yeo +Caphein

jeoqvaphy
Euviro n e n t Eorth dustnplon
Dvest
Plas tahu featunu sufau
&paus e
Tuun inkratio

ysiealC t a p l y
eoqrCLy Hwnan a

H Matu
THE UNIVERSE L Ergy
)aOuivusom wlauing
Deivedren Lon

brlode ad sws by Kewan4

perd Scope- siromnt to wuthn an
3 touoords Farth
eu mDvvg uway or

Univse

Non-Pysial tm tmenls
Pysical
Tavtatim1 kpau ele
Asrodmui pastiru
Juk elecnns, potons

Trinia Duvose ws bonn b u t 19-8 ullLen yeans aq

n an wunt callud ho
Boung
Bong.
-
 or UnivVAse
peved &y Big Baung u y as Speu,was a knglu peunt 138 Blluon ago
yeas

LFvidemus el mpeundin vniyeise

Gravitatuoual waves
8vuelegical ved i f t
y Qe nppls An aPau
Red &hift e 8lushift maHAVe
Am Caused by
dutnbingtw
miuon oec moviug with tmhreme
changu wth the
6ecbs aCccle rolons
jects meve fan Rd Speckrv
ects uBN Clases Bluspeerum

ALAXIES
Huge wileduen ogaa, dust P billuen of
Hug stans

huld tegut by aravi

CoLn b1hondred BlLon in nomber

Andomuda7 clsseut galauy to u Miky

day galav
p yalanis

Lpirad galonia A Elliptical q alany r Iregular Gyaiamy

(
 un DuviLe

LMaMany plctnutiy hystcm uke c u s

wth plauts 7biting a hot 8ta

"Solar Ayskm o, ur Aun
Our planetony ystam i
cned ol

LQUT
L plaumtany kystm s locaked n an ovkrr ptal
am he Milky way balany

formed 45 bilon yeas ao)

Origin
a selaa nebula
Dust deud cellapeed, fornung
huoirling elük
C dpinning
matnal towards
aavity pulhd moc more
Cemdrt
Hy dorgn b1gam Combininq to-fom Helom-
utems

mleased ong 6n
arge OuMewt b MKGy
Remaining mauknad eind to fom plants,

cuwas meos
Planets
clesbad body moviug m elliphial oiit o1eund
Cl &tcu
Dvbits plau cu uasy uirulas, bud mauy
Cowuts, astreuda fullow elliphical drbts

Autnasual NslrovmOaical Unon

(itaia AUfo a planet

suld 0xid arond Mas Yuoved debms

Drbik
un t has suffiint ma
To be YoUnd

Tevestanal (dinu) plauts

Panes type Jovian |Qutu) plaus
 ( Mercury+Venus) Jupitty, batum, Vaawus, Neptuut duwaaf
Snftrior plunut upior plank planls)

Sun)
Jenus Jpiter (
Earith Oranvs .
Mlars pluto
Mercury
Satorn
leptune
T4)
Terwestrial plauut)
Jovia plauta)
tomnng oicabu c LCalrhvely maks up 497. mas
metals. thu orbals o su alto tuown
LPwm 0tky up0sum u Ciaut plau

Vemus, Faath, Mas has Cempsud Hydngen,Hilivm

Cuhmashue wt latk ol ksled wafau
Asteroid Bet
LKemnauts oplauetany -fowatiow
Betwen Mas aud Jupie
L Formsmelcoroids.
L Cere longut Bedej ai at -
mtallt
Cpescd oouky and
wrals t ice
 KUiPER 8ELT
LRing Debns hmilar to astooid bult
sdae cks man dutanu butweu Fagtt ? Son
L un (1S0 milluon km)
(s0 km)
20 a u to s0au from
Evteuds rom
PLUTO lovgot ojet Kuipus belt

CHACHA RON Plutos lagest moon

Duarf Ploaut
that meds planctany titaia enupt
LAn sbject
obit.
hat l hs uet tleaxd tb dubisrem ts

LEnapl- Pluto -(past o oipu, Beit)

Have am A u lar &yst

elluphra Drbt or
Pat
Comeds 5 qase,
Madt e fogen
Hally's lomut LUodn,CLmmoia, methani

u tu logut temut Co etc

Twy somutmus
Coun hort tat
 (4meteoridecleesnt
and reoch earth)
melt up
elt tomp letely
up toP Meteorte
ettorol Meteor
4fmetco o1d
&olicd cubris onganaliHnq spak ujt
eLppcn ng
n the 6ky
fom cm celuha tartu
wun Mehtovoid eutu

bjects Musspur

ovos the plane

bjects that
J 0skreids
lauts, lag
C a n cir plouts, dwar
BAt NOT STARS
meOn As M
CuppLaAs when
A ul uDSn

spposit
hde oEavfh rom sn
tl
has 0wertaken Jupite (19) cu
Louturn (82)
fACT moens.
Oith most
plants
 Eoath pslw a e
oblatu&pheretd
agbtly flatentd Geoid
hpe

Slghly qacato toduu

atllut MOON

loVEMENT OF ARTH

Rotaton Reveluion
Matww e a s t i aksuwnd
Melim culmy ds anå cm

Bo east otalion
west Eveu 4th yean, fibruay
Reqvires 24h to Ceplut
rotaHon has 29 das by odysti
Earths,amis makis 23:5°

wth t u hormal
mta 6uours Buea
Laue hounge un Yeor with 366 days
kasons
DLSTICE Callud leap ea
 olstice
&m apptans to coch uthi
ihe peunt whun tu

a ugst e Jwut pel An Hu sky or te yoa

LWivuhh belehu
Smuus SelsHee
emd
Lhontstday n
a n g s i day un Nodtha hoatwan Plmisphuu

Huusphne DtcuYs 21 P e u b n .

DtwYS 26t Jvnu

vemad al
AUn niuu
n & s Deshad o
hspilapntomn.
rspi lauus,
Laut palu å touoords ku
North full u tewords t u

L Su wa uh dwnng
Avwmw Aachii urlu
Equin0%
(21Marh)

Autvmn winter tn NH
ummer in NH
WintY
ols Hce
Summer
6olshue 2 Derember)
(21 Tune) wintr in 5H
6ummer in SH
Atumn
Equinox
(93 Bept)
Sping
 EINO)
On 21st Movch amd 23 pBommbt, dirett vauus Sw
falls ot cqvator At Hu pesulon, n u t p-o-us
t i t d tewards duun qval douus ngts
Tu tallud Eqvinox.

L
L hese awtewn im mDrtuwnn Huinphma and

pmng un nutm Huupun om 23deptennbe

aud nu vesa D 19 1 March

152 Million m 11 Million

Eayth Eaatt

PERHELION
APHELION
EarHh cathu t h L Farth desest to tue
sun1U1nullion km)
tarthut psuntonm bn
s2 ulun m)
occos a 4 July
Otco1s of 3 ouuon
 CCLIRSE
SUN (MoDN EARTH

SoLAR ECLIPSE

SUN EARTH (MboN

LUNAR ECLIPSE-

SOLAR ECLIPSE:
tUNAR ECLIPSE:
LEarth & betwem

Lm 4 &art
Otwrs twiu ayea
LOttws dumg dauy umu
LHaPps nuo wwbow L Happus dun
ght um
phase
Deows ull mo
L OlCwT 0mce 1 mmth.
Dhase
 LATITUDE frcie
qo'No rth Pole

Cirle
Angulau dustanu plae
N Topi of 23-5°
noth or auH b Eq vator Conter

L Mansvcd aui duqpus

Lqvalor
Tiopie of /23-5s
Capeicon
Antartht 6-56
cirde/qos Sovth Pole
LONG TUDE loNGITUDE LATITUDE

Angulan dätauu a plou

east or wat ef m Mericuaw
L m i cis fru palt to psl:
0°Jaugitode paes omRayal sbservadory at Gyyeewtwich
,

hiar (0udm

L T
Thuy eqvadJugt

LONITUDE AND TIME

Eoyth otatu 360°u 24 hous
360 1c pu heur
4
advanus
fov ewery Ic° twards East, Hm imaeasu by heur
Plaus east of brauU gauis m whil ad wesk
nter naHonal Deulu Limu

ou Maginonony u h a pau tmmugu

Pa tifie Ocean

Th datu cduouas cact ly ouu eer day wu k s

Cossed (rossna t east to Loest ose d

da
wule csnng nm west to east gas a day

nolicuntundard lEme

H Huu ol 82'5 E Jaugitodi

TST a k n ot
Louth hovs onad oreenwich ime
4t passes threuoh Allahbad Jm 3ndia.

tslouit ambvdwud "Chaibagaau

Time or
Brth
a g a a lim
 VOL DTION OF EARTH 1
4 o S balluom yeass
e ais ld.
FatH i
C baga 3.5 buluon yas 0g0

onuward by olifferent sueuat

C
CDilfrut Hapothu put
eu Hhn wed. Cau be davicsd uito

Mbden Thuones
Faaly Hypothusu
thuonu
 yeograp
Evoastisn Uivent e u )
4 to 5 bullon yeaAs old.
L act
w n d 35 bulluom yeans pld 0 ath
e bugins
0eoth Can be totg0nnd wto
Dnqm
Tuon

Modm hwns
Eaaly Thuonts
yasesw tidal
Hypethui
Binar Pwi tel
Nebular Nebular
pothusis Hypothud
Plamttuima
Twon
9oulton)
Hupotusu:(By thambalain 4
loutuimal
As a usult,
appoodud -Hhe
sn.
8tur
LAmotwn wandiing solas
emtunston om the
tha matrad sta haped elgaa
Avmau wu t e d
T h u mettriod Lombined
to om paua
Helal Hypotuu
0esuu
-th primihve tasly stage)
age)
2 star pased
ar

ww iwhwding Ainu thå ugan

tude vose.
o
Sm, shaped dnst gas
ugan
weor mud.
Ahaptd et qas tluuu wu butky, Jupitr? awm
Aom Atght mutanamall plan an ormed.
Nebular Hypothuuis
(dd
By 9wmounuad Kout Yotating
ad hst gasous nubula
Te Lwcs ocady a,uuge
Assuunpluon
hut cawad cdv tion n 61e
Couhiusus cosling duu do Jess

ular vunuy utreaso

tnteeds wnpetal or
wwlrtugal tore
to enumve tooling aud stop
wa uoodud duL
0uutt lcuye
st nla.
nbtakng Breaks cposk rwn
ornuwnd the ninula:|hus rptcis fornuing vings
8touts taing
L Au tunt of eadh ing couduuus toqetur to fom plous

CRITIC 1SM
Auording to uory, all plcuut should be
the
scme as Telcutine to
tuuw peths
Hikd t
but n Teality tuy a alugud cut cuf

Cu
 8inazy Meoryey RUSSEL.
inan 64ans Tüwo sto 0b?Hma mmm undau of mas
StLonday sta
Dimany Sto
brigkt) aionr)
Most stas Lopat Binany tan Lysi
L ubiggas suu eis mass uudu tu unu of a
to
u Du ming s e at ugh tpud, bading
Homaluom plam3

CRITICISM
Detais cbut Hh Inhucdin sta and Ha
YOmans stas om wuth shu
tuasyected wau
et &kmplaiued by Rusd.

KevisedNbulan heoY)
By Otto 6th miclt in Ruwia and Cad Weizas cas Jn
Cytrmany
L n wcs Mbun.clud y a 4alar hubula
turolwuma
tutu uumg
wwtly wdingen 0d dauliuum olmg wth clut
T i o n and coliaon of pouhielu Auel to the
Pomo.ton of dlut shnpt elsud huw -fovmun
msvgh acyeiom
 ModeynTheones
BTh SANG MEDRY npanding univue
Hypotui)
blast wnivese
"iny Baii"
Lubstculial typanaton,
Al mctus + substaneu) upanding at pruent)
emtemly dmall veluum
int dunsity Heuuperaliuu)
TCk plau 131 bullon yeass ago.
tWiclmu Hhat Hhe wnivose
&Eclwin twbblu povidk-Hh
Lbu trpandin

upeunslon wirse muans Anteast un spau behween

L
gaulatis.

T tar fomotiom
A co mulo.tien e Hy drogen ges Nelula

g7dwing wbulo foms clumps

g s

mto dinse
Lmps qrdus
a4cu brdu

Took plau r-6 bulluow yea ago

 (Formodon Plants
"
The stas am Jocauitod tuunps g tallud Nebulo

gvavatnal -orct teuuses "thormaluon otump q

cdust
gc s-omue with dwt oMsund
i
Trtn o

G03 clsvols stat Unouns1ng

armund clsod.
ormaion e mall rundlud e-ljectb
CoulLd poLuutesimals

T u mall ploutestmals
ombin rqeth
Foring plauta

pnca n hape breauuse s(y dostatie

a plauts ost

blnce
SLLypluto no longu a plaut 2
t has ecceni ovbu
wughs 0 01 ums t h nat tliptical.
moss 0 t h olyettk
t
0Ybuk 1e
orbat i nat u
n
too ight weíght
to (Lw AamL lcune au 0 t a s

b cosiolirnd as plant
Ats orbt å net cluas.
EvoutionLPHhosphet

tumperature
in dunsity
Du to ntveasu
fnmor eavth lntreased

tombintd ond spircded

watemal s f c l u

m dunsities
cupndung up

eoumL
cdown nto n t r e
mattri)
uary
mattre! moveo uD
upui

toek plau cauing

wthr Letling Malls
LondinsadLom n
&olicificallon t
tst
Couuusing -for-metluon
Aige
dunsiHes, eath
differenw
DuL to auito Aayes
differenHiattd
outent ga
Core
tt
mantll ,
ust,
orming
Allased walin
valtaui upios
ouHntus
wuh
toucunted Cousung
vopou4 qoes
ultd on dusfau z/oraing
YOLivef-oull whuh
Oteon8
 Eviduuu s on th o utes timstale Fossils
Yem intrioreotl)

Leqawegaw b.a tund chenural reatuon whuuh u1

wuth
OrqunLL msucull aud
Cstmbl
guintd
niatd copUN
Ouned uicabuhumstlwes

Aile
T h L lico6s topAL sfoO
Cie ouund tan b as 3 0DD millen

yeas 6-Ld

CjeolegtalTm ral>
fa EosEraertod Epoth-Yeara beore
present
S
angut mallut
 wwcastamd tasthb
ndutcund
maqnatuoeld.
earths surfaw

mtmal

why to gvdy Tnleriorof lar?

wnlns tand
nena
o wndStrLnd
Quslngicad puuno
plorauon
Hue vcluen

eavthguake
Cy clsnu

o pykial phnomtnazv
alcac
heugs {lawro Athiviy
oua
Out Mugnatiu teld.

t Kuspemsibte -for lle

cu tart
prvte tts eothk Outpstphue from selar winds

onygen

NHreew
(Eveluhiene Compesilhon o
AAtmostpthea Carbeudioxiclu

Methan
because
yol toL upliow,
volcont euplam,
avu
Al1thust gasus

Breughtto surfau h u g h veltanut

by veltonui atinta ativity e

Mineraltploration
&tudly nalue s
i nurals k e olamend
n
wew fund olup
eQth hust
 DUrs to wdy dnkvor Larth

Dired
udincct
DUY CLS LRotka-rom Mining
Mettors
LYelcauuiwptusns
Mint
Cnravitation
Deepest Min Mponu Cqold
MoAnlit waves Johanncebung SA.
Seusmit waves
n temp
0ulysina heugL
and prisvre wth duptt
Magyalu ield
(Metorites LGjeoclyamo efecr
nebulor Pmplains the
usicle o ecato
Born m iaL
thu
Uwd o s0mL lutrna 41s thilt enplauns
cds cbsuut temmpeLllon
shwdwe s eorth

Crovitadu wares
p t u s attording
to Hh twaves oengy navelliq
massmodenal earth threugh eaths svafau
Atsflecben d rfacüon
or tore.
ust oT M a t l e

tuDn Os ravity Avomaly tells ua cubout hu shvctue

tovth
CUrutT wtroy o eart
 , PtSeismue Wavu

vduu wavs 8n svefau b

inhernor Body wavs earth)
tarth)

Lwave
S-wave
P-wave &vrHau waves
L ravds ot th svvfau

Btdy wave LBlowest

luu to suluase o a y LCcuu svdau rolung.

LuDr m all direuion from Anstavmuut to mesU

thrdugh t u TNTERIOR
EanthgvekseisnMsqrapn
o us

OF EARTH
P-waves:(ima ry) fastst
- lBngtulvnal naiv
taavel thaough al
4idar to 60und
medium
waves).
solids liqLuid qases)
S-waves [econdory)
ransvthse in nalure Telordud Ond
y tannot travel th0ugh uuc
imdor to ripplu on

havel he toith cliffereut

Aurelau wa nAAr
vebuties
Kuyuigh wavs
A Cd d aou Th qro4und u k waves n ocea
noru qTDUnd up obuwn 4 &d to ill, i
 Flaw mit wave
with usmaropth
Ty an ALLOrdud
Diffemu a iyal Aiming ndl Hu asena
in

hews hodsw zes aullowing w map nterior.

LD Lonlfuuihu velouty wth dapth
&ueus Changt n tBmpo8utum ane dnsity.

tuki Hheun ouanit u s t

Cauhnutel Uust

hado 2n
ue
buynd 103 dles net rtueve S-wares Cund
tlire 0 u
bavel hrough liquid Tu sheus tHhat
w a v e s uwuot

gud sutu C0Le

e L buysnd (03
waves wcs belween l03-to 142 auwcy from
&hadew zene
betaue t faa ction btoen <enni seltd cud
cpfuntre
Aiq uud w t toret.

retordud P-twaves buyend 192° b t het s waves

i g moqropw
snlid JUny Loe CusTna rerottiow
dhewing
hadouo qane both &waveipwave
Z btwun 42-103

thange-4 Chna's uar enptoraion mqrm dlnt

Om eu Aclu bmm
 -

� (ll,l4lli . 6,..-e,..____
t'rtlb t
lr�1 ,L,'tcJi. ( VI 1-> U. ill,� I'
�lA,1tH:t¼ " Olk) �
r (9..uJ-Uv
1:,�tid) vu,uA.,
�
�
@ tLL io fu k P"'l,½L'
U)l)-t.
3 [v,'iu1m
{w,wv � u t 4d-t �t-\bJ (clvA-U Jlv,u-d)
t�icl)

. -----�--:::/Jt✓�
:=----�� {;;J.?j �;;.!'� 'f.- e

v,,,At ; (lnu � R urrth _, itJ

to · 100 � ,th.it.I-) e.>t0 �--.
rtcudlt.

Qoo�P"r>
� I

�'Ye.
�
 Owerage clunsity 21qlum s u t u s t Auye
tuupiratux tuprralusc iuveases 30°
unin tasus wth dpH
Teuthing 200-400 Cust for wey tm
Jus than1Y. of earth mass
at beundory with
o c e u t r v & t - S to 30km

Mand Couumtal s t 50to1dlm

UoLinnan uluta tentut o

Mcq ma Ireases
trys tallinhe with inerease in
cute toven ng Cst dustauu havelled

by Magma upto
Metamorphit tu Lurfau
More Slica- More
Visosttu

baseulHt Totks
Juh laye twst ultra basit rotks

Cminuntal, silitatAlumunium 6iA1)

ust Lghtu(felstic)Sodiom poBassium stlitak
yust OLaOLLOLe iutat Magusium (iMa)
YOuks exavanite

ust clese(mafi iron magmsivm 31licati

10nueu TDLka eX: Basalt

us n Eayth Uust
Mt abundcunt d

0ryg46)
sthton 11) wmwUm etc.
81)
 ngd sute pert
L8mpesd Hhesphere) olclngauthgAnetutha
ots
ttutsui plans Aeugu
0 200 km

utt
pat Mantlu

dnlty 3 3glumto 51glom

UBwpesd siluta Lowu wanHe)
B tks (nh an Irovm 83.carth volum
Mag i
45%. Du
um)
(MOntle 617. 6 e a r t h s mass

917, 6111iw Malho dutonuinwity to 29Doku

23 Miagnuium

tempiralire
dunsty-:9qlom to 33qlum
200'-4DDo'C Jest mantle)
ppar
Tus tuup. dilferenu
Caues vowetuom
wutat woktnal

ghly vis cos,

weak,cloctile upp perionef
Matle

80-200m
JAd ust buloo Mautlu
hulps un plau
tecteme m o v e m n t

lestilu oadjuwmunt
Duter Core 3

L2900-S10DPm Ldlusity 9-4glwitol2glu

LHcup.30m4400Cto 6000C
LT t Nitkel Nife)
Aus pcssn mp.aacd o Dyanamo uDry
Du to
owetim un t u w
duw Coe, tt i Aiguid.
w+ coAubli orce toses

cantus wagnualut field.

