Differentiation and Integration 1

Lecture 1 Part A
 Notions and Notation
The object x is in the set A x∈A 5 ∈ {1, 4, 5, 8, 9}
The object x is not in the set A xA 3  {1, 4, 5, 8, 9}

A is a subset of B, A is contained in B A⊆B {1, 8} ⊆ {1, 4, 5, 8, 9}

A is not subset of B, A is not

AB {1, 3}  {1, 4, 5, 8, 9}
contained in B
A = {2, 3} , B = {3, 4, 5}
The union of A and B A∪B A∪B = {x: x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
A∪B = {2, 3, 4, 5}
A = {2, 3} , B = {3, 4, 5}
The intersection of A and B A∩B A∩B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
A∩B = {3}

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 Notions and Notation

The set of integers between 3 The set of integers between 3 and

The empty set ∅
and 4 is ∅ 4 is ∅
Natural numbers = Positive integers N = Z+ 1, 2, 3, ...

Negative integers Z- -1, -2, -3, …

Integers Z … , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Rational numbers Q p/q, with p, q integers, q ≠ 0 5/2, −19/7, (3/1) = 3, (−4/1) =−4
Irrational numbers Q` √2, 3√7, π
Real numbers R R = Q ∪ Q` 5/2, −19/7, (−4/1) =−4, √2, 3√7, π

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 Real numbers

Negative numbers 0 Positive numbers

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 Inequalities and Order Properties
For any three real numbers a, b and c we have:
• Either a < b, b < a, or a = b.
• If a < b and b < c, then a < c.
• If a < b, then a + c < b + c for all real numbers c.
• If a < b and c > 0, then ac < bc.
• If a < b and c < 0, then ac > bc.
• Remark: Between any two real numbers there are infinitely many
rational numbers and infinitely many irrational numbers. In
particular, there is no smallest positive real number.
0 a b
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 Absolute Value

Properties
• (i) |a|= 0 iff a = 0.
• (ii) |−a|=|a|.
• (iii) |ab|=|a||b|.
• (iv) |a + b|≤|a|+|b|.
• (v) |a − b| ≥ ||a|−|b||.
• (vi) |a|2 =|a2|= a2.

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 Absolute Value

Properties
• (vii) |x| < a iff – a < x < a.

• (viii) |x|> a iff x > a or x < − a.

• (ix) 0 < |x − c| < a iff c – a < x < c or c < x < c + a.

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 Intervals
Suppose that a < b.
closed interval [a, b] = {x: a ≤ x ≤ b} a b

open interval (a, b) = {x: a < x < b} a b

open interval (− , b) = {x : x < b} b

open interval (a, ) = {x : x > a} a

open interval (- , ) = {x : x  R}

half open (half closed) (a, b] = {x: a < x ≤ b} a b

half open (half closed) [a, b) = {x: a ≤ x < b} a b

half open (half closed) (−, b] = {x : x ≤ b} b

half open (half closed) [a, ) = {x: x ≥ a} a

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 Factorials

• Let n be a positive integer. By n factorial, denoted n!,

we mean the product of the integers from n down to 1:
• n! = n*(n−1)*(n−2)*….*3*2*1.
• In particular 1! = 1, 2! = 2*1 = 2, 3! =3*2*1= 6, 4! =
4*3*2*1 = 24, and soon.
• We define 0! = 1.