Lina - W10 Lecture-Analysis of Raft and Basement

KNS3243 Foundation Engineering 24/12/2020
Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

6-2
WEEK 10 Learning Outcome 4

Describe and analyse raft, basement and
Analysis of Raft structures such as sheet piles, strutted
& Basement excavation, underpinning systems
By:
considering bearing capacity and/or lateral
Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa’don, PEng, MIEM
Geotechnical Engineering Research
earth pressure according to standards
Group (GERG) UNIMAS
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering.

6-1 All Rights Reserved.

6-3 6-4
RAFT FOUNDATIONS Rectangular Combined Footing

 A line of two or more columns is supported by a concrete  Two or more columns
slab – raft/mat foundation. can be supported on a
 Generally used when soil that has a low bearing capacity. single rectangular
foundation.
 Combine footings can be classified under the following
categories:  If the net allowable soil
pressure is known, the
 Rectangular combined footing
size of the foundation (B
 Trapezoidal combined footing
x L) can be determined
 Strap footing
 Raft foundations cover the entire area of the structure.
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All
Rights Reserved. Rights Reserved.
Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 1


6-5 6-6
Trapezoidal
Combined
Footing
Strap Footing
 Isolated spread
foundation of column
carrying large loads
where space is tight.
 The size of the
foundation will
uniformly distribute  Uses a strap beam to connect an eccentrically loaded column
pressure on the soil. foundation to the foundation of an interior column.
 Maybe used in place of trapezoidal or rectangular combined
footings when allowable soil bearing capacity is high and the
distances between the columns are large.

6-7 6-8
Refer to Rectangular Combined Footing. Given that:
Refer to Trapezoidal Combined Footing. Given that:


6-9 6 - 10
Common Types of Raft

Foundations
Beam
Column
(a) Flat plat – the raft is of uniform thickness
(b) Flat plate thickened under columns
(c) Beams and slab – the beam run both ways and the columns are
located at the intersection of the beams © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All
Rights Reserved.

6 - 11 6 - 12
Common Types of Raft

Foundations Raft Foundation
Pedestal  Raft/mat may be supported by piles, which help reduce the
settlement of a structure built over highly compressible soil.
 Where the water table is high, mats are often placed over piles
to control buoyancy.
Column
Pedestal
(d) Flat plates with pedestal Comparison of isolated foundation and mat foundation
(e) Slab with basement walls as a part of the raft – the wall act as (B = width, Df = depth)
stiffeners for the mat.

6 - 13 Four-storey hospital expansion, 6 - 14

California - A total of 15 hours and 600
truckloads of concrete to pour the 1.5m
mat slab foundation for 23,226 m2.
6 - 15 6 - 16
The mat slab is designed as a reinforced

concrete slab to resist bending moment and
shear forces.


6 - 17 6 - 18
Bearing Capacity of Raft Bearing Capacity of Raft

Foundation Foundation
 The gross ultimate bearing capacity of a raft foundation
can be determined by the same equation used for shallow
foundations. (B>>D; D/B  1).
 The net ultimate bearing capacity, 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑢) = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝑞
 Factor of safety:
 Raft on clay: FoS <3 (DL & LL)
 Raft over sand: FoS = 3 The net pressure applied on a foundation may be expressed as:
 Settlement: 𝑄
𝑞 = − 𝛾𝐷𝑓
 Shallow foundation: max = 25mm &  = 19mm 𝐴
where:
 Raft foundations: max = 50mm &  = 19mm
Q = dead weight of the structure and the live load; A = area of the raft
In all cases, q should be less than or equal to allowable 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑎𝑙𝑙)

6 - 19 6 - 20


6 - 21 6 - 22
Compensated Raft Foundation

 A raft foundation is called a fully
compensated raft foundation
or floating foundation when the
weight of soil removed is equal to
the weight of the structure and
the raft foundation transmits no
additional pressure on the soil.
 Extremely useful when structures
are to be built on very soft clay. A deeper basement is made below
 The FoS against bearing capacity the higher portion of the
failure for partially compensated superstructure, so that the net
foundations (i.e., 𝐷𝑓 < 𝑄/𝐴𝛾) pressure increase in soil at any
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑢) 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑢)
𝐹𝑆 = = depth is relatively uniform.
𝑞 𝑄
− 𝛾𝐷𝑓
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All 𝐴 © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All

6 - 23 6 - 24
Slide 18
Compensated Raft Foundation


6 - 25 6 - 26
below
Consolidation
settlement under a mat
foundation
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All
Rights Reserved.