NNER (oRE
rowm unu to belous slpo m earthwfa

GCompetd Tiou ? Niekl (Nife)

utauo
9 t rotabs ugntlyfeuo theum th rlabui
Hhe kurfat
Dsity vuu hom 126alomto 13gle
16 u eathg Mlou but 93y. deaste mas
T rusue Cosed by gaavity prwenb,fro a diopud
 es ontinoities
Lusnuc waves aut differently Lomparcd
quons w u i

&umevnelling olu to thnge ai phynial athivt

to
0Y chunwtal repeu
Cornproe eeutocd cluwninui
uppur Jouwen ust owt
Mohorovigc distoninuity uppuManib
Jawe tustuppuh mante)
Rupiti duuoyntimuity louoeMauHe
p t lswen Mautle)
u Coe
Gjottenbeeq dusconhinu1ty
lwn Mcntleetuto we)
lehmann dusuoninuity
Iwn Corc

Mohrovivic Visconinuity
Gbeten
owt ust 4uppu Mavtle
ouou baiins
lpth m buuath
Ccu a
btmath niuuntal Lurfaus
30 m
ownge n oth tomp 8sulto trD
ue
otts td withauk
rotks umtaining felds pa to
fldapa
TRICK: C M RelaRves pant krta h Land
Mohovic Ripiti
Coreda
Cuttenberc ehman
dastmtwwity di's cont cdstont dusuont
cuwnt
Magnot d
L g ten i whith a brdy nptnienus o-0ce oluu to tHu
boclus
paeseu 0thus
uemt chonge au attrokkd
L9n eltctni field, sliets Juaving
Apulud hy eath tui

L 4 dlutrwins hau
elncni went having detni tharge
ement-ortL m tHun eltthmc wrment mtaining body

(Vyname heon
ugast t a ww echow m wtutoe WiH cmusl

or u hut to u stoning eavths maguatui

eld

tavths Magnulitleld
Enplanaton ( yenevaluon e
pwdwud u oUte Cone
E t h s maguatui field
empraUe 0uln u0L rCungu am 4400°C m autu
C0AL 6000'C CoAe
T h u efftuuu un fuunpeualui causes CoMwetion

twmnt. MMOUu utavy on umks doon t wno s olLnse

maruol s puwgdd.
Th ù loo et Luo Aiqud mo Ite won Cenaats
lil uwmwt wuuch podus maq nalut ielc

thoough tha ield u a +tu

Charged mttal pa
o
un wwmuls cul t u uptated Cycl fomu
s Austatunq sops tallud guodyno
s
tp a magutueields 0 hanged pasidus odug
msammL oluiectom duu to cwwwu foru orun
o rast waguatut uld -tu planut

GtoMmanNAT oL
4utasetion Fathb kodaut
on bar wuagut

platucduypothuHcally out tuu

uun Hu eart

OLES M alligmtd Aited

MAGNETI Earths
nut 1cltgrees to
etcun Cung o
ofaioual an

diffunu n Hthaion
b anis Magnati
QAo-qrapucal ans
A dluu to onnplur dishi buio.

wths magnaic Huld

 eomaguoui Kewcrsal
pleuuts earth maquatuc Held
Chunge i

un Maguadu Noathtvuth pal

L u t chaune
kuns{8uns Magnalie field
N e t perloclue Auke

changes altn evey llyeass3

a k s mm-rm
l0,DUD yeans to 25 nuuom
eans
at bdd cngls
Magnatue polu e n g e
,

Aatikvde thnughaut rwersal.

IMc netosohere
r g o n abevr deuosphue
cartte magntti field n kpaeu)
tnteut e

LpAatiu
L thu eart fiom charged pastilu

nhulios phu
Sums Mag nutespure tollud
 LUn eomaq nale torms
olilorbcuu o tath's mag mtosplun taued
euuporay
Tepora
by &&la wind zhok
waves |tlevd ef maquatui fheld
catus maquaimm
Antrathng with

alas wind weak maqndos phwi

npauds (vite- vesa)
a kwdoluu dhop n earths magnatte
ustiud as

earttu
(RING CVRRENT) Lorge elechat Cvarent Hhat Urcls te
Cbove -Huu eqvator dwnng maqutc stornm8.

Eut Gtomaqnatue tornms dasnups satellili wmmuniah

Astrenauta& pilet
COn 1ntYecse fatu u h raclialiom
5enes phuu quts huathd
sl sadlit drag .
wd.
aucl ditorttd
tlechnt pee qatmd
Jang unae towmDnicallow
wuld have drgn
ge disupted. utreastm vo ltage
 ADRORAS3 glouo An tue uppu
Tcse au the lwmunm

CLhuuostplusu of lu casth

Dositive A m
FORMATION 16ve

Eaut
Lwut
n twrent

agalre

pntrat ito t donosplure

em o thuse ponicus
t l L d With
atos tu
Ce

enutaliow oygeut wtgn

meltclar utrd tion

wolulu gut batk A onhënal stal

by emitHing phuro a luntt
comung Hurora
d

otwrun igh laitodus.

Mestly
 VAN ALLEN RADIAT|ON BELTS
wngete uaged pahulu onginaHing Youn sla
LZsL oY planel
eatusmag nateeld "ahund .
wind taptused by

uw Belts 1- caatli voeli

evyt
4 7 eartl vactlu
Outin Belts
9uw Belt
T y trap sslar wfnds dujlt Belt
MMagnadue
the wguti pasticle thuA otcctia
the cmostphue
tosotellihs and htch altitud spaucralts
Couusivng dang

EO MORPHIG MDVEMENTS

athur nabraB featwrcs earths 01f0u

endstape f
wuth: rmors,
mudiui
Mobile
to mophii Aqents dipssit- earths
matenal
taniport
becae Oradlieut Gyravity
wuth
e0wopui_pro wua ptuysAtol 4 thumucal prous
Cust
hongs thu eathis
fauting weatnng
etc)
endrqeui
Halding
Mbqenue

tors
 VAN ALLEN RADIAT|ON BELTS
wngete uaged pahulu onginaHing Youn sla
LZsL oY planel
eatusmag nateeld "ahund .
wind taptused by

uw Belts 1- caatli voeli

evyt
4 7 eartl vactlu
Outin Belts
9uw Belt
T y trap sslar wfnds dujlt Belt
MMagnadue
the wguti pasticle thuA otcctia
the cmostphue
tosotellihs and htch altitud spaucralts
Couusivng dang

EO MORPHIG MDVEMENTS

athur nabraB featwrcs earths 01f0u

endstape f
wuth: rmors,
mudiui
Mobile
to mophii Aqents dipssit- earths
matenal
taniport
becae Oradlieut Gyravity
wuth
e0wopui_pro wua ptuysAtol 4 thumucal prous
Cust
hongs thu eathis
fauting weatnng
etc)
endrqeui
Halding
Mbqenue

tors
 stal paysrcal thuutal
hcomooplutt Movemunts lavge
eath
chounges taking plaa on

Uau du to geomorpht prowsu

fazth Movements

Excqeue
Eveloqeuctue

Erosiom
weatheninq
Dista spuem udduw
Eavthqvclke PAyerical T
Rives
Volcamots themia
Tbgeit
Epeiveqei
Wind
upuward Tenuon Sielngical 4vndugtoDnd
wat

daomward y Comprcisiow

NDO HECoMptPcovEyas
Duirt stocnath tmm iutnor t h eartt

DTou toephi fov

uddn fous
earvtha ucke4 Veltauu
Uuphors
Lttors deuind Lndoqenuc "pven
ntrnal Heat
-

Raelio a tivity
Cjravitaton preU qradieut)

wmwts Duu to cluou tep.4 prusvat qradient

Cowe ttio
Easth&tatuon Consl ec

Mevcment
Deormatuwn eearth3 VusE

Epei'rbaenic mountam bulcdiug

tsmtinuut forming
4ulsidunu, upuftmnt feldingfauling)

veltanie
tctonis, earthguakt, OVERTHRUST
Sx att 8veak of overskeepened
*o sheer.
0rea due

MONOCLINE
NCLINE 0VERTURNED-
ANTICLINE
- Lidud klope -
7oik s wICLptc) - oVevstcepened
i n p l 4ymmutnal douwnward duu
-uigutbuud upfold.
dueto puch
to CommpreS10mvom
panlll layus oBks l1e Om Arch one

cluu to Comprustom Stde

YDeks
 eLE ROGANIC oVEMENTS
movemtnls
Thy aAhe racdual

tewards 07 CUway n CU
pe7auwwt or tansient
COUl be

cOctintwt burey
SDBSIDENCE
DPLIFT ubwgcd sotst yally
Roused beauhs, twouted

wawe ut lettws dtavttou

Cawes

LSwera pleuus wtuh

Ramn skoch'% past
wa &ub uuged duu o

eosthaveke
to
ennluir hae o
sufau woo.
T Andamat Nitoboas
omnga, maL Tu
dnawt bun slatid from
wath edavoai
Avakan ast by
river, Kavoipattinam
m
M Kave Deta. Aubwungeuu Aand
btw-een
Miwing
D 4Notura C beideae
gas tntinciek
rmundwal
Duis olulion ef
ulotto
Jimute
 NiC ovEMENTE
to Lonverqeuu tcttonii plautu
L Coutal hitkuuug duu
ocla'ngf feulting.
duu b
enutially to the earths sUrfau
T Ty att toumg
e aldung.
ld1ng.
bulding cuu o
oluu to e w
vu

L Awslws mev utuu

 (Oveg
uie /ovomny

lnsisualX Cwyrstinal
prvduusvns, au prrdus oldb,
Qudcuy oa puwt)

LARTHQUAKE
Uddun moemuwt eavth
i s l a t e d tuougl weak pans vu
thu
uysual uhg
enhs tu-fom knuui eugy.
urfau n shorelunu
Can Loue dhauge m untons, ivn toue,

Acundselu, Loid uep tc

eigmue wCwes

owud B vement
unnaiud duu Io ucl dun mo
Urcs

osU cd by moqruph
VoLCANIT
MoHeu 2ptks
Mov Awtnt o
mattnal 6teom +qes
mcludu t u utape of py1oclautiu

(auu Yolauigm,
Caus tovehonal
ouu to Radioattirity-
nperculvre diffrrene
COLUseL
CUTes oms C0vergent 4 ctres geint buunda nes

urdu don duse plai uuau omagma thavug

wlconit eupbs
 abqenitomovp oVemem
U
ppens abwe eantus vrfau
na f hosiom- Cau
weaHut

wwly t tocks duu to wmtinsusfakigue

190ws l a i ng thst movemnls aAy fom plau to

plau b caust
v i a b l ristance
y p t t shoclöre
Tu ypf to vaueis heouorpla-
ema otks
qoadient dia bibuion phunamenom
veaectalon

Dacct acsult
tvss dus Lo pushin 13
u n s uat
pulling-prtus
e-qvavit) foru behind noqem
movemunlis

Msuular stress
duuu to tuptaalu
hemta yrouss weath patttmas
chana
 weathenina + ehosum

(Denudation3 OL eMeqee Pvses)

dupends puysual
muoms ship off |wnovey
uacls to.
&chmutal propelius
- weautHun nq
rotks
Mass mwvemut

On & dusiutcq ralion e

rocks,eil , mineals
prouks

Bab ltttal wath tr-

Unwutal weatuning Phygiial Weatuning
LMechaital disiteqralion Rurmoval otuywal
henmical oltuwpos.ilio
Caused by teup. thonge am tnv. duu to
&luhom, tabenahen qrouwth vY mavenmemt

my draomt redweliom wet dy yeus, tulalli-

Souton salts, uumals
0Yg am
u waut 0u Lperd up ceUsed duu to
end plaut athivity. t
chumtal weathning Tiying 03gcunus
aktecb stvou bnka
uCobsncluonih {rom
as, plos, ditayed
NOT Cmposilin -steding t6pouting
u-orcs tLusing l au pdat 2ose
plons P Ani mols -yaavitaionct fov tu Decaing pdeuts
ups theital weatuning werburclun fou, shu

with auclie wa,

&taess Onuimal
0Long Enpansion for cus
emp ehange, irystal
gowth, aumal aehvity
waulua p¥DLCs pTe5Ure
wetting& derhq yeus
 o

Borning Loal
carbuclioxidu
0raMm
pund vottu
oot fomu Brning Loal
0ygw pXeud ul phn
Cavbo
ete
with way,
Teats weak atids potluti rcLiuater
0 u n g cavbone dusewe otks
w l .budoalubn) making
t mow
atd. Aftls aound u yocks
wiakshe votk aide orming
morbl4 Luimu aid Roin
6t4 eovwbly

CTypes of,Pyaical weatherina

Abrasion Turma
r m a l

Erfalialion mpnsign
uhtbgehu
twedging rocks foud
tks

Ex- Dtks om
ubstanuw
COUusecy n ugh pressu enpasin
Mverbed, pebblu
wuth qut uwto
emw) 1 0 n m n t aulsmg t h bath Lstaused

w u t h breaks
hru a tks C bougtut to
0 Cdge onves
w uch eponds the otk
covth's &vnfau
uwanda

1q nutlCOLnLe Wenner
t h or malion tl sail
3
fivm d0lks
u st sttp n
ennthment
nawral 60u
acls to
enmchmunt
t a n ors
c ecetan Ln 460l
ores in
min yal
ucL.ols to
 ovemerttJ
usldu'ng uuge
aBunt o eui 4 rotks
moUntauns ills.
h a p p euluvg stapauidd &lopu
cawed cluu to qav?tettuonal pul
C t u t we wecdtnnd sps
DOES NOT COME UNDER ERUSIDN.
Hare
Tou
ud
Rapid movemnt
uTwo Uauses
low moremunt

Ccuse ass Movemnt

weburclui ng clw to htavy
cunfaul.
Eiminatuom smattial
Removal euppor
rom onginal &lope urfaur Dn bulow through
nplsion ,eovthquaku- naturad oY auifiua
tte
auus means x Rat helt
entdem natura
upage
Minn
necvy dnpow upsUngt uh slape t qradientt
rom svoNE, lchu

Ponds Cosing louo eling

ndistyminatt movol
utlow woub
getate
 U
movmul ovdud
Tomoval o matnol
Mata
rom plau

4 t t u duompeslion
y1Atu displauuunt
rotks, 8td,miura
6ud by wind, woly with amosphua
tantatt
b
wRdthured moutt nal
y Exodud modtnal not diplaud
displatd
Hyps au hystcal
14ps
Agut 0i wati,wind, thmutal 4. bwlogtal
u , thumal, grovit weouthning
t a u s u d by atmostpuui
wind toai Au, a
ectorsJuke preisU
uwwan a t i v i t y Uu

touss
 TONC
D:PMekenzie + WMbxq on
TEtonikos
Meamin buildiry 0r

B CCnstr ucuon
+ Le Pithor an 1967-68

BouG enupt Cauth thozphus i dividud into or sevena ngad

lals or plcctu
onatay
plads cl movinq vn Jhu vißlouS AsthenoLphv
Cauaing seuaw dfomalios aleing the pla
beundou.

LA PLATE TECTONICS THEORY

CONTINENTAL DRIFT TH EDR1

SEAFLODR SPREADIN

CONTINENA DNIET
TEORYS
tocbtr n 141
By->0eo LOeqen
duu to
Enplunsthu movemuutCoutivu Oru teused
spinnuns &cavth
forw deprupoible Busyany, ravity, psletuing dova,
dad wn ents, Aids

Evidlnu ainl pysucad fealo, botauual evicdunu.

il enidunuTUltb (gloual)dposiks pla ,
u

lupots 1 sama 0ae hocks on dueret Oninen1s

 Dstw batke illy RUagital widnu
wtlutlon wwetlon
the
Vsehuduus Hetpadl ai
C ut thwy ea lei Lprcaeling thwn

Explanciion
thu
Aceoreling to Huu -Hwy, tu touHnnts Llowly hange
Pusuion lausly tlaHing o eath othn du to t u duoriqantal

wovtwwt caxth cut reent

we
t u tomhinnts ofeosth
uluan yeas batk,au
n oneatg mos 0 a SUp onhnui
sinLdtatnn
w e
eolled Yang oua oul londs moning
stasted to
nuiluon yeas batk, langaia
Aleut 20o-210
ond huse prew
qadually
brcak ounc anto wo preus
lawasia |n ooth)
Atatd moving apaat fomung
and nduscnaland (n Sut
Lmtint bok nbo futho pasts
Tuss wo huge
malln LonHnenls that enith today.
forwung
 CA DpOR PREADIN
By Hasy. H Hess n 1960
Enplcunu the movUmunt o 0t DCEANIC PLAES ONY.
foru uppui bl lonveetuon Cwrent mthu Mauill draq
uutal pals

oubelwl+vr, Ououn bettom uiet , dupd

duau
Eviclnu heneus MoltuM mettnal.

dubibutuon imto
Decuo batks DsU nat taki wntiuutal
dsiu wut enplan tautiwt
formaluow
a cesnt,

plauailion
toweclion wreut formaluon taks plau
ntintus
m H mount cund th intunu hra
ou Ao olio auivity
genaed by it
pulls
uu wwethonal whunt wnHniuwy puuhu th
oen Dt aust-humny efett causing Hhe
clwelspmunt reuhu, euay ndgesetc
dasli mattnal o 0 7 0ut
hawa R 6tun pyo
id
uins td t l sea ormuing nud
dupung reltauu vupions
OLeunu nidgas
olou, Aouks cuwuy tuu tauusing
Thu ndgu pusu t u
tha spread albor
 gTONI SP
al tseated usB au o
haa major cundfoms
ple wit
svbtwaLan moremuts ' long
uult oEaoths
wuntun, Voleaunos, tarthgvaku
ormation o
e vuust
tarths thespluumadu up
u pla teetouiis,
mantl A baokeu uito lasge plods
du o w e tion

plubs luu
abn axthuno puru t
T
to eoth o f r out dif rcuiu
huloube
thuy wevt

FOrLd Hmalay.on
Meuntuus Fast Hn'casn rift

eun Audrcaseult A seuth alefonaia Us

4ndho-Austaolia fafieptata Autarhi
plala plec

layoreeto e Ylotu
Eurasiala Noth u i t a
Ptat
nian plat uth Awica
Pla
to 20miluoin Sa bm)
tectonits platu | Imillon sa. bm
Minor
Cotes plat
E Casolun plai Jmdian plalu, omal plali ,
 (EviDENCES,FOR,PLATE TESTONICS3
Gpaavitaio
PauoMogntm egeaotksHovaung nomalus
wmttnts , vuons
ulravitalioucl
tonsaust AL nlab
Au plab
Cowhiuumtal aouks i lus at6uhdudion bevdous
1F 35 bullon ys gnethat indicab CAL Agwns
ouani 0cke
75 wlon Yhs L o sm a t t r a l .

owncds ridgs) 4arthavake

NTERACTION OFRAT
ccur
vakes o
eartug
KCqvent
wo teteui plab BeuaHe
Divergene S w o i d s each
culeng t e ift
mag ma nisutwm
mantl'

i h wms plus iut 4

y 0Ltcunit Dtcan,
Ammian

wavu away An Atlaatu

wd ouone
-om
pla á sepivased
tallud sptading mdgsformud.
Eurasian? Anan platu
8utpsum
duutto lawa

ses

plailu moving apart

uplion Aava
 towmds each a t u

OVVerqMi
bauudaius
plah
Htowveagunu 1lwo pleuis
CButiuutal u u s t u
ococde d COLtoqethu
Somu Hu Hormung
Meuntins tx-Humaloya

Boundony-u
4 wlliding plah bopgrd
mantle
Maq ma ds lo oWOe plali ftun
wlts
dawn that
onm nw Ust u forad

werq enu
W Ouus

3Couiuutal
) Duan Coutinutal
Oamt - 0 ciauie plati touinutal tallin
pla twussion
LConhmtal
0uanL vst
callikvn CalusT v
LTe &ubdu tiwn ploat Caudls twit
Loted Aorks a mlkd C8uhinuntal iust omeatun jela
as plunge into mantl. eausing urdodion es futon evo
dunst 0teamt Aange ladmasses

CALnted Cusing Chuust wndu Chalinq a uu

u t i uwtal i u t
ecurthgvaku. Aanel ouss
 RANSFOR
pest each otuw
plauts vmoing pest
uwo

Oaund the baundaey qu

Roks ing
AOve-Bast

puubverdh ed Uuating teuult raulluys

wdis ea Cay 8ns

GEqvthg uaks forud u t no magma

margins but
boken at bcuusform
Crackad
uet uatud 4 cuheyed.
Lwetun Coast eUSA
USA
Ex on Andsas ault alsng
qtone lectoiS
m a j o y lamd-fos dwelapuut dau to plali tcetouits

momal c ouwnd wian t

ELovuou ally raluarl
to
Amalyis seut Uust plat movumunt tan hllp
edst Hu shape eloel was
EyN. Amnta 4 8Amnia wil aproall.

(MovEMENTOFNDIAN
lauintal
ytwuu
L t eninsulor dndio 4 Aushauan

toast Amnita Awhalia

Jnda was a larqd ilamd the
etus la suprratcd at tom tan lomliut abvut 1
miluen
hond 2od wium yas ago.
Aucdio
Juclio movd orthward
Jandumass
TPbetan blotk tau Uocn to Hhe Asiati

twards Anan plali

Mevemuut t uchau plat
Cased butpo o lava torming Deceon traps
 LARTHGUA KE3
Cosed duu to dease euhgy that gunabs LoOms

avdling n eull dive tueus

Stimu waes akl gcnated
tt starts below eths bvafae comu
GLotabsn Lomw
above
ethauake start à uponhe: Lotalon elisecrly

tpfuuhe
Mecsvaedl by 6cisbgraph
Aleosn ouu. pout directly abon
peut gy
pfuntu
u owntHng al pauut oing Lanu intensity

Canthgvcuka As0seisue .

