SUBMISSION: 05.02.

2023

PORT CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

TEXTILE PHYSICS
COURSE CODE:TEX-227

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

NIAZ MORSHED RIFAT Sowrav Chowdhury

Sr. lecturer BTE-02506705
Dept. of Textile Engineering 25-Day Batch
Port City International University
 WOOL FIBRE

Wool is the second most important fibre of animal origin. it is a keratinous type of protein
base fibre. The major amount of wool is produced in Australia and New Zealand. Wool
fibre possesses a feature called ‘crimp’, which is the permanent wave. and fine wool is
more crimpy.

Physical properties of wool fibre:

1. Length- length of wool fibre may vary from 3.6 to 35 cm
2. Fineness- fineness range- 10-70 microns

• Merino wool- 10-30 micron

• Carpet wool- 20- 70 micro

3.Cross-section- a cross-section of wool fibre it may vary from circular to elliptical.

4. Crimp-

• Fine wool – 14-22 crimps per inch

• Medium wool – 8-14 crimps per inch
• Coarse wool – up to 8 crimps per inch

5.Strength- Avg strength of the wool fibre is 1 to 1.7 gram per denier
6.Colour- colour may yellowish but may be brown to black
7. Lustre –

• Coarse fibre – high lustre

• Fine fibre – less lustre

9.Elongation –25-35%
9.Moisture-regain –15-18%
10.Specific-gravity –1.3to1.32gm/cc
11.Elasticity –90-92%
12.L:D –3000:1

Chemical properties of wool fibre:

1.The action of heat – heated in dry air at 100 to 110 covers a long period it loses its
moisture and strength. Decompose and turn to yellow colour.

2.Effect of water and steam– Exposed to water and steam, with or without tension, wool
will change in its shape and affinity to dye.

3.Effect of Acid – Acid like Hcl andH2So4 wool is hydrolyzed immediately and salt is formed
with an amino compound which dissolves in acid medium.

4.Effect of alkali– wool dissolves completely in 5% NaOH (caustic soda ) at boiling. And
disintegrated with dilute NaOH.

5.Effect of salt – calcium and magnesium salt in hard water causes the yellowish effect on
prolonged boiling.

The action of the oxidizing agent – damage of wool is more or less depending upon
temp., conc., and pH.

COTTON FIBRE

Cotton fibre is the purest source of cellulose and the most significant natural fibre. It is
more popular for its variety of use. Cotton fibre is most used fibre for producing various
type of fabric all over the world. Cotton fabric is comfortable to wear because of its unique
fibre property. It has its own physical and chemical property which give better processing I
spinning, weaving, knitting, dyeing, printing and finishing.
The physical property of cotton fibre:

• Tensile strength – cotton is moderately strong fibre. The tenacity of cotton fibre is
lies between 3-5 gm/denier
• Breaking elongation – 8-10%
• Specific gravity – 1.54 gm/cc
• Moisture regain – the standard is 8.5
• Colour – normally the colour of cotton is creamy white

The chemical property of cotton fibre:

• Effect of acid- Concentrated acid such as sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid
damages the fibre. But weak acid not damages the fibre.
• Effect of alkali – Alkali does not damage the fibre
• Effect of organic solvent – Cotton dissolve in concentrated 70% H2SO4

JUTE FIBRE

Jute is a natural fibre popularly known as the golden fibre. It is one of the cheapest and the
strongest of all-natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Jute occupies a second
place next to cotton in the world’s production of natural fibre.

Physical properties of jute fibre:

• Fibre length – 50 to 300 mm

• Fibre diameter – 0.035 to 0.14 mm
• Specific gravity – 1.48 gm/cc
• Fibre denier – 6 to 50
• Tenacity – 2.7 to 5.3 gm/tex
• Breaking elongation – 0.8 to 1.8 %
• Moisture regain – 13 %
 • L:D – 110 to 140
• Unit cell length of 0.8 to 6 mm
• Traverse swelling in water – 20 to 22 %

Chemical properties of jute fibre:

1. Chemical composition

• Cellulose – 58-63%
• Hemicellulose – 20- 22%
• Lignin – 12 – 14.5 %
• Wax and fats – 0.4 -0.8%
• Pectin – 0.2 -0.5 %
• Protein – 0.8 – 2.5 5
• Mineral matter – 0.6 -1.2%

2. Prolonged heating causes degradation of jute fibre.

3. The action of heat – strong acid at boiling causes hydro cellulose and lead to a loss in
strength. But dilute acid have no effect on jute fibre.
4. The action of alkali- Dilute alkali has no effect of jute fibre, but strong alkali at boil
causes loss in strength.