6 - 27 6 - 28
Structural Design of Mat

Foundation
 Two conventional methods:
 Conventional rigid method
 Approximate flexible method
 Other methods:
 Finite-difference
 Finite-element methods


6 - 29 6 - 30
Approximate Flexible Method

Conventional Rigid Method:
Raft foundation design • The raft is assumed to be
infinitely rigid.
• The soil pressure is distributed
in a straight line and the
centroid of the soil pressure is
coincident with the line of
action of the resultant column
loads.
• The soil is assumed to be
equivalent to an infinite number
of elastic springs – Winkler
foundation.
• The spring is referred to
as the coefficient of
subgrade reaction, k.

6 - 31 6 - 32
Coefficient of subgrade
reaction, k
 If a foundation width B is
subjected to a load per unit
area of q, it will undergo a
settlement, .
 The coefficient of subgrade
𝑞
reaction: 𝑘 =
Δ
 For foundation on sandy
soil, For long beams, Vesic (1961)
𝐵+0.3 2 proposed an equation for estimating
𝑘= 𝑘0.3 (kN/m3) subgrade reaction,
2𝐵
 For foundations on clays 12 𝐸𝑠 𝐵4 𝐸𝑠
0.3 𝑘 ′ = 𝐵𝑘 = 0.65
𝑘 = 𝑘0.3 (kN/m3) 𝐸𝐹 𝐼𝐹 1 − 𝜇2 𝑠
𝐵


6 - 33 6 - 34
Example 8.7
(cont.)
Example 8.7
The plan of a raft foundation is
shown. Calculate the soil
pressure at point A, B, C, D, E
and F. (Note: All column
sections are planned to be
0.5m x 0.5m). All loads shown
are factored loads according
to ACI 381-11 (2011).

6 - 35 6 - 36
Example 8.8
Divide the raft shown in slide 6-

33 into strip, such as AGHF
(B1=5.25m), GIJH (B1=10m) and
ICDJ (B1=5.25m). Use the
previous result of Example 8.7
and determine the reinforcement
requirements in the y-directions.
Here, fc = 20.7 MN/m2 fy = 413.7
MN/m2.
Note: All column loads are
factored loads.


6 - 37 6 - 38
Example 8.8
Example 8.8 (cont.)
Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering

6 - 39 6 - 40
Example 8.8 (cont.)
Example 8.8
(cont.)

Principles of Foundation Engineering Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

6 - 41 W10 - 42
Example 8.8 (cont.)

Rights Reserved.

W10 - 43 6 - 44
Exercise 1

6 - 46
WEEK 10
INTRODUCTION
 Piled rafts optimize the advantages of pile
Piled Rafts: foundations and raft foundations. They have
emerged as a way to provide economical
foundation systems for very tall buildings.
An Overview
 Piled rafts are relatively new and are
By:
Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa’don, PEng, MIEM
becoming increasingly popular. Some
Geotechnical Engineering Research Group prominent tall buildings built on piled rafts are:
(GERG) UNIMAS • Burj Khalifa tower (Dubai)
• Petronas twin towers (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
• Jeddah tower (Saudi Arabia)
Rights Reserved.
45
6 - 47 6 - 48
Raft on Pile Group vs Ground- Raft on Pile Group vs Ground-

Supported Piled Raft Supported Piled Raft
 A pile group consists of a group of piles that  A piled raft is a raft
foundation where a certain
are capped at the top by a pile cap made of number of piles are located
reinforced concrete, which may or may not at the right place to reduce
be in contact with the ground. settlement.
 The major component of

 While the pile cap often rests on the ground, the bearing capacity
in the case of offshore structures it is well comes from the raft, with
above the ground level. It connects the pile the piles acting as
settlement reducers by
heads together and transfers the column providing the necessary
loads to the piles. stiffness.