Ccuse
duequilibnum n ay part eaths iust

t0ndaltinw
eaoms 00u eu enpanston
manmade)\
Natural) PReut POveunt

Velceu 4eldina Lanelli cl

wptuo ouwting
Necu ows Blash Dup wdurqround
Mon mad1) AlvulaY Tuwne
mplos1on
K w o 1ndwud
Deup wulhq rnd
geusiity ( RIS)
Miung

MERCALLI SCOLES
Rutus lutuuity corthguake

Kauge -pon 1-12

RitHTER dcALE
Rupenti magitudu o eathguake

uRaugs fam 0-1D

Depth e otu e tarthgvaku

Deep
nallo udtr ediali
o-300 tm
(300-1oole
o-10 Pw
eup dup)
clup) u huge magnitud
usmall
m kvdu.
 mcvds faufie
stbibuhen Caihgvak Ri e
Cirwm lauije Keut
Mest mpoataut eazhqvakezen
68 al

Atgi Apinu Belt 18%. e aleoothqvakus eorthguaks

hiking wwehug Belt &uui Activity

oulm ouanu
tlcutL oeau, nduan buan
1dges Arthe DCLam

owest susmit

EOthgvaktzous of uaia3
& Zauell
Bvreau udian &tudas L7
cwrding o (B15) Zoml
L7av
, higut susn

nakinglergond
TUpture
eet o Earthquake

Ploods
audeludu rs
Avalaudu
 tsut nami harbovr twove

tnteud1d wavelngth
,Ghave lous enhgy oss dut to

lle wavs
Meuhauikm
buuuath s oltnu plah
GSubelwting plabu plungu

Staess duvclepeo)

pAatu waved uccdey

thustd upwords
esd o0uout usB à

displauut Aorge culwmn

walin vertcally

OR
Mordn Voltouuuc euuptons gennatu mapulsive force
birth to
hoct liplaus woulis tolwmn cmd gures
Boncu.
OR
fallendra tarehicd tes 6 &peu can
g ger usst olutrutut mauwtains.
 pOq od Lon waves
etu thallow oatu so
C
l&uncmi duavts clup Loaun t
4pted ditrcasu ehgy Lowtcunt
clupth cdttveasts1
might ntseass

(shoaling effett)

(Warwy Atmostpunic Aduushation

tated by- Nctttoual oLou

Duan Rsusmut
duweloprd by Dup
&Rpvoting Tavna

nda's partd nisoe

Assmut cmd porting áystem (DoaRs)

GDup Ouau
leuhe
udiam Otton lkonamu Eay Warwing ottsten
(TEW)
Bay Mivnshy e Farth &ienus
(Hyderabod)
 I ( ( i\iH G

vc.ul ➔ j\t�iu, e
r_r::·�) l cw.r tnitlc)

� �IMJ.1'� � � .
( d.u.t to rc,..&UJ a Wµ<. �u1'.s10J,UL
-f
'Y"�clu.oJ �)
J
� 4e!A,rM(Ltu'}{ dlf'l e_uu fittt ..l,� MA,�
� � lcud'Vi-1 e_e4tfk .

<fr �¼Ve_tMwJ
.J t�� �

l
C� ��� � �<rt�
�
� ell' vet' bw MOW

_r-
cJ.J v � iguJ. v!d� AfConvt.�UA.t 6.vv1.dCtA�
+-r
/U �J

u � \.tt.t,' � IM.OI� LJ �� i d,twe-\. �ol:t

lb-.-r�\)uh e�� icuill .uwrJ-fuu '
��

L--, Vu.o.tu ��
� vf�
7.(}1,\JJ � w.fM'rM �;1�i- to��·
 LAVAyPES
VS Lova
Meg ma
Magma couhing H
moHtn roLks 8torr
Catus 8urfau tmugh
Jn caths ust
ltanit Veuts s Lova.

Lava Voltauos lava [Audssitie"'Aidi 8tato

ompsad voltounic"lovo)

ugluly multin
istous 4 ugh pemt
Voltouuoes
XChaTtustiu o Lonap0suti
Lous clunuiry tesw 4 vistos
Jight telovrtd tHhan Boualt lava yslta Bonbs
OAL o toused. sus ottur
Jntgh.e how nd tonveigeunE
sitica Blidy quftkly,
diveageut Kovndoy
dMrotied, 8Bkup didud
v e a i tomL-formmd.

nield lova Volauou Lava

hotst fetoooe ighly ud.
 het stup+gudlu slope with wid dramutu
Davk calovacd Bcualt
iwdur teu
p twr alona
laagut all volausu
clirergent Sield Yoltonves
tgws uuwo PLAw quiet &faut.
BBUvnda
dmpac laoge auas
Rich n dron + Magusivm
Not erplosive
tlun
pe n 1fta.
prad dul as

sutr cvu lange

itas

Noltait Londfbrms

Entrusive l8ucfoms SutrusiveCwdforms

Lbsicl) elu)
otks
Jevndfnms -formd by Pg wius

plutouu otks Volauu otks

(taling tids (ust) toeling aukids at Surfau)
s t a n lot atinas oA usund by Bireau oEnfrgy
Effieny [ BEE), Jacluan Gqpvezumaut geny unds
Mivunfauoer.
 trusive laud-orms
stdifeaten olava at torth Aurfau alou
eorth
witH a Ctv ulatuou o pytolcsHe
mottmal, dut 4 0stus

ondforms duu to
oncoes du o
sU uplious
udal uuplious
plctleou
lincler Ca
&uils Voleao Cva ptaus
&trato Vbltasuou
Cratus
Coukclera

Due to lciral rupion

Jauw dugtut maouds of volcaudt tust cusi, astus,pyvochsh
muturial acwwloted nLov hu Vut Ex ME Jorulo e
ield Voltauo Meuto
piliug uploava wpu oL Cubthw veut. Chentle 6lopinq
cowvem 8lppe Ex Mavna Loa un
HawcuJorgest
2) ato Vsltauo
tup icdad tou'tal luoped velcaoformud by
lava, 0ulh, Pyo tloatii mattnal
avcaing aucl
aai-iel &touttvoc.Ex
ExCotoponi, fojtyama

Awul shapel cdupressivn

rmed at muovth oveltauit veut

Ts (ab lcks cet the muvth mtind volcauos

En raty lak m Oregon, lake Toba ulouuua

) Cculdeaa
Aarge shallos Lavity lorger thaiu Crottr
a r md
o mud du to rmora 7wtouL du to

velcomi upuon (vfoluut). Ex Coulelsa ou Mt Krakatoa

Due to feUTe Eropius

oms ra p'odecus 4 kavo plains
GACslowuta uth platcauu an vsA, Paraus flattau
ut Afrca. ) 8llaw stoa plotcau vsA.
dNnRAve VolcANIC LA ND FORMS3
msiclu t u cooths svifate
60Ltcltfitoctiov e magma

lHcu MattHal
A tw nmeusts ormud du to mo

(allud plutoi
&wrfate
ucli-touon beneath eaoth

a) Duku
vHcal or daiguy Judied sut o rguesus ots

4vrfau iutor
fomed w ww magma from eavths

theugn un apttuae

Cmpeed cdloloritEX hotanagpur plattau, 9udia.

h u t e horizental iquusus otksormud bttwan

u ndlimuntany otk Auys.
oYmed Lohun magnma 8sli duis coeling bl

two Aoyes Palisadu Sils USA

Ea
3)artolihe
lehge movnd oigmus vtks with bottom
lat botto
4uPpU &0iau arrhud mto dome ahaped.
latattd at cup dapths
M Holuu Yellaw btene Nlahbmal fevk, 0sA
 u) Lapot
Acwts shapd mass o q wusus olks
wu otk btc have Colopsed.
omed
Eg- Buwhvelcl guaus Couuptrr &uth Afrita.

)Puothe
ws shaped masses o quueus 70tks

ottupy ast quuf clis f hougus 6ynuliw

Eq t tullu ef Humalycs { Alphs

6)Batuolit
dew haped ma t g a s 0tks wus sd
pwnges dup bneath u-a

omud qrn
Fq wicklauo muteuus
wTdaud.

CypupuDVoltauo

Enhalaln Effuive Enplosive uaqvesus

dova sulpov iwg) viglu ilion
vapous umu) Aud matral)
 1) nalatwe Vstcunot
8tcaum,
uvi gseous-tonms ikL
dhs charge
Covbeuclioxicl etc
mydootulo ne atid,
Cnau estapsthapug veus fomud bez dnotáprings,
wmao-u t 8dfatasas
usths

Yesge entinbon
i n t r meunds, u d volcanos
Assouatud laufom

2) Effuwire Voleauuism
2)
GSteaclyl Aana outa qound.

lomman n Bouoltic magmas

mwo wost
wahs
Bos altui Cemp0silon magmas o t
6atoraded 4 Jou vise vis wstu), 6tiieMagmas

3) Enplosive Vbleauos
Ggas bubts enplosion

eugn lica Comtent eupt violently bez

Mag ma

vis
Eq Krakatau lOmbora n udo usia , Mt Helus
) Suboqveus Veltauism
fo beuath ratwod 4 nw bulds above
ormMs
ouk lwel
4udu tu fom qully sloping toff tocons,
EMwhit Flovse Bultn t Wellshyay teonwat
vltauie field eu cuhal Britih wlwmbta,lauado,

5 Hwt&pot Volcoi§m,
guom witun the eovths e u t
Hotspe td by
wueh uat iss thovaln t
Momtlu frm
ouss DCweon

Te mot touuses multng Ds ctltu boa s

Jthoapuwu
Liaeks ain iut-
Tuse mutted ouks pusms throvg tu
not fwnd ot t e bavnday
t wwiqu becau dt
tctfoniu plai wuu a dtun OCCUS
Eaoth
 T pmng
atus opped ain Uudoq
rovnd

cdwatt Cavitis gods ucuted duu to

gectarmaJhy aked -q90Un bteoum
Chust ma tumm i t o
meg
wwqes m eanths Ag.
M Omy ol touAt
Het vnsvgh to kul twimal
Hvgu quantabu stcam
to e n b e m g
COmms ut du

Cnd hoats m
prs v n

Fq6ld faitlul A

YellewstoL NatHauad

Pork,VSA
_o
Upwe Voltanism
Cutaal euplisns
HAVTe Eruplou
taku place thoovgh
toku plau feom a mvrcs
Cwbal vent
noknploime ativity. orm toe uke 6lauturs

clount -fom largs Voltauit Baui tess vigtous lava

Cos. torme
lava platraus
pcaeful ouuplious
plau Audt'? vislews lavo
uFq Celombio platcau o plosie eupons
Miotem perwd USA
 truptio

Hououi oun upt dtombsluu Typt Yoltauian upe: Palcan Lyp

namucd oPta
Locleob Uuplrs L Aang
B t Aava
9-0s CUu uptd.tombgluu reltauo
with gasf ou qvatty
euphoAgeaousef Mledt) u a e
LPearelul
ExMaua lbau upton u L M Vol camo t Pyrodauuc
modtrial
Wrdsrai cnd rythmit
Lipco
Hewadan 9eland. *t basalie dava.

)Plinian lype
ugtaly vátsus lava
t vielu upbuos

requemy pklonsT

EntvtVolcaos Pormaut Voltauoes Achive Yolcauwe

Uupliu unmpltly Tuy au alive but eupt frequall-
not euping Loa
3topped twot tel Eq- Mauno
to Ocwr
&lupi ng Voltauoes Howai
En- Mt. Pepo Ex Ko krakatog Borreu slouud
Mycn Mah ncua
ucdo uea
Dsthibudion Nocanoes
1) CircwPoti
Belt
Pire.
aeue ng ef
4 wetm Loostoul
s u p s t veltauos
eouttn
uyama laud, Mcuy&4 in hillipuus
aAtos Em

) Mid Couintal Velt

Apunt Movutau ham
Jucldu volconos
velcauss Feut 4ftau Raft Vally.
O w r s duw to
tellision f Eurasïcu, Tudo Awhala

Afrtaun plabs"
Fg Shombel, Etha etc, kilimaujao, Meuete

3 Mic Alautu d g Beu

Eurosiaf NAmUtta plaubs mores aLoa u s

*Hpecluon otwrs
GHommud bez. otLan diveagence tausing silmt low

MestMest Outhire Tcelcud.

 Owta plate VolcauoesB
4 wwd n mw peuds pkote
Eg Heuwaian laud am fauiir Otaui
mautle
G s 0 twattd wJith oispet beloustu
0 t o cdove mantle,pom,
ava pmewud OALo wwu uutmagm @ ho tea
culkolin Hu uut tha bumovnclítug Cgma.

ormed Ouan slend

Fq Jsti lrttacesus, Kevnuon Hokspets nard
Dectan teops oundrun plolu doifted ove it.

ePECT OF YoL CANISM

Negalwe
Pasttive Loss of irs
OttOch Hovnist
Bnngs Mtom with
aunk mwd u
lava k ow povids wal cawing fast
wtmeuts to th 6i woving looels known

dnigh rot lase Cus Aahars

CCuuses peomannh
ytono qwnat
change to foman
quotumel nngy
noduval tunels tope
 Kot k
= subshanu Coupesed bf selid Cnystaly
minerculs hat hve beenusd
cltfereut
tgtur uto 6bd ump

bedamuntany Metamopuu
dnaunge t o m duw
t cwud o.bon
Avudi frtahon o o uad presvc
Moltn o tks
Lolimuts
chenucal prous6
setHug
primay otk)
tlostic Psltated
Extausive themical
Ne oliakd
uhuuivt Orqct

1) tctuwive 9) utousive
pt below &03fau
upt t 601fat.
&hous Lolung for mung
tov quickly to form
g e Cystals
Cumovpheus glass
EqAueluite, basat Eqgra, pegmati
gabino
 Secumeutyoctks
lauti Chemical
Lolussblved matnau ocw uloluon
ttu wulabion e pount ouuimal
w hcunital rcpitatsom
wcoutunng dtbruu &oluton clubtnis
Chnt, colsmti En Ualk,
EBreceio, cl lintonub.
Aimutsne
oundetou, ahalu

etamo phuL
Nen folicthd Rotke
foliete d
d o wot ham a doughad
loytd or baudud

pAorauma duu to
Eqomfels, masblu,
CoLposvre euat
qvaotzite ett
diveet prussve
En-phyuib,slat
 Otk CyLEF
Protus ouns tovmauon old otks uto uw ouks

doirn b fov

dro logital ut
Eaoth utnnal
heat n g i
uterep wCothen ng,vsTO
Tr cunsportallon

upit 2dupesiion

plist
&edimnt
Eniuive Jgnuus
EARTH S0RSACE Buna
Cemupaion

nbusie dqusus uplitt cetntalon

Seelimantany
Cesling Burna roLks

Maqma
Deapen Bvaial
Borial
heat, presuc
Metemorpnt
Muting
D

fq. Rock Cycle

 dtuwdcitieu thu uppu daye tiform e se
dugraclriuon.
Caued by dyancuuul athiviHies Aosion aqnls
by
Enobs, Au lglaue), áneo, ais[wind), plcu
Oud cu mals ( umebwdug uunmaus).

walis U0zionn
Klam lCnfoms uu
1hosion
Haia Aauudomus
tyel o vosion

Ohud lmdfomse
Clurial loundfomsP
ast laudfoms.
Cyele oUasiom
W

2) WATER ERDSION
Rumo val &ol by wot rcuns portallo t e trodud
moia Ouuoouy rom t u punt oremoral.
 ly pus o Watus Erosion
Stacam 8ouk
h u t n0 Ston
gully bsosten
KcunchepEivsin
Huind
owing wmescus bmal Lwouung up
spud
(ange rouinchep uitL uigh 1morts
wct upprr Chauus
usad svsau at (3rimcus dpth) rom bauks of
tpAcuger e sadfaovn A fos mud.
rivn &tseams
Engyaundnp Urfau Ruulk fom L Dffret fon
Ocewvs w m
tpat tauftved Coueentrauhon nsion bed
to ssilbeneata it cufeul iuteaihy overlaud w a l wastrcoUTSe

s Grtatn than
o aoucaked
codld &covring
nathatto
korge euov with Lut
tun &sd pashtk
L Cuthing namo
hannls talled
au gullw bolly oosion.

Glotcd enDsten
Co astal eosion
andslicl
los of wastlandsb
Rapid mOss movmuut e e bedaoct by
d uto moval
seikmud rotks dun to qvn
Seoiwuts om
qrovity cba csier
4uorelin
4 Meuy otwr A bia Ly mult waLlis
Can bt oCLpid-osc
bua ehosion
duiks or Small harard ov &lou

0uet hazard.
T typs
Ly Lowed byydraule plorkinq
abrcasi on
1mpactt Lorré2/
on fveeze Tha
OMd w Qn
a)indroion
uetvral pvus dupos?tion hscunsportaio
a by wind at lulferd plous
otwr ui doy 6oudy 6u. Ex-i onid, Jtmioid uas
d
Main Methcuukm
Dirt cawsing vwsiwn
Winel prepellingandl
ypes Wind Erosio

1) Satteuluon 9) Supunston )&orlat locup u) Duet

Pavement
l s t h a u n D:]mm 0Smm-2mw
Movemut n
mall bovncu mov parellel to olicuwutt 4t thu
Cn vuen svratt &ufae P tupward Aufau
t u vfau augulor,
b soovng winds
Ly Eath bounce intloeking
tollicy
CCs t u s
Cou go uah otus
tagmus o
tid pcrhtls to dis lodge
Jm tu pluru
cmost pcbblu,qravel
wove CuoCu Comus oown f wind
poukfelus ui Und areas
Ltaavels
Medivm ed sBops or clwring ms we
i l partit
0 DSmm-0 Smm
poceipltatuon wmetrts ongnlysepig
u rovels t0d duert flat, lake
dicumute
u Jught emough to wtHe mils. yiver ttamatu
be lifted, o cdeting to pltdoene
avge to bet 6uspunded
Epoth
uthrvel ki/owmeters. 2 6million to

1,100 eow go
 suspesion

atctiom
wInd 0
altalo
0-

wind rosiom
HaTypu e
lcmdfomu yel áfon
Cluvial
oud by wing wuw, mcuinly rivs

3 pha work

- l2tunsportetion
Depo&ihio
-Ero6ion
y Wecuthracd élimunts Sedimuts aw
Lwat disldgs loud douwn
disowes DY nremors CAr prtked up tacnsported
by oth prou
Aurdau matnal to nuo (ocations
Calld duposiHon.
n a po»

Coulld Erosiom
leutrcu osion
luyiad Erosive o tton idwdu
Huoduword Cotting leos
ComosionDaLon CtHng Baaidin
tydnation
Attiion
 uvial E0410n lodforms
watofas
laatus Mencus peuplan
Potholes
ormatibon
aks

a)Rivtrallay Formakion
Depressed oitas o louncl tDvrccd washud out by the
wwpiaing orus qravity, wab + fu

Smal 4 nomow RILLS

Sterrting

ang wicde iULLIES

ending dupen VALLEYS

aVhaged Voulyonge, taqps eke

GORGE VS CANYONS °
Ltap 6tep like sid
dup rally with ve Meps cus dup os gorge

tp to staugt stdu Ly wic ad tep Pnomo

equad width-ton top to botom cut hottom
Comyen a vantut o
oms in hord 2oua
Cqorge
LFomsin homgantally
beddud gedimtntumu yoths
 JL L

Male Middu od swts Ploun

Yuath Uppao CoUTA
Mouuhan Couvse Vouly CouTSe
Aatoul eronon
L loteal uesto
LBhasta-omo
Auplous vertital ewst'on btoppd.
A near L Rires does dupesulion
oma wctrened. Lwicuing Vnoped
L Swift iver duue vulluy by auive bed building
Kotral iouon tbounts oming (ntensin
to &tup slepus
Vertheal oston velum o wa wc plound
pcdomanomt Untcoses Come matna
Tomed, L rCLns pondaion t
piges ebppecd4uu
En- uduhonge, daposi Hon happuns elupesibs at i
vally wtHna, CouLdto movt
bed smootung ive
Tome. clubrs mOYa! L Disi butmus may
En- Bnyeu (omyon
Mou fealiou Ca-ormed. by
Utah, UsSA-
Mcuih fcoaliora Meondus dupesuin Jasge
i e s tapturs hut mactmau

-Rapds, cataro t 4ustrLortiug Meu fedlliirs

flood plu
watrfat. Ombeo oke
De Itq.
 olerfallg
| t o v mous6

mount o Wla faom q«at huigmt.

fauqaeat

Cauuses
Rdaubwe nsistanu o rotks
Rulaive oufftvu topoqoapluical relitfs
in
L
6o luelrdated ejuvinaho
fL a l
Earth movemuds

n Venezvela worlds lighust watfal.

EqAngels falls
Koruataka
Kunchikad formed by Yovuhi i ,
fals
uduhs uigust waterfal

vngu ppols5
hlly dape treaims, 0
mo
beds
Over thu wtky
Desine
tolar clupressiens Called potholes fom
bez sham Uosion aided by abrasion ef
otk ogunb
ocess
maulA khalow dupsion
oror med

ptbblus, bowl dus qut tolleted

wdkr
gets otaded by flowing
dupression qrow in olimensions POTHoLE6.

