + w (50.0 J) – (15.5 J) = Δq

→ ΔU - w = Δq Δq = 34.5 J
The system absorbed heat (Endothermic
reaction)
Suppose that when you run through a 50-meter distance, you
perform 2 kJ of work. If, before running, you eat food from
which you obtain 800 J, would this activity cause your weight
to increase or decrease?
Suppose that when you run through a 50-meter distance, you
perform 2 kJ of work. If, before running, you eat food from
which you obtain 800 J, would this activity cause your weight
to increase or decrease?

ΔU = Δq + w
Yes, since you exert energy
ΔU = 800 J + (-2000 J) through running, which is
more than the energy you
ΔU = - 1,200 J gained from foods.