6 - 49 6 - 50
Load–Settlement Plots of Unpiled and Piled Load–Settlement Plots of Unpiled and Piled
Rafts Under Different Design Conditions Rafts Under Different Design Conditions
 Figure 14.2 shows the load-settlement plots for three  The curves in Figure 14.2 are discussed
curves (curves 1, 2, and 3), along with the case
where the load is applied on a raft only (curve 0). next to illustrate the advantages of piled
rafts. For all four options, the design load is
Pd and the settlement has to be limited to
Sa.

Rights Reserved.
6 - 51 6 - 52
Curve 0: Raft only Curve 1: Piles designed with
conventional safety factor
 When the design load is plus raft
carried only by the raft,
the settlement exceeds  The piles are designed to carry
most of the load with a
the allowable value, but conventional safety factor (e.g.,
there is no problem with 2.0), allowing for a small fraction
of the design load to be carried
the bearing capacity. by the raft.
The raft may behave
elastically in carrying the  The settlement is within the limit.
At the design load, the load-
design load Pd. settlement plot is approximately
linear. The bearing capacity is
high and the system can carry a
larger load.
Rights Reserved.
Rights Reserved.

6 - 53 6 - 54
Curve 2: Piles designed with Curve 3: Piles designed to full
lower safety factor plus raft capacity plus raft
 The piles are designed to  All the piles are designed to

operate at full capacity
operate at lower factor and yield, thus carrying the
of safety (e.g., 70–80% of maximum possible load.
the ultimate load The rest of the load is
capacity) and hence a carried by the raft. The
smaller number of piles is overall factor of safety of
required. The raft carries the piled raft system is
some of the design load. adequate and the
This situation is known as settlement is less than the
allowable limit.
creep piling.
6 - 55 6 - 56
Poulos–Davis–Randolph Poulos–Davis–Randolph
Simplified Design Method Simplified Design Method
 Three-way interaction  Since settlements play a more important role
takes place among than the bearing capacity in the design of
the soil, pile, and the piled rafts, we will focus more on the stiffness
raft, which makes (K) defined as
rigorous analysis of a
problem very
complex.
 The subscripts p and r refer to pile and raft,
 The design requires respectively. The approximate methods do
more sophisticated not take the differential settlements into
modelling such as a account.
finite element analysis.

6 - 57 6 - 58
 The Poulos–Davis-Randolph Figure 14.4 shows a simplified tri-linear The relative proportion carried by
(PDR) method suggests that load-settlement plot OABC, the raft (X) is defined as:
the vertical bearing represented by three straight line
capacity of the piled raft segments.
may be taken as the lesser
of the following: Along OA, both piles and the raft
a. Sum of the ultimate remain elastic, with the piles reaching
capacities of the raft their full capacity at A, where the total
and all piles applied load on the piled raft is P1.
b. Ultimate capacity of the
block containing the The slope of the line OA is the stiffness Where
piles and the raft, plus of the piled raft Kpr. At any point on
the portion of the raft OA, the total load (Pt) is shared by the
outside the perimeter of raft (Pr) and the piles (Pp).
the piles © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All
Rights Reserved.
Rights Reserved.
6 - 59 6 - 60
If the ultimate load carrying capacity of the piles alone is Pup, the The piled raft stiffness Kpr is defined as
load P1 (Figure 14.4) can be determined as
Based on elastic analysis, Clancy and Randolph (1996) define X Where Kp = stiffness of the pile group alone,
as Kr = stiffness of the raft alone, and
rp = pile-raft interaction factor.
Both Kr and Kp can be estimated from elastic theories.