Nylon Fiber

Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers, based

on aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamides. It was invented on February 28, 1935, by
Wallace Carothers. This material was announced in 1938. A toothbrush was the first
product made with Nylon Fiber.
 Physical Properties

• Tenacity: 4-9 gm/den (dry), in wet 90% of dry.

• Elasticity: Breaking extension is 20-40%.
• Stiffness: 20-40 gm/den.
• Moisture regains 3.5-5%; (not absorbent due to crystallinity).
• Specific gravity: 1.14.
• Abrasion resistance: Excellent.
• Dimensional stability: Good.
• Resiliency: Excellent.
• Softening point: Nylon 6,6 – 2290C, Nylon 6 – 1490C.
• Melting point: Nylon 6,6 – 2520C, Nylon 6 – 2150C.
• The hand feels: Soft and smooth.

Chemical Properties

• Acid: Nylon 6,6 is attacked by mineral acids is disintegrated or dissolved almost. But
is inert to dilute acetate acid and formic acids even of the boil. It is dissolved in the
concentrated formic acid. Nylon 6 is attacked by mineral acid but resistant to dilute
boiling organic acid.
• Bleaches: Not attacked by oxidizing and reducing bleaches but may be harmed by
chlorine and strong oxidizing bleaches.
• Alkali: Nylon is substantially inert to alkalis.
• Organic solvent: Most of the solvent has little or no effect on nylon. Phenol meta
cresol and formic acid dissolve the fiber but solvents used in stain removal and dry
cleaning do not damage it.
• Light: No discoloration. Nylon 6 gradually loss strength on a prolonged extension.
• Biological: Neither micro organism nor moth, larvae attacks nylon.
• Electrical: High insulating properties leads to static charges on the fiber.
• Flammability: Burns slowly.
 Spandex fiber

Physical Properties of Spandex Fiber

1. Cross-section- Spandex filaments are extruded usually from circular orifices, but the
evaporation of the solvent or the effects of drying may produce non-circular cross-
sectional shapes. This may take various forms. In the multi-filament yarns, individual
filaments are often fused together in places. The number of filaments in a yarn may be as
few as 12 or as many as 50; the linear density of filaments ranges from 0.1 to 3 tex (g/km).

2. Density: The density of spandex filaments ranges from 1.15 to 1.32 g/cc, the fibers lower
density being based on polyesters.
3. Moisture regain: The moisture of fibers from which the surface finish has been removed
lies between 0.8 & 1.2%
4. Length: It can be of any length. May be used as filament or staple fiber
5. Colour: It has white or nearly white color.
6. Luster: It has usually dull luster.
7. Strength: Low strength compared to most other synthetic fiber.
8. Elasticity: Elastic properties are excellent. This is the outstanding characteristic of the
fiber.
9. Heat: The heat resistance varies considerably amongst the different degrades over 300 F.
10. Flammability: It Burn slowly.
11. Electrical conductivity: It has Low electrical conductivity.
12. Breaking tenacity: 0.6 to 0.9grams/denier.
 Chemical Properties of Spandex Fiber

1. Acid: Good resistance to most of acids unless exposure is over 24 hours.

2. Alkalies: Good resistance to most of the alkalies, but some types of alkalies may damage
the fiber.
3. Organic solvents: Offer resistance to dry cleaning solvents.
4. Bleaches: Can be degraded by sodium hypochlorite. chlorine bleach should not be used.
5. Dyeing: A full range of colors is available. Some types are more difficult to dye than
others