6tnies ef dupncssfon 4eus to fomm

dupund taraun valley

AH tu frot e waterfal, losge

potholes onm bez ef shuu
Tmpat ound otaton ef buldns.PLUNGjt PooLs

lerraces5
Nomsu flod 8Urfau cu utw side el valy

Poor

GRepeseuts tu kwd tors vayooss

i u s t o thue Htrraw &hows fovmu iver

beod Qwel.
 GoLuit&3
wick thaunus fomed du to ocigunu ef
tweru Al tawandls tu stup slope

Common in &twu-a1d a s

FqKavinu o lhtumbal Valty n unbal mdio

Ches Hosnsanpus n tunjab

Meander B
LBendh olougitudual covssts e the iras
e u i irwlgr hape
Bez ef letea eosion, ktaewus over guth

Blaps dwelsp nmian denng COuTsesS

n d An od plausf dalta plais of

t on b
PA u
guntlu q>adlient. und
mard ut otks
Onbeuo Xaku toms du to lmpovnclng
wai an ubancloncd muCLn elun
ceps
ouo taulud hort hot Aeuis
 bBLakes
Stants os w7ve or meondu,
Navao
Rock

Leuks fom as iven finds oliffercnt Erosto 0nbou

COUY&C lake
Dponten
waucln betoms Cm bnbo.uo lake

aleug Hu i l o rive

laty lo0 using

auas 0Y
o n
mto
plau wun iver emptus

auotn Loaln body.

ene plai
penplau

end pdwct
evts ew feoturelss
epres
hosien y cl
pleuo dhaving Undolativng
burtatc ? remnans

Louven0~ tontave

fsiclw al i l l
 RAINE ATTERN
thannus
ulou watsthoough o wl dufnnd
ltwork o vch thannd
neuon cu Claauuage.
ainage patem

ypes Diainagu Satlens

Dendntie Daanage fottms

Most cownmon.

Lonk k i bacndhung patttm o taeu

dweleps An aen Unduleud by

namogemsus matnal.

ubsvrfau golay has o

i milar rsistauu to weatunng Dondnhe Pattem

so t u u As no pparcnt tonbo
mibvtenu
Bvo hu divt eion ef
 ) Yanellul Drcuiuage attemo
os cqions opevullel elougatcd

andsoms uwu Hunt poonovnud

slopt to thu svafa
uke
Tibvtwuus spocad uto poneltul
osuoneluouoing the slope
Eghrdava:i, kavei, Knshmo' PoAtll Dunsge

westm bhat nives

attm

3) 1ls Decinage Yatttm

dndi'cetien ste ttural tovntbol Ridlgso sitau
0tks

varying vetes ehoehol 4

rDtks
tol dud &oliantany 60fttr
oLks
ruitouu vtks (6cundetonu)ridges
VBn u1staunu olks(4hal,i Jlimutone) Telli Padttm
valluys
Asyamtal ndgu t Cased du
to dp awglu
 Kettemgulor Drainage frttrma

Gfoma wn bedaotks
DAa fawlted P Jointed
t mvos with RlHT ANLE BENDS

Concn taated n placus whnh e'nposed

otk ä weakut

Staeaums wnd n Vidhuyan

Maputauins udia Re ctangular

DrCunage Patlem

a clual Drainage Yatherns

Lcwelaps aovnd Comeal eluvated pents
GCeumon to onically hapel feadncs
1k volcouoes-
L L i t touu nrer onginate fsom ks
4laws An al diyecens Racua fethm
Rves fom Amar kautat Kange
Eq-
Nor mada 4 n
 entriputal Drai naq fattern

bppeuh oradal Jouslanel

aLa
Culoal
toccum ow Fowards
dupress ton

Streams
S u oetter seoson, tust
loku wuih eraporat
Tom epheamal umpetl patttm
duming dhy ptnres
Aalta a tomud.

FwviALPPaSITIONAL LANDFORM

Natorad Delta
Allovias fas Lewes
Cons Stacun velouty
Pepos akieua otlion eiver dupencs on
Vawm o nver

Stheam Yeo uty J hampovfiug powe J depositHon a d

13

(Ayviol Fons
tomed at the bese o fotilu whuu th
Ycanyern
cubrupt dbop M dhonmul qpaolinat
Pue to attvmulaben ef 5 cop Stap
matna
apt á demi culo to Caat Aluvia Has

Notural Leeves
Naneu Belt of Ridge o lovo huigtnt bult
b te dupozuhn ef srdimauts by t
spil
pil veY walu trtam on t n
bauk i calhd atoral letvu

Delta
lnonqular shaped duposihona) fcodre
attu movth lorge nver
eiungdrainnq
C aku or a ta.
vais mw 6q. bm to thousacls
sq. brn
Fq 0ga Delto h naà Banals du
 Condhiont07lta Formoho

Relaively tolm or &u|tred scá

Hastemd a i
at Hu movth onve hallow Sea or
koke hors
u Catclment
ta oneihons
oug covse efnver
hat brings enovg
angs oumoun Medliom6i olmwa eolfmcue
Almnst &alte ondiHim
teimnt tuppl oea Coeut OLcut
bottem
 CuspauDelta Estoos
Abtwata fam shaped Btd ot Deta. Mavth e
AtdimntL Pe?uted Delta
pelta. limuten nvr apptors
w h n uglut dupeaiu clo uet
C wud olong
svbmergecd bu
bpug rast.
cupositHiene wt ptmut tlustuneling
n i to 6hallou L Bubyech do mel.
sbrong wae
&tutig dihibotm weat wmnt L
snaped hds. LVey fw for fimvs, port
dishibvtus indushiu as t
les is bibyta
povidu acess
Ea Ni, Ganga than 0ntva Tber River to dup alu
Ad clulta
E Misisypi an taly
Fnampl Eg- Hwdson
REye Estoay
Augh duhuehve Delt
Hugh tonstavtie Delas
L 8lovelin twngy ga
Dewelep twen flovial
yseclmun iually
otidupestienal pocus
olupesited os 0cva&
dlominatu he yskm
Soucl baun hear the
F- pdovoi Rirer meuth ef oiver

E- N.iu, Rho
 LANEORMg4 CrLE OP ROSION
LARST

wory
with bmik duulu, svns ete
Unelnqasund dacunngi &ystun
vsnn esoelublu muks Jiks
Fowmd4 by clsslutwn l
Liuteu, delonua.

atus leuos 6ubsvatau.

madi up ealelm tasb buai) if magusium
lmuuttu

B t . 6sluubu Au oaunuI Lr).

Hhn tlolouutt. [
LCarbeudioxicl t dln
larbeie aud
clusolves
Ceuue of kanstlaudformus,
Caltium torbaun

Modrocti fo abovcdcunk
Tiuly bddhd thigluly
buau wMeudls up isintcd cratkad r o t 3aunfal
p i s wali stuull

otka Jika Jimuton staata

ovre w a l n f
perunal
Jow Loubs t u l
 EATURES DF ARST LAND FORMS
D y Vculuy 0R
Pali 183d Valluy Arch &nukinq tyeeks
Hanging Valluy
Aink tuoles Natua OR Bdgos
Cavtan
Bridge Stalactitht
8ovme
clag ut

oww tumttt) dwalut or daliu.

34 o dnusion JM tu qmouud tauso bysmfem

allapae owfau Aug

forwd e by tH uuital dusalubien tasbtuai
ro tke or ffssLon prous

Lo tal Nous e n a t i ( Britisla)

Sautanos (Meruis)
Blauk hat Blu DLD (Nuo 2talandl)
UValas toaules ce
b) Polie | BLnd Vall to tyeati Ushaped
Polje.
Dmall dupresion dotedg Comu en togethun 4f sthcows lost
a kasst landscape. totofeni Longl novow
Hhums elve mtue
henth tallud uvala. valluy tun i
ind vally
3 Laven
welerqauund cowe -tooed by tu watu cetion by
rouus uthoes um lmustemstaadvnn

Ceuss Mehamio oution by otk dubns pel

6oluan atlon wo
Eq Mamwiuot Cares n kuntutky
n Hudaa Sastas, Deradun lleng platcau.

(oath woith opeuung ndmat)

A) ArthNatveal Bridge
DTstatks
www uulaud tilf, toastal fs, fis
fomud
mveh br &tuu weathnuA
A odud by th ica
fins, a stacks e dolouuh!saudhhe
owuud -{wm uauo

nking (ruks 0R Bogas

e s wai thrugn vres Cratks bad orms
nnbing lreuks
)StulacHit oyalagih
iclusb dffoeut cdicumetws | Brvacd at bas, tapu ad top

stalagq uats ut up em t 6vrauleo ef the tas

orwu dut to dapsing uwotn um wrfau or thoul

thu pupt beleu it)

o w s shaps Lee c Lolvun, dust,movfh, 10vndid

bulding 0 a ui uawe Ctat rator Craattn like

cduprsto

s t teqetw to fom pillas olo uuu

Caves (Yugodavia), Batu laves kaula
Eg 'estena vupua
Stalatit Pllar

Cave

AAA
Bockex
otks
SHabgti Cove Mouth

AVE IN SECTION
 )Doy Yalluy /Hauging Vally|Bovse
wan talle owtred thbutamis cus up.
treceue vdus
o dy VaL Bourw.
qvantcut f wct
L lact adtguau e l hoow
main
heunging eut a muugnt om
a
ALavesHu

vlly.hro Alfud
as hngung vulluys

Dnelitiens TCQvired for Korst

Dp0grphy

-Phesnu ef entrenht

seuleKoinfall
-Perennial sovru volluys
-
prsenu e walu Dense, Jeinted
1otksRutowa) linly bddid
 ARSYLE OPROS1ON
aturi 0ld A
LManimum Udirqrovnd arge xmora o
hnfau chainage muslon mas
lainaggt
Lavs behind o
ustorn 6vifau 4 Liuüted to short inbiug

CvCLcks eudli ug
n Bwallow eassl ploum
Eresion e upp
hous blunl valluys LLappearcuAu
impuwiskepe. v1

6Ufau drainage
CAVERN NETLOORKS
Lalis,mt
w i Hu oladed
eus,mwallo latu matonty- begining
wms as vCnauds
aus oAtorud ducli efkasst
omgina
4 No lorg atu Jnustonn t t r a u
CGVtms t u t pontiow etwem bttams

Uwdt roreund On tmpesed tmovg

caau naae net
Kast wi udus
towplched s

(pwTSL
 octen otean wares)
(ARINE LANDFORM auto
3 +yps

Manie dupssihoual Corastius

mann thokntnal
laud fo
landfem

osioal Lond-orvmg
to latral nosen
alu duu
tham mauth widuns

MOmeus cuup ineluutemos Bay smmud.

e
foud by deusnuwthug
wital
duien o0aves through
ploms bweakuu motks

Oave tut Platfonm

b) at Hhe bas
teqveitly u d
Dtu Nasvoat rcgion
tHu thhorelinu ta laki, bay
&tauiff oeng
or

e n t h a t was qumrd ted by hoMow

Cucon u shon iut platfom, toaltal butu,Wavecut cuff

G Most wetiualu at do. td

 C)tatlif
wustwust tommen honDnal lauefom

omd by wson e enupkienally stup ouks fau

acljont to h twwst

Fqbugit. thaunel thalk Uiffs, Dovess nit tuft.

[d)SeaCav
Ltuuust Aeng tm ware atatks wrth olk dibs blasted

0gast t tdi#. by kasuinug waves

Fq Enalaud lamboreugl Head

e)SecaArch
two Cowts mut m t opposut mdi oa c f
uk stui
traet pndwung a bdau

A x w a t br cutamg ular n thap

(4) tauks kaswis Uhimny Kocke

petien esea arch wllapu, mauning Pov
povlio
on
Colomn ki) statk.
8) Mauging Yllys
wvial Uu0n oo sbtam a thu
GHappews i
clats uet match Hu treat o u ca
btat

ahaped d, Vshaped.

peutng
W a u s moots upward with vtsy wat whu orud

threugh spuning .with vud e hiing

0noinal Namu PUHI Mauing Blewhetu

ene pdo
pla (rtated by long tem esior
ou nl
m Oremo nsleqy

ovial tiosivm cuoni

Rus to final tage
Puedls oslongd fttsui staity
 DEPOSITO NAL ANDFORM3
(y Bealh otk dlubs lovmg a ware cut
tupor(19
tpo ruoy vCuw o
platfom
L Yomud thosug duposulion by Ja wavs

At a ditantialeng t wast du f wruts

dpsss 0tk elubri A hand: rulhng Jm Bor

UTrounding watu body Coullud agoon.

()
veuout COmpumnttBas

(4)8ptHeek.
N a s e toastal laind -formation hud to tost
oub nd.

o m wm iutr Loast abptly thaug

dircutn
u m d ad the movt ef thu etuahus.
( e) ombelas
with cath othu
Bar Lovnetfing tu álaud
Ba
callnd tombolo.
T
to as ied land.
Hediland.
lands au fcrnd
T Tuus
ut
 (0ASTLINE

Neutal tompoUnd Pault

tastliw Coastltu
wastline Loasilu
wbmerqLnw

Postlinn Emurynt
Hu wamt hpesed by &cabu relai
a by
s tstr th aloug
wel by ostauy 0 eustau
fall AM A a
Raisd Beath
laud fomms ave cut Plofo=
Mo han wweral peifi
May
L6ta Caves

b6) C6aslun dubmurquu

dlame yisc
ySled+chu culeng oast îwndated by
sea by
M sa wels
kca byestay or
Cstay
Fomud h u nd o ast glaual penod
4ecubvau ntuwdu Ria, ords
(b) Neutaol oastiin
Cous i t o t n i f t u u
formed by tu buildling
omd nto the sea
nutta du to rgnce
nor bmurgunt

) wmpewnd basti
niay bning tuang
omud bytu ombiuaion
und n Novth to easths
cubvvt prousses Corolna, est suser
Cnd test+ Coast t
Andia

d) Fouult Cecusiliuus
Shaiot fomed by fault,tomiting
east

&eaward fai. estarpmunt doww cnd a

a

hroon block blaus ea lwdl, a shcuigtut,

Step astline
 C LACIAL LANO FOKM3
au
meving thuts o thu lmd n os
CAatsMases ol as
Mm
woutains
Muuaslous down thu opt

brad bovah Like Vallus

uovewmt Lwli k watun flo
Ggleu
9ravity
Movtmuut bicaust t u orct weght

Esosn by hilitn duu to khus fordu.

Maknal plucked up fm
dand
gcb mukd up by qlati
tha loo Mas the vallu
qcts clacgacd
qcts alaug
dlamage wouglh aba tusion 4 plutking.
Causmy
COuukma

lauths Loud-orm |Er Erosioual)

(o) Cirqve basins uoith eids

duup, Joug4 wid taoogs oo

walls
to trcally hug
veuy steup
oueave

at ds uad 4 Ads,

bouo-maptd duresion D Taan lcke or (orne

lake
ulLd witn wabufo fom qlaual tivqve 1otkes
1b) lauad Touge
athen
LOnginally
srtaun utvtulluy modiHed by glauil

Uapud valluy. Mali stage of vally -ormatuon

wwsom orizutally veritaly.
L Eaosionad auinty
'U' shapd v

Haugi Valluy
l ala wi dupens
eLups valluy
wicuns a pat- ensting vallu4 b
Ameotming auvay e1rculanHes

' Shapd formalion

Axet
tuv
T
L i,Tn aed Kust hat stprats Da &tprrated

adjant glatis.

stup mds ,kharp bst. Looks Jku strated kivs,

e) Ho
LMlauwi rdus thau or mo e tu ovming harp

edaed peat
outave tiruular baws, Ey-Maut erhom h SuitzerloLnd.
D-iords
wnd
n d m loaluons iwh wrewl or past qlouiatwn

mtenctnd belns he wcut Lta wel.

m u d wm glatw t acats tarving a Uhaptd vally

Cud &ta iling -tu Ausulliug vallyloor

CLACjALPEPOSITIONAL LAND fDRMs

Ketle Moaroins
tuwash
Eskr Kame Doumlin
plcun lerraus Hls

(a) Qutwostu Mam

Te
Teplauis at the feot the glatal moUnteLUns

shuts
cs buyeud t u muts etoui utal tu

aRL e Coved with glauo wvial dupesi ui tu

wauth may
om bvad let
alluiad faus

Ln totom cutwouh plou goavel, sl4 clay.

Tgke
u tun mtlts, watu sups doow

a ceumul outu bmath thi qtacu, orming sBatams.

4 vtk dubans &etll m valluy

CAns mahrial

btnath Hu qlauwn wn du Melts ovmin

fonmung
tallud tskus.
mes mdge

(0) Kama lenas

staeams lewing towards
omd by meut watn
thallo halas hollous that
glaual &touls,

Hu Acutt ral marqtins vlluy qla wns

dwelop b
valluy stclus.

(d) Dvmlins
u t h un elngated ova br cardvop shaped

&mooth urtau

width ypitaly hal4 te ungt

() kelle halu
Depacssion u glauuál 6utwas dift madu by Hhu

ulting cltauhed mus qlaecal te that

beecs wtuolly o pcotially bunid.

d
LRsult 9adual cttuvulatuon cuulwosh lepes

atep Hu iregula glauas teyinus

() Morain
60lotk t behind th moving oAans

LLik Aives cay dubr silt to torm dultas, olatiens

tacunsport aul 4ort dant oks to f0m Morais

Clotal hocton3
Youth Maturty 0ld Age
L Morksd by mw0rd L Hanging valluy stat 0-&haped Valluy
uting cuivity u hging
Am a títque. Cos Clos Quhoash plaus
L Ciqu
LArtuf Homs Ltki tskus,
qlaual toug
mrgus . No
Ox.cQuui a &tpped
formad
Hanging Volys. profile, egulay+
graded.
 RID LANDFORMS CYCE Df EROS1ON
ocas with stauky rcuinfal. Destat smi asd cqtons
Fcuu vndu Huu amd
Aan dfom

AAL tvosicual
ARID LANDFOR M Arid dapsitioua
omd-orms
omd-ome
Wind dud
tWaln
Eodud OMd andfoms
ouucl fonms

ARID ER0s1ONAL LAND FORM :|

R &lundn o Khallow wottmway ut mto tu soil
by tu eroimi 0ulion LOubuleuo

6) ual Cuatd by 0win wali

d
L lek uk big ditchs or Small veulluss
 ) ovivn
Acoges tha qullis
amowei Than produtt ostacm
uting osion 8mall than vaully
COLLYon

A) Sallaud epoqapl
waba ostoin has u t u diainag
vey Aarge wmbn duup settor
olrainage hauns EqChambal Ravinus
sepeated by &horts,btup.
ndgs
te) Belson ee
duset vaulluy or
situ outive dupesalio

dupressiw , diuwng Stdimanmb ndorh(ric

n t ploma or det bam
peu, enhry
surrounded by tumty
plihd uik or
wavwtns
 Colad peu,lut or cry Juke dpositiovm6alt mud
oulong +e botlem edges
botHom duprmn
duto hatuor
clupo esÍon
vaporiion o qoundwalus
duet bam oljaumt
to UPast wtu aid

9) edments
9eutly sloping evosion sustau or plam e low
Aluu omud by n n g w a aun aud 4 seni

aud gens Col tuu base c ceeling movta

rnt
Undlulan by bdavek covecd with thn, duonhueus

veew o l ond alloviam lupesats onived

tDm uplend amas

d Bejad
bal estivn allvia tn shapcd duposils fom
a s culoun a wm0vntcuun y he clpozdhon fneimwwa
witn a 8tcam mlo o
at
lud eutHu bun ef movntan

IND ERODED ARID LAND FORP

Delahon Muuneov m nstlbe Demoisel ueguMYaT dongs
Bcus Rotks

a) Deflabon bosin
Lhallous fommud by removal o phttls by wind
inding by pnhilu salhs qoovru 4 &malu
duprsm
tb) u room ocks
orwLd by suddn aluon 0n or
wcathenng
Ciuad awm
Olo Caud pedushal otks
tt vstlbuns
Small ovndd i u , knob mdge
vr m
montam that Au oubuptly rm lahvey
tat svvDUudiugs

aluo callud monadotks

t) Detisells
totks
Risietaut vtks abore soft 6vrfaus
as

of hard4
ahUsult dfeoeuhial epsion
sapt wuks

e) vegen
ta shaped eudfom
&uu m aind semni amd Ksgnon

L Aen pant i odad buy wind ordai

but th kordu
p a t m a n s as

4) dauas
toughs tut wto 6ofter vuks Unning
Pclld

m tu cduneelion winds8pcrcuked by mages

Tu dunceion amdr'lats fu duitchon of wu.
) Wud Bridges windows
abocsion by wind rouks

otks
hadu hells um

wicluns to arach vthw md

qaacuually
wiudous
uating tu effut of
(Lwh c u ane abore)

ARID DEPoSI1ONAL LANDFORM

SeLnd d u s Loes
appl mozks
my be 1mgitucual vs
(0) Rapplu morks
ooLvessal

dupDa0nal
Rpplu fomd
by momny
w en
formud by &altation
(6) gand Dovs Many ypu like , Banckau4,Self,

otUTui dny hat (resnl shaprd sond Simlar to Bavchaus

dunsts duwLs, MOst Cowmon has ovuly wing
 oud Pvus lypu
(i) louituclual duus
Fommd paulll to ojnd momut
wincdoasd eli s qumtlu whuuas ward mdu

Commovly md at tradi winds o n s iku

alhora Autrauan, Libyan,auth Afzitan

Than duet

wi) awvee Dus

Duws dupnsted pupeuicuwlar to H ptyculing

WInd
direcio

i) Barthaus
Cr%wt haptd cws. Windwoid d
oeplen onwtn wuas wascd

snelu is C0ncOrt sfteup.

v Yauabsli duns
Aongu 4
nawown han
than
Vshaped
nuwth mmw

Ban clhos

twu
uah mtaal peak, vachiodlly tntnd'ng

1C) Lo wind rmsported &lks

hat has
dupos
L uion o
Stomns Over Memuu
6etHed 0 t Dm du
dposition aiu callud
eass s
hovsund eass

und in cat Plouns Nozth Amwica

nica,

enbal Evrepe pank tf usia 4

Ko2aha4to ,
Noathum na
Unena

L Tuckst dupesus a wan iasoui 1(ivt mn

amd olong thu

.S stat olousa
Yellou Rive ina
 (CAas cokten Mountains
as ow Baudan Mtds
Jotatuon purd 0mg un Crngn
Otecut Drtcam1n Circom eos na
omivutal Origibnal
ust Cauldoiun relt
Teetoic
Coostal Heymaw Kesidwal
L sulond L Alp feld
ustu
4Blot
LVolcaut