6 - 61 6 - 62
Determination of rp
Determination of rp
 This figure shows a simple piled-raft model where a single pile is
shown along with an equivalent raft or cap. The pile cap area is  To determine the piled raft stiffness Kpr, it is
defined as the raft area divided by the number of piles. necessary to determine the pile raft interaction
o rc = radius of pile cap (based on factor rp. This can be determined as
the raft area divided by the
number of piles)
o r0 = radius of pile
o L = pile length
o Es0 = Young’s modulus of the soil
at the pile head
o Esl = Young’s modulus of the soil
at the pile tip  Where
o Esb = Young’s modulus of the
bearing stratum below the pile
tip
o Esav = average Young’s modulus © 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All
Rights Reserved.
of the soil along the pile shaft
6 - 63 6 - 64
Case Study:
Determination of rp Burj Khalifa Tower in Dubai
The radius of influence of the pile rm is defined as 60
50
40
where
30
y-coordinate (m)
20
  is the inhomogeneity factor defined as 10
-10
-20
 and s = Poisson’s ratio of the soil
-30
-40
Rights Reserved. -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Rights
20 30 Reserved.
40 50 60
x-coordinate (m)

6 - 65 6 - 66
Facts: Facts:
❑ The Burj Khalifa Tower is presently the tallest building in the ❑ The site investigation was carried out in four, with a total of 33
world. boreholes extending to 60–90 m, with one extending to 140 m.
❑ It consists of a 160–story and 828 m high tower with a 4–6 story
❑ Hundreds of standard penetration tests covering all boreholes
podium around the base.
and 60 pressure meter tests limited to five boreholes were
❑ The podium also acts as a base, anchoring the tower to the
ground. conducted, along with geophysical tests for measuring wave
❑ The triple–lobed footprint of the building resembles a desert velocities and determining the soil profile.
flower from the region, and maximizes the views of the Persian ❑ The soil profile consisted of medium dense to very loose silty
Gulf and provides good natural lighting. sand overlying weak calcareous sandstone interbedded with
❑ The entire construction used 330,000 m3 of concrete and very weakly cemented sand, with the water table lying at 2.5
39,000 metric tons of rebar.
m below the ground level.
6 - 67 6 - 68
Facts: Facts:
❑ The foundation of the tower consists of a piled raft, where a 3.7 ❑ High density low permeability concrete was used in the
m thick raft supported by 194 high performance reinforced foundation, with a cathodic protection system under the raft
concrete bored piles of 1500 mm diameter and approximately to minimize corrosion. In piled raft systems, piles are used
47.5 m length, with a minimum center-to-center spacing of 2.5 mainly to limit the settlements.
times the pile diameter socketed into weak rock.
❑ Static pile load tests were carried out on approximately 1% of
❑ Each bored pile had a capacity of 3000 metric tons. The raft the piles, which were loaded to 1.5 times the working load 4
and piles made of self-compacting concrete with water- weeks after construction. Dynamic pile load tests were carried
cement ratio less than 0.30, placed in a continuous pour using out on approximately 5% of the piles.
a tremie.

Lina - W10 Lecture-Analysis of Raft and Basement

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lina - W10 Lecture-Analysis of Raft and Basement

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KNS3243 Foundation Engineering 24/12/2020

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

WEEK 10 Learning Outcome 4

© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

RAFT FOUNDATIONS Rectangular Combined Footing

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 1

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Refer to Rectangular Combined Footing. Given that:

Refer to Trapezoidal Combined Footing. Given that:

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 2

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Common Types of Raft

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Common Types of Raft

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 3

6 - 13 Four-storey hospital expansion, 6 - 14

The mat slab is designed as a reinforced

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 4

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Bearing Capacity of Raft Bearing Capacity of Raft

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 5

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Compensated Raft Foundation

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 6

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Structural Design of Mat

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 7

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Approximate Flexible Method

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 8

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Divide the raft shown in slide 6-

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 9

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering

Example 8.8 (cont.)

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 10

Principles of Foundation Engineering Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 11

Raft on Pile Group vs Ground- Raft on Pile Group vs Ground-

 The major component of

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 12

© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 13

 The piles are designed to  All the piles are designed to

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 14

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 15

  is the inhomogeneity factor defined as 10

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 16

Prepared by: Ir. Dr Norazzlina M.Sa'don 17

You might also like