Material Conditional

P ⇒Q
i.e., P is a sufficient condition for Q.

e.g. Square ⇒ Quadrilateral.

If something is a Square, that information is enough to conclude that it is certainly a Quadrilateral. But
the thing doesn't have to be a Square to be a Quadrilateral..... it could be a rectangle or rhombus etc.

Venn Diagram:

Contrapositive: ¬ Q ⇒¬ P

Sufficient condition signal words:

P is the sufficient condition in the following statements.

If P then Q.
All P are Q.
Every P is Q.
Whenever P happens, Q happens.
Each time P happens, Q happens.
P is enough (or adequate or sufficient) to Q.
In order for P to happen, Q must happen.
If I know that the event on the left is true, then I know also that the event on the right either happened,
is happening, or will happen.
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Looking at the above we can also conclude this:

Q is a necessary condition for P.
In the Venn diagram we have to cross into Q's land to get to P which is also inside Q's land.
In other words, P is a subset of Q.
P ⊆Q

Necessary condition signal words:

Q is the necessary condition in the following statements:
P happens only if Q happens.
In order for P to happen, Q must happen (or Q must happen in order for P to happen).
Only Q are P.
The only way P can happen is if Q happens.
P isn’t possible unless Q happens. Things to remember
P depends on Q.
Q is required for P. P ⇒Q means:
_______________________________________ (1) P is a sufficient condition for Q
(2) Q is a necessary condition for P
(3) ¬ Q ⇒ ¬ P
 Material Biconditional, Logical Equivalence
P ⇔Q
P if and only if Q
P iff Q
Q is necessary and sufficient for P
P is necessary and sufficient for Q
P is equivalent (or materially equivalent) to Q

(P ⇒Q) ⇔ (¬ Q ⇒¬ P)

Hempel's paradox:
All ravens are black ⇔ If something is not black, then it is not a raven.
(raven ⇒black) ⇔ (! black ⇒! raven )

Yellow pencils, blue sky, red blood, white wall, green apples, pink ribbons etc. are evidence to support
the proportion “All ravens are black”. Indoor ornithology!

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Note: Logical equivalence is different from material equivalence

[From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_equivalence]