Based on lotakio
Ocecni Moontau
Coostal Movntcuie Avdaud Movvdane
L 0n tonhnntal
lotakd uor 4 n Aemdlo tked positon
Eq Europes Vsqes
loors
Fg- Rocba Ans kurlon, A1tai
Appbloehi Onges, Ural Moun Mid oean
SamoUnt

Appalo thias cham

taw, Ridges
Api Mb ,M
An ndia Lhighst bed v
etm Chat Arav alLus tu beam beds
Eastm Himudoyos Mavna Kea,
nhads HCuwa
satpura,
 Based on thu Yenod oChig
hetambna Caldonia Heryuan Alp
Mounteus MbUntcuw ystem
Movntaie
Xostcd m0 o mud duu to L Caabovtrous Antan f
to Hhe Pea mian Euvasicun plah
than 4 billiom lat Sulwricun
Dvouan penod'k perniorls LAlpsuzhust

asie Mt 340-925 mil ongat Mi fage-

Kewmnant
Movntams building-po us yeass g g-1 Mont Bloec

Eg- Lownenton 430-980 fg-Vesges4 Mattehom

Mootais mi yeou Blact Forss
Alqoman Movntetinw
Mountcuu. tqAppalochua
Ural Moontams
Aravalli

Makado

osed on Mocle0riginP
Oniginal tectonit Mt Cirwme0sional o7 veleit ov
omdhon Tesidual Ms
L calli'sion folding of tconit 4 Kemauuns urtontal
fold
pkatts Mt tnposed duto cunvdatio
L fold M OR
L&ubdwctnt folding. plcceaus larved aito ills
Blotk Mb vallys by iver
tault Blotk s
7Cusid or HlHd
Eg Arovalli, Vindhya
L Vo)canit Mt Nilgi, Pol koro, Pavashath
4hot lava pushts &edimentay
rotks Upwards.
 01D MoUNTAIN
lwo vr morc Fnths tctouit plati as pustud
tomatuom
togethun
Du to toluston, topassing baunclans wtk
cubris a warped ? foldd mto votty aucp

aalle&ymlin d anliline)
PaDCUS DrOqenyy

CUsoLicutl with wnHutal ust

C7ected at convegnt plat bovndau

Coutiutal
ust
Cotinntal
ut >pld Mt prdweud

upHust
tallst
-lyps rolds
Meuouunu
Cuvyon op ptygmat Disharonie
a l otk ayun Bhunp,shcugtht Lult o Lfolcling oluffenent
clip An Soum lope feilne maknil
rouksfetd slope faila mbth wtk deuens
clictio havt clif
mo
vis Coue than od
&m6unclanqs hcupus
 (tharattha ts of fold Movntatns
aCunit intvsio
ofiest Mbuntans
Reursent
Scismi tuty Coucu baed culang
hOTaLtes tis) toutinmtal Masgn
High heak
Yoongest Moontans
Loo, Yolcamie 0ttint.
fosils.
Q u c l t , tonLave

m oth
 BLOCK MOUNTÄING tomil aud
Ruu -bom damage Causd by the
forts
Cmprsive Hors casd by endogeuous
L uevds land b Ji» two faults
Vosgc Movutaie Evicpo
un
4
T u u Rae Vally

Foomaiom
t wpward movmut uddl
Hormud duu to

bloek blw two

nomal fautts Horst
Gqzoben
upthown blouk~ Hoast

umittal aua - flat svfa

Snd &lbpu -

vey 8tupP
Nomal-eult
,
(Voltanie OUntaln%
Eq- Msuut Mawna
Manad Prlus uup
Loo Hwcu
Osunelte veut
Veltauit vunt MBunt Pepa uh

Cg &hupe Myiok
 (Yladecut3
ocLised let anta Aeund
the svrrovndinga
tablueud thot Ait abeve
let tepped
trra Deli

Ccun h t steup slepiug nelu

Cnu Plaea
A short heue o yewnaluon e Hydul Anfmal vomng
q heultu
Pooe
Mirols
edges -fomwafallu udorge qranland
Keuo matnal aAa suitallu-for
rom indums. Huet orm uafor
Cuuma cosinq.
tg- rold frov Powngeuraiw
E-1 ltra pletaus
plakau eWstm
srehalta

Cypee Platau oimafio3

wtal
Noleaut-flood
Thimal mpansion Morten Sosult
 rmal peunsi0n
Kplaunuut tuld muutle thospuu bynot
stuospune
tq Yellerstouu pladecuy UsSA
Massnt uhal raute

)(urtal hortenu
t ' s the prous pleurecus formaien by Hu
o r s anotw
fhnstiug DL bouk tu o st

by heleling kayos oks

duL to
T T qacat ntsems pleie
cl

Lutal horteuing k
Plasttau oFbet
Eq-Recheaus tf N. tuatea, lo ky,Tran . er

3) Yolcauit Blood {asalt

oms me whw entewie ava eus 4 valcauui

an bus pat-emisHng ttrrai

Fq olwmbaà Plateau., Deccon laps

soiatd with Ceuzoie oT Mesorois

a)Disgetttd YAattau.
movemunt eaths s t
oms du to wpwoed

cless colliuin f cetouis plati

Plateau, omba laud Plateau
gAlegbuy
by Plcheou, Deccan plukou!
Hens
ara pocdeaus
Pyo tlosHt plateus
Yeltouut Plateau.
y velcou ActintH msire pyrolasht

uyluly uid basalue LowsR hy are

numerduw
vudukois
Unaka by
CYa clunng
pyroulasH
Awcessivt A0si0n
uptuow matmal

3) ntmovtane attaus
emesstd or 6unoundac by movutawns

bet plattau.
PRodecu ef Maugetto
4)owhwwtaletaus
Lclu o tuik clupesitien ef Keualti lava.
Lvneundd
L by urtal pluins
Colovado Pottau02at
Plateau, Deto
E plcutcau.

)haiadTLattau
Mumteus cclvtud to pletraus by glaual hosin
FqClbbr aauoal pladeau udià

)oviol PAadcaus
tdimenl
clupes ultoi e twrial lecaefos
by i v

amko &edi muutan

qraedual traki ficcubon
veks

vaised upward duu-o wddun earth

moruunts

Keimwr pkateaus
Bhouclu pladau
Kewo plouttau
4)_litdmout pladeau
-07o mud clu to Cosio

movntams, blottec by plaun or

Duwmd out feot

Malwa ptectecu
Eq
Appalouuan pledeau.

8)omL haped pkettaus

duufo rolcauui ativity.
to endoguti -forcLs
du
ntuston tmaqmas
oro liths
L Beybatholiths
wustel otks.
bewatu He
ChotanapUT katcaus.
 (Major loHauy h World 3 wold
Roel H thu
1)TPbtaun pleuteau
Cuhal Asca callinei ef 4udo eusr
tursicn plabs
Om

-Kocby Mounteuis for NEE

2) Colorado plucausw panttt vsA
LOest
yacct Basin for rom

Desct
dsuth hy sonoran

By volcat éuphons
Autralia
3 Kwbrulay pledeau aal clupesib,
Kimbeiliti
Mi

4)
4) Ratcnga Plctkau DmoCralti omaustor Copptr
Rupulhi U7awivm dipssLts

Canadian 6hield
lavreHaun atrau- (anada
reambian 1guou
niaw qdaclt utemo rpu
Dths Huquailuty on Ore.

Aatcy Mexio Menican AlHplau

6) Menítan Mimrd Stoxe
Wold's Bigqut 6ilvrr Mine
Asna MtmoY
"Chihuahua"
) Auadolion Plecheau luskay-
l s Plad ea thina Hvangtu Platrau
8)
ncguy eodrb Soi
 CLIMATOL0Gl?
o

chauges
Aom o tal o Hu weathu tnelitiaus
CLIMATE mu 30
w a Xaoqe ahta Ove a Loug penvel o

at
WEATHER Canelulion Abmostpl Ove a cgwn any

Atmostphert,
Massir bloanket c oY mirtuae gases

16 29 thuovsaud En u g u
q97 total mam o Atuostpluru i upto32 km

Fvotoio Earths AtmosBphee

Stage Stage 3
Shage Warm iknor Aed AYing w 0yld altedcd
oLiss CPpearauLe
totu velulion h coupasuion
premondal [eunly)
atmastpunu ocutmostpuuu
atmospw by
Lolor toinds
Rase o wouin
thovgh plotokyn
vapour 9ass hesis
ovn Ansile eanth
 mp0s1hon he Atmogtphu O

youses Aasele Wutn Vapaw,

spended portuulali
onstamt Vanicu
-9q07.of total am
mattu- clusi pasiclus
Stm uigst
cOv sels, 3ault
Connt ratiwn npesed absorbs insolaion
dhe vcases with Inc peacufom ouans preseve Tadictd

ouLttod q n mol Soet rat fom eovth

auts ike blanet
Smoke
Coni buts to
stabiluty 4 instabily
atmostplusu
 Y
jasts m thi am06 tpnvt

wghust NHogem(18 08)|

ouo tonutaaliow
mun igh do
Omyam(20-96)|

Anqow

Canbsmclioxiclu

Krypom
Num- Hezum ydmgew XUndn l0 00017)
lowest totnhalim

(Strotore othe Atnmostphere

EXDSPHERE
10

lrick to leam layts o THERMOSPHERE

Atmostp use Mesopovse
Stratosphe EmDsphtre

ust Me n The, Exar 10 MESOSPHERE

60
Mesosphere
repospher Thermos phert
So
stotopause

30 STRATOSPHERE
20
0zONE
TopopoUse
TROPOSPHERE
 1) 9epesplus

Cl lmatu tweathu

wtualpe
Hmpotuwe dreps lowst laye
by 1PC with K
wuy 165 m uaut uvtsage tuglt 13 Pm
lopos phuu
Palu 8 m
eqvactor 18 E
igwt duereas
made up b
dust panHlu A wal avndalicual sphu
vo equator to pes,
Yapo or all boltgital
JM clwinq somm

duc wiutus cacHivity

epopaue Ztu 6epeaating oposp fmm stratospluw

) taltosphne

ultus UV auys
presene b Oz6
Located abeve
proteds 1ife
( shratespuuu
reposphe(5DEna)
dwetd o cdovcds

butofr utoveloqucal
uma auTplos phencumenon
 8 Mesesphue
Us potbao
Vy l o
above 6hactesphns
Mupause' (BObm)
aePeseoMspDspha decreaseS
Muss p l leupt sctuac ipt" Lorth
intreating auLitud
ts
Mekritts bvm tupain too't at Botm)

aue

4-. 1hermmesphm. B0-400m

lp. ine with a lHtucl
faulutabs
Tadio hcwwussion ermosptus
batk aclio wav C pasuae emteuly
utt
retieved zom earth
mdudu deuosptwn

pesene weatwr 6atelüts

5:Ensspwu. Ppunost lauyes s

oLtmostpluu
tmospuu
Tuu hagel L l U enthemuu Hhun cuA

qau tuat murcly

callecl
Augbt gass ube udvgcn? Hulivm
as
t e earth
doilt auto spatu
GaEO COR0NA"
 itanu earths atmostphu
hn absenu, Los omost
pavyids
Austaius pluuls Birds,Pying
loarocuuna CL'rtrtwuld Jet dlifferut
Chosh on bvafau peus du to
Svvival CLuimal)
alxenu
Drottets sy wwl huL toculd be dusolved onygen
f0m dauqtsus tum blatt
solav cidlictien uo&ounc+No vaun astng
uttoits
asftwids &lam
mlb enth Svafat

mLasvcmunt dye
Meat & "lemperatvi hotus oY tolcluu
inselation with atmostphr
pvelwud thoegh intttachon tl
the mslatular movemun
carths uaw Relects
edLmnts thut touprices a wbstan

the
4slar energy intruptd y
BMCDLA TION ntoming
Barths.

HEAD VS TEMPERATURE)
LEnengy 4*anser from hotto told. Lmeosurement of hotness olcness
measvatd thaough (alorimelres. measurtd *hnugh thermometr
S1onitTovle SI Dnit kelvin
 TeANSAER DE HEAT
1 Cendwtkon omveton Pacuaulion

1Coucothon
Mechauim o tcnstu o uat bluo tuwo odjount

paots a brdy bc2 Htui deuptvatwe diftau

taanfa uat m selids.

Coudw tos wsvlatos

meuncls that allew poepoa condvtor f un
daaved le plasth1 twvod that
dat to cadily
thoug thm
for hunt to pos tovg
EqAwmuuvm, Aron
Csppu

) Covechion
o treus fu by thual mohion e matttr.
ly AM wds

Eqtelel weuli nar pols MOr towards ¬quator

wam wui JaOm eqv Cut6r E9 go to peus

 3) adiakon
decs uet acquïre y mudivm to taupui uat.

ungy udiaked by uutro maguatee wavs

Rocdsaut Engy emiHed by all 4slids, liqvid gases.

C thavel eu rUtoU w t sanu kpeed

Eg at taaunfn foonm &vn to Eart though enpty

PISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE

TSotheams in toining plaus having equal teupnae

Yanis Verfcouly Hogeutally

dshibuto etenuporaie
ut1ecst m dwetion
aeressRatftu ds 0 the
Causes dicreaes n

+peratve + INotmal earth 6vafae

lape rali iNLR)
fvest
Normal Lovpse Rali
temprotu T with tep.
telwation >inversiin
ofemperature.
 (Fators Contro||ing lmperature)
Vistipulio). Neox
ovnd lspe
Distauu
detwct Attucle
- elwation tump
laud Breze
6se dap for wey Ar Mass
Natura
1000m ta toleud 2Owan
Vegetaeon
NORMAL LAPSE wrr
RATE Hiaheup
wom
mass

ecun Anwal lempUraturn Disti buhon

) otem
upothial lune omethn plaes with sam

tCmpiratx

wnd to pxuunt fprrai rc ds mbulen al H

Parths vratu
Avcal t peniodai wdvoon of tenp ith
 ™ r a t�hl�

,; '3� T'.:J .
J�, � 4w-tWt)¥hMJ-'M
clrvt 7
4

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9 � � 1\-1.

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j_e,J-f-tvcW>.
1 � ·1 ��
o fk L T�• i e 1,.,µoncJ
�c:)�· l?Y\,; CM. o u. (UM) , v t t� > '--i l·
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r
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L �r� &{-�p,3'i,

�r to r,,,,_, fww!
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 Balene blw tu inomung kelar adicon
ud 0va eing olas ondaoilbon
AMS Blation rutred ut tu svrfau o tu omostpduu

3s ted Back
6C units absobed.
as oulbedo

lu by otwostplr sl by eat

aaeliattd 3y du ducLted to
batk tospau cutmastplue
(absorbed
Total vut obsovbed y the omostpunu 4B

lTusolaien t 34-
Teoresial rudidtiwm

Tus t totul Uuts (dadiuton) auavmfng fmm earth

cuhstpm = G+ UBH17 = 6s unts
T t ctumunq 6 beulauu the totalL ww

Hu un meuintauning a bolnu
utds
uown a mat
uat tu Hh taaths 8varau

vdaet corth

CEMPERATURE
Rulet masae Dr nclicaiuon hotuus colcduus
OR

t a muasve
houo fest the atems a aknal

vibuhing.
Rapiclly ribrating ttous mah toge thu

geotng eat
Asmattnal boels down, atom vibrali orsls

mel tallud lus eqveutly. a hult u t

aLa
T t ctumunq 6 beulauu the totalL ww

Hu un meuintauning a bolnu
utds
uown a mat
uat tu Hh taaths 8varau

vdaet corth

CEMPERATURE
Rulet masae Dr nclicaiuon hotuus colcduus
OR

t a muasve
houo fest the atems a aknal

vibuhing.
Rapiclly ribrating ttous mah toge thu

geotng eat
Asmattnal boels down, atom vibrali orsls

mel tallud lus eqveutly. a hult u t

aLa
 Heut. btwn two
two
s a fonm o emgy traunsfnd
NrUuou ng
stm ptw cmd ts d

vte tperaoe diftrnu

tokn ox leascd dwng hana t a Calld latut

wat
sI wt f mat Tul (T)
tuuptrator kiluin (k)
Si w t f

bauth tub. weieh has usutunt

Canelle tleune
or

4ngu tcupisculwn
but lus huat
Mame uh aat tuprature
mald
bezhot tcqson As riy
uat
kouses tempebatvre beut uhs
bah tub
be2 Ahas mo vibrauhng atoms
(LAPSERATE
Atmastplasi lape Pati ao do tu haug a

atuostpumi ncuiallu with aChong oaltituel.

vaiale bung tumpratue
lapse hatt
oels with mlrcayinq alhtodu nmgalwt
Dtmstpa
mashne hcuts wittu Intscousiug alfitud pesiHre

pes LaPse Kale3

Cnm ronmuntal
o y ecdicbeutee wet acabakie
lepe Kat kaps Rate apae Raot

Adia boctue Lapse Kakt, Roli at wuuh the teup

thaugs n upense to the npamon

O ai parmd
Cociatrd wih clangt ain
D u p siom ous
tu ou
alituel oith tu aDwetin hat
adieubatte
1) y AdiabatieLopse a
apse at wwscuturattd as
aulso bmoin cs uws otvacuted cuis dape Kou

P fus to that t u no wakr Lonle

Avallal in th amostpwre

s toutant ivnthe tovposphwu

)Wet Adiabehi lapee Kai

wwatvoated paet a n tm Farths kufote

aund tosl to te ahmos 4purit euo peint at wudh

Arlease
e aU rapovr beaas to oudunse Cund

oukent rpovn2alnon

4+-4Luat duo peint eprratore ,

a
paiul beeon
Catorated omd tu aa
tCeoling
dercae to ood i town as vet adiabattt

opse Rat Mout odiabott lapse Pate

 Lvet acliabale lapse att NOT CONISTANT
we acliabalue
LAAt toslng has leveand to he

lapy0, the ai ma ill n to a pouut wun

oclums aud ai
cll as wais rapour

Ceeling oill thn wot batk to dy odobo

Aape Kat
3) vironmental lape Kat
LTu ACTUAL cal word ofle
pfile that tma
O Cmuy' m n ume and n cuy nvm
oqaphrta
Joeatue CaullueH envonmuntal dapse

aELR povauliq kapse Kalu| ombient lapse fatr

CINVER$iON OF lEMPERATURE 3
wun normal aps rali invees 1e
tuperate
wth intreas Am wahon . callid invesston

eperutvae
 wewiou el -tCperatvo shart cooaluoro
but u towmmon

Teleal iuatian n winY wislks w?th thar is

L quite
ute Common Ovc Hh pelus thovghout the yeaa

avourak wndiHos totemperatun wesion

cy cus mar
qeoUnd o movemunt
dov clmt dhar Know
$orfau
ton Covend

qound sufau

tm peratuc nvsLn

rouncd vossion Tuxbulen invsion vbstdine nve. fontal dnr.

tooled by 9vies uut a Dvalu uprad layes HLeld au
tOmtat Lwitha oldrr toxb uuct a a n duunds mas vndertu
v u i a l s a t CoUu Amprtsed 4 a waam aui mass
6vfa
L D s Cn dear htatd by atn and upt as
rat dowmuwards
wghts and ol tu uppu prv. aloft
I f 4in ks too L wam a abe
H tump snfau belo
JOT is cold aus
i Jorhon dud Oun abor s warmu
muth,

taud. CoLuing 40T.

podun fa thon bilo Causing
md, TOT.
 emptrtvat nvWion
U
Stope th
Dust peutcs wovemunt Aun Tcunta owey Tusndun Boms
houngin yiA bm Tnadots

Calky 1nvmien 0r Advectional Jnvmion

ws tly "mn M movntanios Yallns.du to 2oclialion
Yahical movemeut o cu callad verhical|Advthona)
wvsiom tepralat'
A at the top vullu beeomas loel du to tu

apd s6ling Nemd betow.sdetdo by the Jos

o a t Hhrough tnes hicil tadiution
Lir ad temporaubsst at the aly belos betensnot
als wmideraby du to low aut e less el hat
trough tmsmal ucicion

om 0 vauluy usud upw ards du o

dumda'na Calcd au
mo rom uppes pant evaly.
CO ing nveston Hemp.
 (At mosl phtnl jySSVr¢
oelucui olom wnrinud ui cun
Di Ih ugut
m oULa m t u muan ny vel
thu tuu uhmostpue tallud
alotra ot top t
atuostpurie prcs0e

tnprned s wts mlli bas

013-2 miliban
duu to qravity- ugh desihy o u
wuasveo With murwm or amLroid agh prKvec

aro wuts
olueveas with tug-t
L t vateion tu pmma Cau Wind

movmut

actons inflvenung ahmostphuni Yravre

Pyaanauni inflvenu
Deuitthusve TCpue
clual Cyas kcuu Rel tiaunetei Rilaheysnp 0PresUe
P:nRT th-desiy o tempT-Speed o Eq-verteol
e PaT if nis consi muvement
90sts Changes molewle-collission
PRssvre 1 ah
Pn if Tis Censt with lotation
 Asobon
Ls weadtn map that oins plaus eqval poo
ha
t a s t + p n pausuat wmasvacd auin p hactepastols[hpa)

9 1 0 hpa hfa to
1080hla.

Cros Isobas a C geually iral wtwords geuty

om tu unbu
g prsue
Cud &pbals m tewands t u cuntu

hovnd
in northun m
Opposite dirthon e au
ugh 4 lous
Eaaths otaluon (oieli tet
L 6piaalling
taused by

60ba rung lod loeps, a ul prdwud.

ui dockwise ug rusvace cull6tae weathu

Wotkwise Lo nhure culuwtal weathus

 Ftttovs affeefing Globol Ar lhculaho
1) T n
( tams gval mattg usking
o the 4pudmoremut t u wind.

2) husure Gradient
a hauge pausve t prtsu qradien

ugh pousue A aa At Ou movemuntfnm

8trongui wun Mobass MA cloud. to caeh athn

3) Tr lotiols oru
Nsthun Humsphwst Kaglut delucluen
outwn Hemspn f t dallucheu

digitant upeeks
gtongst tosares at thw pols
dhuftaciom
e eqvaor
3) Consle forte pud o oljecs
ONLY altb Hhe clie ctuon ol movemunt NOT 4ptud.
4)
at o h wuovement
8Dellulon Buly nut nglu

44 obove fattos balaned than wind more tosords

poulll
Parullel to àrbass called gusbeptuii winds

4) Frchonol forus
strpugat i
th Kosst portion the tropes pue.
L ows wind movemunt yedwung e t ewrusls ove

4ugh at tu sufate, ulwenu tntuds upto a

lwation 1-3 kilonube

L w mum 0rt h ka uguu

5) Leni putal -for.

L ppud w un inbes OUe Curved ike ydlens

toved poth Cu prsv qnadient t Con'elu Torce

+ whm petal force.
ind balounct oith ste 3 Hor neelieut wind.
Vevhica Vaviahon el PhnUn3 inc in elwalion

lmb 10meath)
prsvre
weigtut

weh laoger than higutal prosvr )aadient

VP
VP
-o1ce thad st
o

badeuued by 97otakonod
sheug upuwand winds

(MovigoutaL pismbuhon rsure 3

10 nstant wel
btvcluid by dauuwing sio bans cut

Mesvecd alt bting ndwud to ta lwel

RecsDnTo elinivmati e e c alH+uds ou prusu

Lo pamUx dystem ous prs vre at e

Lo
mah pymue at mh
a n pmUn &ystem
 Vistibuhsn o r% Urt elts atos

Xntitvds
6vbpolor low presb2c

yetalie
subtapprcal high presor
Aoihi pesd
Equocdom al hughpacsvuae
opica Easfmlis
Bvb heptal gh paon urc
welytlics
oon Ed ubpalar law pressue

Eqvatoial Lous prosue Betis lo°N- 10'% laktuclus).

L Bum u vedHcally ats aisLoam ou hus

upwatc Couuu equatonalou paessuc

abemt homgental moremuut

Dald rume 20u o talm) abnu ufau wfuds

utr raptcal Couveagem Zo

olu o onvergenu o taa cle winds,
 Svb topital ugh prusvt belk;
-3uin bath
formnhon Du to ming cuu
hisdu)
cqvetonal cqton, cuuched huuoands H
Polu betauut
pols o eaths 20tatron. Aftr buouing
ecld uan à csteuds n Hus ocqton4 puus up.

tu egon
MoTse Leuhitvcls hoo He hors into
to mak Hu red ugtut

dit1guu as hu Windsom Hu auas

Kgrow e
or ub polas kous pssv«
blo toioasds eqvatonal

belt
L4n tus belb uppu atmes tph ppu lwel

westalu uiti hodu winds onrage

ow Yolar louo prusUre Stlts, lesrea

an both uuip).
omud by RoTaTION Of FARTH.
onverqence
wids om bopts 11. winds -vm pelar dreqLons
G T gtat tempurciue wntast b/w &vbhepital

polar aracos gi
rsL to yuoue ztovms
pelar
dun to vost
M o e pronounLeol an6 Hucpuu

0CLa pouenu d oossub outartic lovo.

Yelas High rsvre elk .

ngh pAUre
i Comprnes dunsity intreases
duuuto oL p

ronounud 0vt AntarHca Kcnd ana.

WMOE

uN. Humispum , nig prvsvn tyom enland to

AReunds n Northem pant lanada

(Myor attosinfluenung onsntal

PresenusWetr
Roteuion eooth Vapour.
enperatwre a u hiah amount lowpr
Lnifpgal -orce
ow amo uni --habp
C a u s Convegentw
s o loituon.
Ontup o civerq enu v awh
Cuir poeUTC
 AsUYe Kelk-Jauvany londihon3
mdoufb s0vtwsord. tqvator equatonal but tut
dautuwdod.
LSuth Amuuuta, kAfmca, Austaalia beon aw prusne

Ovs tht otcaus

subtheprtal uam prsv« btlts utrd

m Hemis phn4 well dweloped ov eastm pot

OLLCn whu teld oceu Cumeu olounai

tHan
D Auia bt laud toses api dy
L Pssue

OCeas

RelkTul Cond
AsUre
hon?
equatomb Lou ponve
bults hifts Novth

bc2 norttuoard movemnt DLA un.

Lous pmUN Ove Asia

s hopical g more 0 oufitf Atlautti Dua

M Norhon Humispue
 tmos tpne rulahon
N Dsucung CDDl, day a olar lel
Ristng wom msul ai
fervel Ce
Mioh Duunding ovl dy CLUn
Hodley (el
Rising wom moi au
Hodly tell
Desundunq tDol day a

Rnng w0m muut am

ferel Ce
S
Ds teneang toel dy au.
o lor (ell
1) Haelly ell t o d i wiuds blo touoords
eqvator, Cene war equator

Bo'to 40 oung ITCz

Ragest ul
Nor tht Srut rom tm top Cus lows tworda
equator hatb Rottuds, inks t

D bepicad oteans

foemuing ahasa disent.

Fel le
moves in apposihe
wincl Lowftom
Ou wnve*rgs
ct ow oulHwds dircetun tha bovthualy direction
as CLncl olsno th othu cells wn N: Rnusphne.
wut osld polas au tectd y th
won bvbtopital cou
(60-10'NA 6) pvn otanth
 Yela lel (60-10 N4s)
ect Cold dinu au
au siwks Dvt hubsidu war tu pels
omallut4
waust loHtudu 4blows touwords widdl
weakyl
at-tocl 0 pelar
H louwes La-itudus
ecutelies

ene ral (trulation of heAbmastphere?

WinlKusuu prsvat qtadeut hy cliffaeutia
aiyKasd e0ot.
wind movemunt m the atmos tphu

nmon Ci tulaten bCtondony Ciwlclion TerHiany Cacolahon

plamttany
sk yulavs winds tawed
kuds by oeal cauus
twud ysttm Chieydoww
Musoors f
ui topoqaphiral
be rads winds,
talws or to
Palor oiucls t ftunu Eq--Hamatam
Chunook, Burcun ete
 Yela lel (60-10 N4s)
ect Cold dinu au
au siwks Dvt hubsidu war tu pels
omallut4
waust loHtudu 4blows touwords widdl
weakyl
at-tocl 0 pelar
H louwes La-itudus
ecutelies

ene ral (trulation of heAbmastphere?

WinlKusuu prsvat qtadeut hy cliffaeutia
aiyKasd e0ot.
wind movemunt m the atmos tphu

nmon Ci tulaten bCtondony Ciwlclion TerHiany Cacolahon

plamttany
sk yulavs winds tawed
kuds by oeal cauus
twud ysttm Chieydoww
Musoors f
ui topoqaphiral
be rads winds,
talws or to
Palor oiucls t ftunu Eq--Hamatam
Chunook, Burcun ete
 ps
oWind
P Cu LO1nds
nfau incls
AUneos ophne wind
Pleutaq winds
Trad wiuds J t Zacoms
.wutolus

A Yourdat Winds
Mos DEs
L Mevtouis t
valy hceze

local Winds
loo
Mishal
fo ean
L 2roceo
Kona
L Cmineek
 Lant tory Wincls. o

belu
lo1 pwvotbelts
pmvat
nun omu
Ko
o
aow unh po Ua
olrceblovthoouguovt Hh yeas
castulus
utoulus + pelar
wvnds
' a dt Covvecion

TiTz
uu be2 o
Ho
The Q pemvc.
oloihow a
Cureut
d u to ign

Yacle Loinds
Foue.
winds m tropfs onverge in hu

hepesphn
Comve*g am Aues 4 xouh top
to near
Sinks to
wovs owards Pals earte 30°NAS.
au
fom 6ubhepical igl duu to toolsiq
war t h kauud
tewards the eq vator
lows
Utau as o d winds
kooth east
Discon becoms north caut

Ain N b humiphrs du to Colostora

he Wslulis 3026o NPS)

Cud m6mg wam w qom

auo pels
Aubtopital uigh pcmve btlts

dellehd duto oieli -oebttome wutuky

w both uwspuus calllng wwtuis

potsvac belts to rcuuu migh

meuu at Sub polar louw

pus t eqvator
w tposphue Movingtewards

ud du teuels dow abor thu Bub hopica! ag

bet pelar igh presvre blb fomui
Pocssve
Culls taulud fevl celLspela CeUls
ntamely strong betwen 40- 6D'5 that thuy

C talld omng foiuwnafHa

Yeawing 61kties
 Polos tosBulis
wincs mort away om polaY nugbs praave
ous rnve aloug
-thu 8Ufeu c a t
dub pelar
HarPMar tull
DXatethon betomus ecutlis
du to C0sli fone.
castalis.
hu oAL Colled Polar

wPnd vm 6vbhoptal aghpelarpelar tugl.

cnd pdvu y clonue 8toms
8toms
belu tonverge

Dr o s pace CoudiHon

is eallsd pslar rout

i iTis ew
.onverqence

ECONDARY WINDS
1) Mo00%
wind dircchion.
L Masonal w uscd
) Lond Bregeilea Breeze
otal wind m autal awas.
davral yl

Caued duu to dilfveuhal duatinq of land

4wauts'
FORMAT10N

Sea Brecz
eael qitcy thaan 6vrovuding

Lwo dwmng day hme

aud omng

Lslouoaaking sa due to agl peuihu hat efaos

oming mparikively apacsu
T ocasvn qradreu caums C u to more
mor

Yom&a ond calld 6a Breeze

lanel bree
r O p d tosling f Xouml thoun sta an igut
ves tat Aond 4 low pren0r Ovei s
ugh prnvot
wons from baah prUKU do loo preysue
Wiu
Causing loud Brerge
Yolly&ovwtauiBreeg
LDvninq daui ,t slops guh eated up woe

he voulluys
Dro t h
au pres6U Ove t slopu w& hugdh

valuys
4r mos up th<lope

L Wind mOs t0m velly to Alope to fil thu veid

Couusing vally 4lee-bretger br Mabattt winds

Cw mulous lovd fovmaliom o cause brvgrapue

cunfal

Th C aui g plous draining uto

Vally us callud movwtum bat brkkahbalei

LWinds

LOLol win.ds
Lalfe bmalln aua 4 Austhnieted to low lvels
topes plu.
 Hot lotal wind3
Loo het dy. Blews ovti to N. plains o Amduáe
pakutan u 6vmmtis . West to Feut

( fothn luward adlu Alphos movveteus Kange. Du

to cqunal presux qradieut
Cumo k we the costun slopu ckus. Meauns nDw
eodus

Sivoceo Srhara Dset . ind o spring. leveche, homsin,

nkorbi.
Hormctan an H nortuwut Arta fom North eout
blaus drely -hom dahara Dsent.
Pnown os"-Hh Docto 11

00l loLal winds

( Misthl utd wind f. Alpe. Dver famete- Rreva teuup belais
ering pewt
Bova lorth eastoly wincs blowiug ory movntams e
Admiadte dea.
i) Bzzard vi sluut wind, rwalut un Moth 2 sovth
ol aDine, Kiberiiy lowmada, USA.
 WIds

w i l s aemnally bleo al nglt ougl

o ho pusu

qaadiuut indiceuthiug theut the pousvoe q3odient

4prte emautly belenued by th CobJis -orce

mu
v cuomutnitally pp. -8 direduen
attina
calbd guoshophte inds
&0At O maion

latitudle.
spred &pcd dptuds m paessuac qradient 4

ueneis bilt ct uholtitvds nman the top »

bopospu (!1o km|hr-

180 bm| m.
ocukwards
Cuntwlar hape. ptcd derveass adically

meandennq Kossby Wayes

paths womy
1

llows tu &t pk sheams thongs ahtuc

rth unoungc m m ' dwctunn

Causes CiTu clouds

 Jet rea
(o-aloront
s p t a eistcam
( 6ubhepical felstrtaws
o n n a becauu
9s-30° N 2S- aitucus
tmp difrocn
L lowe sped than polar
as atd wito plar
ut Staeams

Meamdve moro than

custuds cut
t eqvodor vbtopieodt Socam
30 N&S.A pant a hsc
40°-60 in botw tlumia.
CA wreds dsttuds
8winas uwauds pss
aucl blous as obheptal mwn4touw onds
et stcaums cato In Tutti

Mosoo).
w s an c uan

(sono Jet Staeaws3

astum pical Jet trtas
)
020N latitudau dwnng Bw Mosovm

ppesh
p p o c diveetios han othu, tw.

l an enstun dlirelon
190 m a)
(he oyomalJS
0v% Madagostorr Cud t
Duina sUmmw,

C-oust. omala
Most tudtme dunng J u to Avgust

WATER YAPOUR IN ATMOSTPHERE

total eaoths Compssihon gasesatm
27
97.

the atusstphn
dpeuols n tmp of

udholog ical yle

Lmod durnbing the stoxqe, taasportaton t

b/ Lithasp-hhe, bbspluwa,
movemut oata
th ou
atmostp ydheaphuu thougl.
Comdus alhon re ipi atbioi thasfoormalion

saled stat
mto goseous, aud 4
 umidity 3
elate
Absplu Hvwidity Hwidiy
'ovaicuty
tu Cuwnat westoc
Ltein0but o th atwal Lwught
a ctval a m o u n preseut n
amount wam pueut
woat posent m cutm 0mpatec
tunlt owu a . tH wt wunlt
H4 Capauty a t
qrcms pa ulbi mutt tu
gremeilbgram

dereasu om eqvalar
L Capaity to duold
towands pslw
with ine in teup
Chonges oith cus
LEquadon Rigon
ump Cus paessve has iglst lwel

ttmuins the wwiiG Rlahe

mount ptipitoun Deta uuu tha Cuunt

aintall.
nase numgu o wa

yopo aoon

tatu by w o
Comvesium wod» inb gaseus

4 moremmt
0ucuy, temypttauon as
Lcpeeo
cupuds
wet Cu.
CuHan m
u ost m dy

wuih way stat evaporcding

t e n p Ct

at-ent nat oapovrn

on

olnon owatin -vm leans

Aoss
aunspi
tem pleuts

) om. dwsuhion.
Anclunsatuon
aa apov waur

sublimaluon
COn nuppen um 3canes)

Lwarm mBut a wOTm meut aui

Contats with toid xes with lold

he, upuwareds
Yegor eqions Ou
 Rtlated on ceps
Lateut drat At wapociuen, hiat absubed omd
wol vOup.ovs i laktut hwat
Cued m

) tvsaded Au tavaisuun mnàtovt to t

fol
Copauty

3) Hgestept e onils 020ud uuih wndas alio

tauks plau

4) De Piat lEper atwre ot o u l seturation oCLwrs

Saplu Cu
orm
m clens ahen ?
Des Moitue dupesitd t fo wa vepovr
1)
ooplu vfeca atthu thoun the
vuli
dual Conduton cleor sty, calm on gh
elatwe ww.du avd ald lom
duo pout hovld bi ubovr e3m pot
for duo fo1wato
 m duno
wn clus ponlt Huup fal belaus the
to
eeina
os cuuormolon
61wilar ndilnons

dovd with iks bese Yeu neo to e qound.

au
oeoms tanteup. o mass Cotaiug a
Jage bCntity Laatuy vapovr talb sddu

t a t u plau ooond dqos topte ut

Londiovs e lo temp nalh uoidity

Ro.chaioifq vau totlud d to trrres mal

a dualion au an contat aluotorls
9 dvedion toq tall ain Hemp womm waust

w woving horrsutally ovs

a told svaat

3 otal foq A +he tonvergunu o tole&Iom

a mo%

Cld de ain &tttes mito dowes pou

Vally e
avalluy toucuing forig t*:

wel au
slope.. As
)Upalope f- wind btaws up t
usus moutvu Loucluns

s dm
n or mountams.
trrqv
o tham wst

1-2 I2 m nge viibilits

 Hag:3
L olusi4 8mol+ d pakius
2 lm visi bility

(CLooR3
L dheplts w a l n o Hmy u tystals calutted

Oovnd oust paskicls. î'n atsstphu

AmpoyTen
meuntams uat budgek
s pewible tor
o Earths atmostplnu
pceipitation

Cuw 8oD0-19000m) Cww.ol |4-7bm) Staatu

L Lotton wool P
Ni mbe
dutachud, ibu L layerd
LBlat. dont
euis prtchus L formud due
m
7
t o u 2 Hn Ccuwliflowex. to uat kas
e shape. or xina o
raun beahig
cdavcls
mor earth
BvTfae
 ECIPITATIDN
Fopwataom mulo»r laoun wi paielu brto mu too a v

cu to oueuuso.bwn bhuh aliy onds

Hu -force qpavity m Dro usi

Coulled Paxi pitahes

owskeüpitatton
Hod
n &mall ballh Ju.
Lsd peiprBatuon LLCmmO mm.
{DSmm
4 thovgh svblimaban Ain wmulonimbu
fra pooi mbility dovca
DSmm Kan lut
u wun 7aun .

L aaum befort falfirg

Vnge
4f arlaivn omuidity
on cath pame

through tald an

eous below a potipituirg

cloud dalively lavw
talli pn ui prtalien may

evtuporatt bdor ieotning gvifau

Caltd g a
 Necessany onclitfon,

8uffiuent cumoiut ovaporaion trvn wal

bodu

L psemu wind

Ly Sowm way to esereoue temp. Mst cuA

Lcintall otws hun dovel droplub thongas

to acuincapo
Cuntall

9veetiona Ureqmph Froal

Rainfall. Jaunfall. Rntall
Uwqval mating uoo Cdliff:au
Od eels be2 o moses mut fonn
earths Svsfau
maHng o a ponel topoqraphie bavner
ront
au by toudvchen foo tlovce|tump wom 0ui n s

u upwondsstondnsalin talls beloio duo along, fonk

tauts plau, clsvcls o Pamt). Cass bilous clu
pomt tau
tormed. wincucnd slepe ain fall.
Cousu yain fall talled oudu nun
wnvethona) raivmell,
Lgron o uoard kndi às
7ai nhodaus asRa.
 Wovol dwtlepavt

.Duuntur
A
Asunel antra ting
2 Enpandiv
3Worwwra
S wMonsoen w Poun &hnda Prea
3 roti
Vey Aeoty
Mtu Meuta Rovn fo1)
lo cun)
Rw

Oroq raplu
Fontal Kcunfal|.
Oreaoaxfal
Sthato wure
limb AP
Raileye

Nnuteu w o r mf h o n t

fog Plor lold Ar

Dom Katons

wlal Rauinfall.
 Lobal oli i butuoy
ettered
Cmem cu nfal)

Hcos o Moclunai
Arcos ouw
Hr Heav
uinfall. Koinfal. injal
00tm200tm
&200um enaunfall./ L
autal ostas m
L mthal past
equedonál Belt,
wam tmpt rali
hopital onds
meuntas Mepus
eostm? iutnor
wuttm rass în 20n g.
pattmperate
Cos tCptoaü
Ss wastal
ards

OhLas woweon

ands

2OUm
w0vd 4tc bmovntam
slopu, to0nhi nuntal
wtnos4 westan
marguns in h pical
ato Gud dus esk
topd Disti button e rt ce pitodnon
Heany auis bttun trouglanut th ye0s am

equcuto no coguo)

w duges morth euth cqustor hae wet

Summu 4 dy wintus

easnal Yiaton m Dovovnud

ndun Bub wnhinunt Sutuast Asa

Lwestm Lastal omas win mt lotitocls are

dy uwm meswtt wiutus clu to t

prseuu 6ubtopeal mdl prsve bilts

tmporodu eiomDrupltotain ytlone
moat ommm fn winta

seohmsTw nay aintal] ocws

UMm
m
 UNDERSTORME3
rulation UBoicted
wwe atmestpntt

ith Xedltse Lwww.loimbus

dovd
o vc

moveunt U
orth 6 hemg upwaod
Collud Raud b036t"

Stutvre wnelerstome
(Stag
s t stage Rond
btage Tnd btage
wmulus 6tuge Matue Stagt. L Dieipeh

L wOm C 3al i upwo >d olow

6tge
s u pwards Wasd vmoremm
dowwword
Wwvtnt o
eau otorau ind 8tapa
Uovcs caunfall. vetical
MOvenmunt
PsThwndestoms
iMal el
Cnonaspulst Thunclistorms'
culso

fom is1pati An cu ho
L cuieut, wcak,
) N
daive
cdnven bytaing

siomifiaut aam f ligukning im thort

tans
Pemrd

L e MultHple Cells
eacing
h updaalB Dnginali along t
Ldge m orud

ts pan 3D- 60 miutu

L Ho, 6vuujoindb, &hort toruadoes

3 upu l l
L Log ired, myly stttured stom
0 ulus wn oliom tis 0,000 uh n hugiut

Mes0 -y tou Dtution

s osi bl tor large 4 hvt toma.dses.

L
 upu ceu hond us torm

Clanio tul Frentonk

ecar tumk kupo hupu ul
Ceu bi tat, updaaft
u uih pruptalier
lou preu piBoben hape witw
wosting beucdings L updeall v

visible aound h hom' rnt

Sonee prupitalion edgc edoe
L Hlavy prupital~o pobaltubr
wvally dean wall tlavd.
tunt to
falu ocma
lornadees

T h e sen rvoing tlovd mesn as

Unolur H aum e base
wall tloudoms
ma tuooAcds
Dr beath the racm&tom tte-bose

pdaa
lornacle o wihun the wal clovcls
 (Tondustori& Weamor
mutheumuno
B2 uYTau watng Covwechiemal
wuatcd a . a u u s pepiciluom

THUNDER RAINPAL L1nHTENIN

n t e eluthme
8vddut Jutse uamy
Potunhol b
p i d tmpcnsi om
qocidient b/
CUA talwmns uot dwoatwn Hh elemical
Caud by iweusu
cha rge betomu

hLect uulhrng
steup

TORNADo
CoRMAT1ON lau nosut at the
fouud shaped stom ath v

CUtrt
Jm midcll AaHtuds
6ctus
cust Moyemnt Cu
g t u p qracieut dcslt
n

o wAcb ute
 Cugt ain the
inword conung cCLLv

vetn Ha tem A piedly upalufted

-Foms
eLa eols cud
0sctuclst
wwduwtos

velouty 300 m|hr

Featune lomados
mos An Sivaint Dath-
mes vislnt
údell dl &t0mmshothoot
cwrdlwm
Aottu d

LOATERSPROUTS.
talud watprOuB.
ytornadau wu ma c

oan oli
DCwT DvL L9aMm repiea

wals COcteu'ng an iutme Vo»ftm

otating tolomn

MALSTORMS
u louelts.cion ocus bulov cev peumt

L W on qroud cotun th ou taparu OYCYLOVivg

C0veiom
 AMAGE DUE TO THONDERSTOR M
ftash-lod ttduiug aiu cdunslus al
marus luity lniu wel bul
mCn Mad
veuiels dnous to
Plculs toutllu fall 4tv tturs

CYLONE3
ous posUn dystms
Covutrlotioise m Nooth huwenwn ! clockwise m

emptrali

wo opical

Tempercili ytlows. Etaa hepitak, Mid laHtucls

Frowtal yelou4)

eotures,
L wud im wud4 ugh lutitoclus b[o 3c-6slatttude

yCawd by wt o7moon
 t t v lav, &tmi urwla 0 tebical
eUlphital ha
shape

SDOSDO 60Dm 6prtad

ewptrculi
Formate hestal
10 U
ytlous
Eplaurined by helor hont hony by Bjenkus Bjerke2ns
VN
nteqenus ACucleq uuue
Stage Srage 2 S7uqe 3
Miatu toge
wo Cw mas voviverae Comtras ring aN mas qnatn inusion
otu mtb eah ttuus
along tue obpalor miruds tuto ecth

ou prusUr belbs Hen-etony tvitoy

J LBothdun mas
N. Homuphut
ocvt bruotuon begur wOYts MOY

Snuth m b each
eld as ous-axth stts siage br
Npath cthn
wom " seth uludgcd
Aorm a bewudary CCDnie
smae thu wind
blaus panlld but

n poite di'reetin

Siage 4: 0reluion 6teduT tald ffrnt as q aatu 4pud

al eon than tu wanm het lauing nmntage o w0Om Autor
d
Thuy wix upf betvelud 12ot eliminatsf tyulonu diùs
8

emperuu ytlovuseliu
elitibuhon
Steve Neve do h
olorado Kqom
PAuw eat akt g c N Awico
Meit9ncnlan ca
c o (du to L).Disturbaucus).
N

Ma nly onginat Ovu t u octaw m tmpical muas

Lum cans
Awww'ea
gustaalca Llly 1 l e s

Uw'na ypom
O Cylons

TRO PICAL CYC LONES)

aculit featvrs t pical ydos
Cotneed to Topis. mallun thun ¬mtaa tos pical ujtlona-

tOuut clacktsise în N. Hem kockwise m Hem

clu to touts efett

a vels om eaut to west undu the iuflveneu

à a c l wiuds
 odinouw.dupply mautu
dwelops ony on 6bfew
ouan

o m Ouans
21°,
Favsvmuli toncuios coined to tropis

or -onmalien hcsenu Como-lu -Jorce

L-oo ohnling metuon
Thepiel
Lasenuin eqvcutona eqm
ylaus s0 wo yclous ivn that ra

Uatvlatom
seuu upp au
awiy tloni wneulio above

H oiv
m qouwth uelous

rreleuu wea Lous pusvx Aea

Ho iutwity duprson
tanfonm t mto ytlons
 )
(trvture Tepicaltlons
9

U CUmbal acqo
Eu Jauo. surfa psvrc, calm tond, dundun

8 m200m
cluunuba itmityd
sf a
Shuctvr tye al.u'rtwlar mg naped envelop
urpunds h ue
Vislnt aiud blouo, heouy infall
clup wwectve lovd n
wut upuoodlouo Cu
mamimum Velouty t hLoy Ttun

a R Runboud, Namo beuds aligmd m the

N
duireetien horewtal wiuds

a olats m yuwall 4 Comukonmb

tlevds dnf's uto sut rguon

9 m bands tm to kptaal
m

the cwna o stomytloe

30tv i hh
ovwaten 20pícad yclo vs 3
Evajpocubtes wam a om t ouans

CuuiLoob toudluws to-orm tlovds

m to -fom tlouds
undi ng cus avhus
507

eclLoscd as katut a t mdsaien

proe n more emigy to He yuoe

aus to
touss-ore Cousmg tu siug moye

3winlng metom

eye u
(c.cutediart Stili) , utlou vmaturs

llaws traede winds

ewngy -from hat moltun pom wamn

DLeen wu

cs n aco thinq u omlinent bez el

c i o nas/0ee
 Undistvbed Wnds

Tiopopao5e

TOpopavse Steering wind lou

Trop opavse

vbsiding bonan
ut Plos u t F l o w

Raln Bands
Roin Bands

-
300 200 /200 SDD

Divecion of the Storm

lenqroachvr

Ptp-Ynhtal eoion hopital

 ropicaM tlou Noman doture1
Nc. st prupesed by Natianal Mettonlogtal

ydlogical ewices [HH (NMHss) o Worl

1Metorlrgtal Orgusabuon (Mo)

8 Counhiu
n
Audua, ungladurhy Myamas, Maldires , Oman,

Pautistaun, 8n laulea, Thailud.

 Keuwrving Cydous
ylows henng 20 lalitods recu VC qesallu

inlvenud by wetalus.
w t to eut
Dchk Cyeloe 201 ndia
Eg
RATpital Cuclonu ua

pical Tyopital Thepical 1y pueens

duturbauu dupresion toms 0SAHumcas8
Lwave ke Los pac%Ue h y mme trcal
Ctu DY
4 ecutuuly trade
40-obm|hr 40-120mlhr unwlar
wiuds

oiud velouty. isvbans

20'NJJaitudu
nuaY
Lfoyws mar
LStup pasux
n wutm past o r brabian Bea qra d i t
owan
ICT2
rom umbt
alfets tubheptal Cause
Lovy Bengal to cutes mangin
tpital auas ownna uwvnts L
cuntall.
uovy www.lo- Masom.
wimb dlovds
(MID LATIT UDE ANT) CycLONES
Cheno ttx His

ulls.
dugh paosut
ugh
odgn tHhcun vud lalitudi yclon

wo ves est to cast with w t i l u s

ow oLt the BUatau

Budsiding 4 divging
m Hum.
cowise m North Hum 4 uielbtkwise

H a v e no trous

No or Autle daud fbmmaton

utwards
Wjud movemunt 1MC

Have vey ous tempratw

4eman at C Ma Oves several dauys

STaugnati

Cuclo NS Aniydon
Hugl paonu at tnbbu
o pronvt at m
i c d s vediale u t
wind
Wind
blous touotnds
o m thu ctre
h wibu
i l d A uet cdsav chive
Lvislut duthutHive
LClotewise An N. Hem
Anhftlo twise in N. Hlem.
douc, wndu lightiug talwn clear weather
 CTETSTREAMS
m a l l bends gh wínd that tav ac1%

T qlebe m west to eost

l a r t&treame wbtepicalt&teams
otatea uear 30
adiauw to
aulituc
pslay ut

a t euton

Chnaiwi eptrea

TUnd m velouty
bw potu
Cullonen dovbls
CUS
cu uinwpelor upptr Torpsspuu dwriguoiut
20°uitodde
wwlu
b1sEmto
Shot chu to2o
oditu cl dunng
wintts Remau
Cut pstu dwn ng 6omme
 (Tet Strecam FOrmatiom

P adreunt

Thusmal sU qtacten Drsve (acient

qtaduent bli bl pola t

pou eq votor eq vcctor Bvbsvntou a oves

polu

ravelsem wut to east

satm ave ettata

Jupit
lo
preUc ustm
JetJet &tream pasiton aktectcd by
Seasonstau tup.

Dcfinute bevnday blw mok t cold au

 t

OgUbthepical t topftal eastuly

Strtava ut 8tacawms ut stroms
LNean the hoppeuwe ecst to wesi
wm ptloT U.
LI enly ato nca,Tucdio
St Avia Coued bu

subsidunu Lprepeled by prvx tep.dif

weum
qrodi ent Cawsed pos
moY N
eltdi oith
H y fftreutta) topicoe.
uaHn
t Steom.

Kes by Wavs

L orud m the nOUMo pelar -romls 20

tomta tt blw two posing mosive velome s

t, Coaly touoaed ous 4 uom D eqvcitorsidu

Helto in tormation ef tewpeal { cumi yelovs

 Jet &tras 4 awouoted weather
des pauiDlL sor nkud to
afeted
EINin
elle te glabal Lo Nina
pcutttm twaming
reezig winds
pente& tg
JettueamsAviafon

Jwwenu on havel
dlim ut
esutl m Deutttms

Hobuleud igtt

Jet eams 4 OnsODn

Shtam
Svbtoprtal wstaly ut
Bnnas ruindo limathal

ub troprcal ut adu, tHoryana, Toyab.

J
&tacams culoys
aSubhepital ecustuly st 8hea
lows Oves f i mular Inchà
howtn t out lyNbnngs vcu 4 8tom.
odveut Suouon
Mow oon
 A ose
Hubs in vndustcunding weatuu puua wunen
wd Auliluclus
mhugh 4

aund m topospue.

L ta eu tas dutint charoctustis

9 c qeq uiremuute

wwt have
s t eve
w t be Xoqe
muform propelu as a Uut

uki tump, hwwudity

Stalilit
fond nu Kegun

qutuk
ReguonDrageutaus Diveguut au
flew so hat
Uwfom lo, providunq
cu Ceun &y
Hopoqaop Comcion

posUre
at a
plau Jqu
fov longes penod.
 0ULe Keus
loutintal mltn0r oibria
ast Rrqon Sahara
CovaHutal Kiguos a a d a
T tlcuti Duan
Paufe Ounn
hutum Judsain Otean.

mas
O mus caus d udution Strtble ais
cn mas
Ustabl
CCuue pnupitallm

oiitabhon
e p i c o d cuu ma

Polar
a moS
(warm)
Cold
ypu auu maes

MaiHme Couni. CouH

Conhntal AbuHe
mant
Ipical(m) TopialT)polam) PoP CeA

yo tion a U , moMu Cous t u z cnd fonta

to eathe patterns
 JP1 PORTANT AIR MASsEs
Ar Mas Sovrte featwes wecuh
RLaion Dy, w1d wntr. Figd, cuns
Con Hivuuta) Antht 8&in
Vadan Ai NAmeica 8fcull tsud" Stal
Svmm, l ontytls
Mas Avtantica.
winds, wovmer land
(P Tess Sno

Wnkr: Hioh kuiduly

Mom tim Ouans blos Comhuntal
alor Air 4D60cHtude polar cu Mosses

coith teol togt uptalin

Muss Mav& moKd to

m) mast, unstaltu Wanmn Uas ebummer tuar, fun

Colleetrd meutuc stal

Coviutal lvepical - Doy at staltu Dry thougueut

Tepica 8ubtopical Ado wet tnteuel yeO
Aiv Mou dusut ol osuhara beyend t h

(CT) R Afnea, wet 80UY Ce

Hstat Awtaal ta.

Mon Hm
winer: Miid ttmp
Iroptt Sub topre wom, Humcd
ottons 1ike Mexicon
DVeacast &tuis
Trepfcal Air Qnd Uwtable Summer: mp,1 Hu
Cruf, Poiftt Atlanhit
Mos(mT) Convectiono) rainfa)
Ocean
Continentol Rodiahion (ooling Cold, day, taave) uw duw point
Ahtht AirM065 O moss orm over
&outh, east of Cold tem p, sUHae
(A) novthhm (onoda Rockies 1nto plains.
nigh prKOve
Aloska then E
 bdis taon oA Ms
u r d ynem Meehaura
rdi ficabn
meditrealion

o tlin raking { toetng) vertical uphft

downword bvbsdente)

WChm DLeun
ColdlAir CUren
ma

Ou mu waww tham
talelun thnen
H bvrfau
the svfa

Eg Sahara
Avchit Oan
Dact hopieal
giberda Oecuns)

ERonns?
m uw o mas mulb, the boundary 20ue
L
bedwen hum Hont
 vontog n esis prous t foatuen e ont
procudusipabn e nt

FouT

Diaechon front DiecHon of Front

Cold wOrm CUU / w o r ma nmasM

CIY moss mass

Cold un
Cold ont mak
wamont
Dieehon of rond
wOm w
MCs
told wld aiv
air mass moss Cold worm
a ir mass a mas

Occlo dud tront

tiono ont

trDnt
L Celd cu movi ng owards wam am 20mu
L stupu 6lope thon wam
ont
bercd weothw eq thut dlovcls, thvnduus tomns
hwwelyú ! Wam a mas ompiutly upltfted by told ous ma
 a houay ont

LHwo lemtaasing civ mans wnverq4 fom o

bound oy twthaut uteruning

ttperoy front, hort lived.

(Wom Fout
w a m tuUN mos tusarcls told Qn mass

wam feut tomed

L fontelyi wum a moUs maku way for

wld cuA as m qroUn.

Cpceloded ront
wun
V teld frou 0vertaks he wa/am

tron
(YOLAR YORTEX
whurung temu aus pasvat ott thu pos.

tronqut m wvius du to stark dHrene

wm temp b]o pelud uiddle daitvdu

H p ut m 5tdts pme

8tug et stxam at as
a bavnday
R a t ng wiutas 4 cdvut Umm
d
weaks vovtn.

have C0nt tlo ckvoise

Mion H .

steulu in utus
L empauds b u o m

uduva cold aAUTLL CU Buthward ovtr USA

(ARCTICYORTEX:3
Lwhwm strong w duimd Cirwlar ape

w n weaks brtabs Tulo two smalln vosHcs

6ust wuar BalfnMand, 4 ous 0va NE STbena.

0
whn aqa1 MaKs told ontut u uh eqvator
Lad tCLLuse ghaop apd teuup ep

ANTARCTILVORTEX
maglu louo prAVC z0ut ud man edge

Tu &h

poler Yorkm Stopng wUUus mc: 6hgth pesistant

pelar Vortm weak la vn t Gireams polar
rout ast pushud equaBorward.

Stram 'bueklu' 4 dwiat 68uth

ut
Cald d Ous + wanm mst aui owmid laituds

cpd thnge t wcatun " lold nap

OLAR VORTEX 4 UzONE HOLE

hw npcuuton e n hele was duu to h

btate ld polar Yortn {vey cald tuup. m

Stvutos pthou
 oluctina &tauts to Aiuu
As Hhe tep stocutasphuns Vortn weakew
weakeu
Vorttn
6Xous th palar
0R6u clpution
ucl bxaks own

O20u el t tinmng 020 leuy

in Si2e
brested by toldus tepeiae

EL NINO AND S0UT HERN OSeILLATION

Uws uod waming t t h mhaf 4 casBem l'aufië

dwn tu Anstvmas ason

olsLibu Hhe cheumge m

euthern Ostletion
ov te auf tto Duan.
obmestpu prenvre

wwwsval wawming ca sufau tmperate

whal eastm paufit res tulHmg in tavy

ruinfall ain eautem laufiC

Cuwe ugh 0
devvght wn AusiaaliasE Asia.
 omahom
Winds movt wG twards. Dns wUm U»sau wcius tr0m

Pes4Btvodor to tcust teast eAuwtaln in Poife

wam
o l wcs 6n Least 4 . Amuica
ypwung
wot ve Coaut Asbala
Jou presUr mwstm pauiHe, gh potsure over Epaufi-
watu
weatuiy o Castely daadu winds Cases

to mwt Costwards 4 place Cold PeUvIan tursent

Causes 6tomme t toroenhal

Tunfall Oved a nd wunhas

drougut ond' over Aus toalia

0

towa ds
Eautaly toacl inds clnvu w a w walu
Cautem past A u taculia xaising ds Hemp. Jloo premU
n

cu u .Couusing onvechoual ruinfall. Cold aus

nks t hads to g n penoe twuduivm m west

Sauth Auwiea
 OMs tgvenu E-Nno Suprn tu
dwelopmunt
toupical &to mm
Vovugut wn wst
&wmcou m Mlulit
3uereoed auntal)
Paur, 3nclua
m panl oUSA P puw
costtm Hfmco
tepieal &forme Oves

t e a t t m t untral

poift

Andion
on Mosoom
mpatt
Nino.
MBw con m 4ndia weat dwring El
EI Niuo.
dovgwb have ulnudud with capglis
6o. e t

efect EINiuo Lgadcd by th

Ncgative

udain Otean Dipol

QA-NINA
Osvau tooang m mtal 4 eouttm pauutic
wintr
bmnas Cold wccthn to t h lonacuan west 2 Hos ta
dus warma we ata to tu Ameian 8E Coat
 u mort wutward Coying warm vrfate

wab to nclonuia 4 Ausaal aud auawing

Coel wcuty to pwell oulma tu suth Amuntan

CDwseqveu La- Nma

AntTeased aunfall duu o Kouses than uoma

wUtem pau

IND)AN OCEAN DiPOLE 3

peuodui 0su llaier Sea sl ca kunface

tempeaw b esiHvc agaline fwbal

Phcus es
Asv emww Lndian Nino.

,Hvendion hlegatwi ndan

Ououn Dipol Du tu Pipel
Ds1tiveTop

Easttm 3ndrain Duan Colcder

7pical pat 4uolucn Dean wama

(Asabiau eo)

tengtun i sW Momoon u mwro than

ainfall -m uda
average

(Negative TOD 3
Fastm hudiin Dteen Warms

toldes
wutm pieal pant ndain Duan
abteun Sa)
Lwcakms t Bw Y\ostem.. (oue dreugh

ond for qood monsoon Yositve ToD lo Nina + Stong Tpital &Je
Mascarene High.
 ub elelim 70nu

tcutsu omam 0mud cluu -to lateuat

0Uam or Ouun WmlTnuwt
0ttan

CmAenee

omd at H edgs dup a plaun

Duput heneh aina lcth o uaum land

(Submai Kidg
Eleugaed p idud elwalin at the sea loor

Nasin emated MoUuttum ange that Auu

tply pom aysal plan

Kengest ndaeAtlantti dge
utuwu qveut ea»thquak or valeouusm

Fa zores Pudlipine slands

 lectera
Mrol Duaniu Kde Gesthtrmal
Sae Auvel
ro cient
Hydofhemal cobling of Sobsiden
aHeration hospht re 4ubduch
Moni sdimwt Sepenlimizalion)
1

Occan nut MOnO (1-10 o)

EuteeHc
thos pur mehng omante 300 6ohe
Male

Astnesphn.
(maule)Wcirelt)
Fiq: i d oeeant Pdge..

pimnatlcd
Seamounts

flak toppRa
Vlcame omam
Eqd o b lcmds Hawdu
n

henli
 Ubman.mt lCtny ns
Valluysk
uevno tup 4tclud
umtal
seuut wuvm nhwutal u l Loni

lepe
wmi wmtaul wOngm
eund along j Aaps

Lormed d to iosion by di uwwts bovgt

movth
Tw t p L os bgn ngat
Aves
Cauei dudi
ppearauu

(Atoll.
LCoral s6Umwndung a mbra duprwmion

Kak hoal Keeo

eosioual R cupei hional Predvc sdu
lect topped cuaivn
Cathivihes
oA tomhmuta)
(&hsal N N
in a v e chcunnd
Gttouletion e e u meuts
DY wHwwtal 4 l

01gaut upests made by i n or

dd oganum

oung a
idge
khallou OLecsS
Rdge Dr www.ek tomued m

by etoapoupse
Peosat o the ca"
LfedPaifi OLAcus

LOYouL
tsuH ueuus cComulaum COra paly or
i keeretmg manne
Adletom
wuto0rg uBm

u Kountost o Oran
 mam n qu m

Cubsobinq wwhieutsfm tu oua

mbiche aclcnhip
Loith olqac.
CIing a

$u0vie empesed to tth

Datamna

auastplu f ong D a peueds

Dept 180ut
OLam w a 2 dye lius Camuot fal
bela 20°c a dL o y u a omtined

ropea wous'
 p lora AuA

Ba rt AHoll
Urular or
Runs poallel to
ry oel +o uor se s e
tokihtal rast haped oras
lond. LRamt tor
spping tt pod uwa
L0sbm-2:Sbm Ly lugut a l 0 m was
taicHhh Bo- lst meho
Ooe tmteucu odpt
Ly Tun bokm
udword dul to
inegulor, Lfod
fa u e Duan
uereose iw depihs PoU to
man Äs|and. Eq- Lakshadw esp.
L neat barmr

Co
|

U u h r s the mehen s e a o t a

gien f d i n
 Major 0uan Arad
Paht Oc
nl Atlautii Oean
Decreuinq hrea
clt cnOe cun

Autarhe 0tan

Den
Snallut

(PrihtOceaun N

argt 4 duepest cul

13Hotal oan 0aca

Ls la*gst ombt e auds

Dupst emt o carth ho lleugn Dup

Paufie Ouan
CAlamti Oucn(l lanqs1)
orwe d clu to sifingN:?S:Amuia pleulito wat
hhepad
milwau kee PepH p s puw o Atlaile Otuan

ucucn Oucam
LSmallut, ogsFDaan
Amdlobed North
slamd Asland + waov owkiuntal 4hy

heus ee OUsy mmc wwainually rONsng

6Urfau urwlaon m N Hun

En Remuly balos in mygen. m Norf

(Autautti Ouano
scewnd mallut a r q hen Athe)
4uhemwstoaiv World ouuas

Axte 0uam
&mallust 4 hallowest

u Colclut
 Myanmar
nelo
Teilcud
(Ba brvod mmlt that is

Du 6mall bocdy walin or C

etl mm a
Aon boely wain gwsally
ww t leud tuvts words

Eg- Bo Vias (wbal, Bey Bgal [4ndis)

Recd Sea Oman
Gu of Adun
Somalland
a st
bey watn uooo mouth omprely

6un umded by Lapdu lamd.

ordword 's loget buf eNmito.

Eurepe
(truts Staaut oGibaclkar
Afnta
Namo pavsagea war b tontinuts

dr ouncls o b two lage wa bediu

t dtout ibrattar
Jsthmus
wclkr

(Apw
nwmo np
cind
waatr
leuus Meing tw w
lamd

arge lcundmcs prcub. twv a l

bedus
 OYement of 0teom Wan
mon&ueul vrtiea movemuut

OC cun tumrena
liclu
was

hongtnta
Dteam wmu. uwg amauut wa m
m dutub di e uom Dve qteaus
clatemee
Aptud pad
(Strecms) (cmft)

FcLtos inflvenug eanwrmt

) Jwalatnon
ocut
L s elatuon emponds at
phepu mww0r gcuelen

tocun lews down the

4lepo
) rav
LpulU cown wttn cauusin qrodrent
3 empercuut o

watH ss
teld wolus nks

polu
equeutor
C wetti, dilena botto

4) i n t y
SnksHmOve tou0rds
h soliwuy tks dese
Low &alwuta
wouts
ao salinity uw aus cut surteu move
towords mah
qlass 60in wat ron AHlaulu galiity wer
w teuiards Medu trmaean ssa.

om weua l om bethom
Meclittoranem to AHlante
 Anvenu dve to tarhs Kotabien
lockwise
Notuon Huuisplu -

Amhclo ukwise
Hmuspua
-

&rutuun

Awwunu aad windso

Lble b equdtor 4taoprs

pauwo rds westwards

GWots equcuto ancu wa
wams wmH wut eastrm hoves

NE l a c ajnds
Eq

wrrents
Sufaw ( dupth 400 m, l0. t
wreub
total watu in
Boued em dpihi 0Lan)

brl Decpoal (tawed duto caonae

wreus m duusity wndun the
nunu aq
D7.otean LJa
 Kostd w tnperovre U
Wam wmet
COll Curreut
Wom
Cold Aous
kugh les lochtovds wc
WoLHT
e a s t Crast uHneu
uuHuuts
wut lsast o m low iukrmudiat

at keust udellu loHtudus

AoHtuds(both Hm).
east coaut ain ug un lat
wut aast at ugh
Aaitvdus m N. tmn. n N. Hem.

ne !
List e 0Lan wareuts

Humwboldt or 6outh Yatift Seuthermmost h

OtLcun Cll to wonte Peau
Pervviaun
(oul Locst el N-Amnta)

North Yaufie Arcui Ouanto N:Patifii

Runle or
Dran Ma Sening Sta.
bLan
Avc clotusise dir teten

Oyausti + Kuriostui
J
N-Pouifte Drift
 Paufr Oucin pusud AMeubt tusent
(alomia
wrrcnt

pat o paufn

bneon as wut Wiud Dnft

wtastae tautum
tlotkwitc m Cast towust
UrtUmpolar DLecun
coUnd ttarthta.
Cumtnt

Lcngt Otuan Umtu

wom quf Strram+lobrodor

N. Atlcinltt
Gbrador
Cuwt wnlithOtncun qichust auing qound.

Eastm Baundary Cuntut

M Hlotte
Ccua
OtLoun pat oN. Alautt ye
upwth

Eotm Anc OLe cn Cape fauwell to tam Shaut

Ceandond ug hut tu sta enport eut

N.AHlcnti
CununF
Oucn An ctai.
4u N Meutr om maoi fesuwalin
Aoctu
 Seugula Suuth Atlewteu acuth Wt Wind
wnen OLan Dnften S. Hem.

fostm portaen o S:Atlanie.

Oucan &tye

alunui

Malvinas wneut
alclounol ut Atlauti
Oaun Bacueh e Atattt
ustoupolar Mut

Falkteud + ) Boxl uaent

Baogt Malvinas Confloeute
Zoue

Month Faut+ Novth dutuwut to wst

Meiseon udion C90siug equalor

wment Otecn

Peuul oAukuie
estn uthem Cume.
Aushalsin OLeunE Crwmpolar Bet
&nuth Tudluan wst wind dnft
OLcun
Cc al Cwrremt
 N o 2lattwn wih cqvrlor
Mo ytt Puufit
OucyP mds tlotwise 6vblacpicos
cquatonal
CUdrCut
OLcL
east to wut blw l0F20°N

Rgulobs Japau teupaa»x

wsstuo
OLan wmn
wneut C st Kandam

Bladt oram

Autiloctuwise in N paeilt
Moth laifa aue
OLC DLLon
Cwmen
furoshto t Oycuho

morthward divcssion
Nor B y tHa
Alaskaw tumeut

C reu Pauit pat N.fauhie

OLc
Hcucl do Edcay, ilta eddy.

N . EFqvalonal touta tuneut

yvouton'a AAlawtee
Patifhe west tocast3'N*10°N
wmen uaion
eed by ¬l Niuo eweuts
CLNiuo Cural
eot Cuuc
Cwrr t
cquoulomal Poti
 Kocueh ouroshuo
Tsslumo
Cwncu
CUmtu
Jopaue
AHoudtee Drven by Taade wind
cqucuonal Pau'he blawing cast to
Cumrcu Jnducn wes

as port menn
East
Autralcun Cwes trm t u n a to habitai
Pa ufte Ouan
Cwrew m 4ub hoprcal trqnom
Austr. Cocust
alonq SE
d
u t h AH lautic ww tulf Sheam
lon da Oucm amibean
at Cape Hass
CunenF
Hatteras

N:Hlautee Pnft
N Atlaute Cama y Cwment
Stor c DLc
P'ven by O1ud staces

rauneh N . 0tltulae
Nomw emam
w-ent Boneus &ia Dnft
wr eut
wedgc haped
 Ote cu vbpola yoe

ålound
M. Hlute tlous allong
Auills
Ote cu Choumapur
AHlautu oLean Covibbean.

Suth lauie oug t 60uth Uoast o

Baaillhcin
Conut OuLcu
Brazil Hn1 Rao de la Palta
j a s falkland wnent
odlatAbgenluma a matng
a tnpeiala ddea.

loq AnHytloe
logabiqvc udn Mozam bique t h a n l
OLaw
Ccnt
eddw

b Mogambique 4 ModagC ca

utuwst tast erast Aca

Azulhs
4ueom Aarges o tm bavndany
i Dwam
p u n u d bu moG
0mcul
wst Snda.cun
to l reamm
imlar
Cwrren Oto
wpuel ng
 Otec wments
i
th wst wst 0ut|nuls
08 walur cloug

taopital 4 ubhaprcal Jafitocls

duumal nge, aicuty.
, f o q , lous f oro
wast tomi nuts
wam
wotis along the t west
uyanLabrk cdu
wuid cdu
to ecust Cost m tepital
G Wo tucua peuulll

u b ropiu Wam auny hima

wam t+ told wnnt npluulkh omygn f plauttaum

weed calld darganum

e loraking &ea

N Atlamti Ouan
heb tat for lurHu, dhn'np, tels, Hopback whalu
et
North Hlauie wmt

arqaso
N-Alauhei
equcutona)
Cwent
 flod d

(Ocerude cb hd

&ea wa

v t 2aevrs4 26 unwis

duu o qavitaluonat
eart
uttnaibton 6 n ,Woon,

wolay
SURGES Moveunty muteortgiial effects

ause
aritalieu.cd pul o svn
Moon
By bolauu
Ctuitgal tor

wpovtut tms
I r d a l wmts. lovemnt o o i r uwifn naCtalding hiclus-

.flord uwtus. Tro nise cocatu a wmtut

hdi
. Ebb wTut Cunent dwring th fall
l u t Hdu lo way mov emnt
 Cusificalten on 9 ben.

u'diwmal Plome Mired

rdu lrcle

2 Rous kad
drtrut iutnnty-
ea h day Lwist Uoast

Lwaveuaf
we fheun hal
he unwmnu
t h earth

Saed 0M ugtt hetu

ring hdu Neap i du
Solar Hdal (orce
un, Mon, Eant parraly couuls tle
6trauigtut m, l0ou qavr. forcu

per otcd by1 das

wI a moh
 Juporttunu rdu
lo gewal
Sp DesilHng elemuity
Navigoion

atos 0 chtng temptrature dugtn buuon

Oaus

latitudua clfrenu Pvou'lug

svbmamine winds
diffruu cluptw
dut tew ard ndgs cli plaus AUnfau
c toi t (do net a l a wodin, Cosl wat
Poles) dupH) upwdds om
wotr) belous)
bcecm
wneMs Veenu ubgs
E-- hf (Jausas te
tump
Sfocom a e
OCLan w ata)
mp o NIE

AlCutre
 Yeakical 4 honz0utal disti buion

Hep
TCupetwre sL Ocean wotu
tlonzeulad Dsti bubion
dee reases uo y tro t eqvctoroD
L g u t tmp am entlosed tropiea stos

Awal Kaungsqain m A1laut tha PaiAe

qcat m Noshum Hunispu the
1 husl
8. Humsp ,

o to duffrocue i si2
pexik proximty aud
Venhcal Dismbuton
mon emp at svrfatu.
dL reasu Tth dupth
 0uiauit walu
1st lay.n, 0p oyth waw
S00m fide,

b 20 2s°cC

Thoughuut yea
pieal q o
mid cutuclu uly o umy

Thn mote ay
2ul y n
rCpd duurease tn temp wit dupth
SoO- (000m tu'k.

Srd Aaya Vey d , upto clup

otau loo

Yey ugt tep thange

in reue|Anarh
ith cdupt
9wly w leya (nu hom vrfau
14rcnda H oluup otror=
Oceanit 2en NeiHtI
E ne 20ne
onee

Photie Cone
200m
Aphotit
.- - - Zone 4000 m
PelRanlm
age Abyssal Zone guthe
2cam
}0,boDm
 watu Fmupercuwt.

Wincts &bsbs oauir vapoUr o wom

*em
Osorc
Carcata frsto ytlons, wndus navígaion
ecep pet hanbovs e free

L wam told ng oUnds, ptmFtons

eulaw wot 36q 1oo

&tduum Ulond
Mayor omp 0nnt

Dism bubon t a i nity

KCosOs or Vmauen

Di b l Sream Fering m tnoror Moyemnt e

Nap OTaion Mlly t winds sca waay
ad ds (adds (d'nves (By oean
preüpita hamoatis
mi balndy Cwn
reduu
woln) salmt
dLu sali Aaulinaty sal uty &caloibuta)|
 tlonetal Dtstibuten dalini
Judeuud en fruuwalh Pelor
ouhitudlnal Euclored
d l bruion eas ukes flo ovs westtm

L Du to LLestam dilub salt pct

cutrecs es
dy clual pp amteur N.Hem.
teuocs Psu
saltab bydraue L Thawing
duto ENapoaaion n eliur rsh watm. 4u
Lawes
tam EqAmoom salu-
yaprcuion Eq- Dead
ea
at ea.
quouto)

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chau4e
manimum fauuty .duto inlon
UPP aua.
s u a l s , evaporation

00-400m dupth- Halodlun kaluuty intreases Loit

dupH
Blew Laliuty |ttaluuoith mognal
ho-
 CORAL REE PS3
o e d by arcumulatuon a 6kelutous Ca Co3 coaf
PeP
Oorst Duas
Ainu seechin
prsent ttar, hallos wctn MOnnu u n v

epits 6vbpia 0geuim

u noain Bu
L Hhire

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.

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L eat

als hansls n t main

Orqaud m

pavecHre envieonment
nral peyps Mutval felahonshi Zoomanthellae

pavdud fom eneat

COrals Cosom omttos fZooplanktom

 4-tups

fringin goaie Atoll Pu th

L Svovnds
pevelul to
mallas woui land
Lqrousfom
hesast the otte open
boreu H epeoated ey o r Angon
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bottom
lcund or
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om uoe
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clup woui V a y un 8i2e

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u d o n for
c0ral qvuoth
Enposun to Balanu
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Sun satt
tcp woll
(mon svnlighh (for onygen)
vey &aur
(6s-q° ptholo)
watn

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Povd w n uT CU

2o0nanthallac) lation
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a c r ele rcd* d t o u q c n h pgtne protuses

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mamn palluien

(lau
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L1&eausan tep
Mon palluion
neteaed seduuwtalon

ucrased wo turbicuty.

LCheural pelluien
fechious diseasu (Vibno &hiler)
 Stovitus Provicleol by tort cus
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mducine
0nameni
Ltveltey

aottut tu thorein
Rsguloutng. Protet rastal enesion tlor
l o s s oinfaasvttre
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nelicoor malth qloba!
bppomti e cosys tem
&Avit twmcuvt=
Naturcl bavmtr to
oLo

entam weato phunamt

ouots lovnam
CwHuo
aheual a tor naboe

Lorvea, poteqraphs
ululor Carbendioniele tw a
Corals
By Zoonan thellau
throog pnotosnthu

ugar, pids, omyge

ued by corab for
cellular upralion
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eous Nautmous uHu
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Tclcu tG Wave Ocec molie

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thuglh deums 7 wnel L 4 om t
wci Lthmug
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iuta tte . wons
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wmut u l i s
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o we told dupu heuoato
plaud av Otean
by 2022 uafuu Aauyens Aueveu

4sDL y 2030,i2hinjam OTEC (Otoun Salind Graduus

turmal en
Tnivandom e
LDwvesi0m)
 Bistu esovrs

Plemleteus Nutovws finu Bemthes

Lwe Lar
Pytoplauktevs
L movt iudlp
) Pelagie fulus th 4ta bed
uelutly Veursal
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Zoo pleuktos t a stuw.

dal ie
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ngh w hitieual &toms
sea
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Vol
owhols kad eosion
L phorMattuttals
tomHle, fedd, n c h kabitat bodivnsty
bewe.
wDLANERAPHy3
Locabon
Septratt d fiem mninlaud Asia thovgt Hlimalayus

Arabien
ea Beug
uduc
Otec
S

lo.oted m Nofhemfumisp
Laitvcs
8y' to 31P6'N
681 to 97°cE Aocttude

Toep Coun pases thoovg

( n d i u dtand ard l
CaMT + Os30
theug lingapur)
Lleu tud o 82°30'E lpo
 0r du U0ties
A1ghoietaw( Duranel au)

clunenlLAC)

Nepad
Rutaw

Patistan
(Redditfe
liw) Myamar
Boundor lin Baugtadat (Raddliffe live)

6 Lomka
Malclirs (hlfof Mannor)
labthdwep slaud
to Tui
dtoPeb)

Post+ Monaoon (Morth- Jum)

&cos on
(ot Nov)

Meous 0om
TEm to spt)
 ecu
lau T Lastal

Tue hreat seutum plas

maluay cquon esvlo

Jucdus

LO wmom natUrul nuzends

Aralaue
Earthgvale
fldres Drougt
Cy clos
lend
sud

wmeut wMDWmnt

Ot
Cowwration Cowsevall

Aw wot
terwaiuon
Saud waute
torat
Managmuwt
Hxu
 tviow mmt mter natOMl Aq reemn

Catag.ena ewra yoto Hels inel

rototol Prototol Prolotol Potoe
duelcnatuon

tk &ystam m Jdua

Peinsular dudia
m Ter tiay Pemod
r e m e d

Htwualaya
uclo
Aucdo augatie
4P ptm dunng Pston pusd

Daavidua
Archotn
Rote 6yste
Rochystcm
TL A Aauan
A Povcuna Ko e& ystm
Roct p t e

Th rchatu Dck Systm heeombmcun

remm Archatn Era. (25 bluem eas a Pord
Mpes Uoe onwsqrauiis on penineula.
ndiandiom Caton
The temm toind by D 1Daua (n82
(wo Cee-gons
A
Dhanoar
Arcuon, Cnimu
Keluiss

Dharwor sustm
4 billon
LDonoar dutatt o Koruataka

utamvraphese seduuwtany ok ystem

uomnuud Dolsulu
sthiuts C01y6talln t u s t s u .

quohit
P l y t i slaa

forauaRot
Cudl cpa stem
dsmut udhaa Produl
sauakom, clau usto dupesited
o n eunal folds b[io o movnt-
cungs
sepeeoted by a qaeat aan vnomforwityro

DhauoaY Aystem

outs otcu wng Ds m mogaut, Coppu

Cbalt wiccd

utamorphuu otks u halu , slat&, quortzite.

CYndhyan ystem
Anuut sediuutaoy o tks
4 upt +mpeted Jham Bcse

wmtosilferou
Deccauy aps
Pcunna + Collondce
Punna cucmemds

fissile mutmorgcunms.
&tovetiu o d 60ndston.

Draviduam ouk temb

1
GUO-3o03c0 uliem ycass od.

Pcuo 2ell Era.

LEnha peni sular Ao
&tcltclu wuuwta ny 2otts obuuclaut fosil fuuls

(Cambaitu Kotks
Age 6o0 wuiu yeas ed.h
olu m
ecat Britam
sRotu los, quat2rte aud uwtons

Spi Vally tmachal ads Haimauta

yste

Cabeuers Koks.
N h
uon eav
mustomu, hau, qvartate

u p P tavbeuitmus iuteuu
L deá a wet (asbeuiferuu pemd
(The Avyan Rouk Susu
Cazbow-evu to H
etu
UPP
nduia hosfu ustes

octoeuew Terto
pduo cua Juocsie ystem outaystem
Rout ystem
ustm Dececu

L
ods
keundsto i t om ho dls t a day

auulinal teughs 0 0nuent platcau svae

LPemian pemad 20 miluen ykas )

Maum hcos
Pem wsvlar akea aloua Damodar Yaully

ahauacti Rier Jhar khand

Ddiaha Aseuthien Pont oMP
0mduw Cna ral
9
yaunu than o Saudstoe
98) canbew
Canbowfenw Coutut Coppu
i ) UrcuUm, ougto u als

OUwtimoy

JUr asic ystem

momw TrosqdUisio

Coral umustou, 6udstene, lomglourais

hol o cws

uY 4 Kajmundoy
LPe sula fund blw

Deece p
LRu ave Ato Decreun eps

Kasaltei lava.
step kelad
ftat taps
almst 2 dminal me
L blade tottonad Bar
 Deccam lcups
fownd m e r hcupptonvel-osn
MoharouW h
ds
OPPEleps Psut
Savoasada
a y rane to Pu nt
Cwtbal Icuá
Midclu acups Malusa
abs e t

ownlocups acuya
YAyrant
to absenF
Padu

CTevtioryta
kans
60 to 10 illuon
mautaien bsuduoama
ald laudmas.
tmad -aeig
Delta", Fast trast, Jndoman,
Kngal ) ounge
u T u Eacwas kosumir,t Bhanga, Phodor
Oung etad pleuns
CTHE MI1 ALAYS3
ld moumtaus oorld,yaungat 1
Cnges
sss oapaul or towvergi

&uthem leps Stup qoaelieut

Nortem slapts gentl aops

o r maten

ucuaim plali 4 Euaas+am plat

CeUusi on blo
qcat qosyndline

Permin Penod
Ttysea og aww.ghalleno bordy
wali b w lavrasta
owdwom
wptmuting Eurasicun plalis
uthem blotk

Nortword druft upuusibl for

Soutuoad Convenity Himalayas hape
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Hwia d
6000 CUrE TCLge elerouem

LofHest most coni vou

(The les0 Mimalayas

Ntslmt t i u t 4 Cemprsion

lvauon 4 6 4s00 m
avebaae
Easttm P 9ntlu siepes, dumu forut
dume vegctalon
i fanjal Kage (T4 k
Dhaoka Dhor Kauge (HP
4mportant Roungu HMUsOOme Rowge (DE)
HNabka Rang (U)
L Mahubhakat ukh [Nepal

he Siwolik 3
fomud Autn thcm Himadm

Upg
ildn sudimu
 tmporay nku cuembud moe
COlo uratis

(uRVANCHAL:
HUlls. onwm o to ut
Easttm
RuusK u s
mowmtans ocodedN toS
L br cud stah 4 l cnd aing kn
3D00m.
muigut v o m
whabited b libals prati'siu Jauw tulivaliw

u d e u n yanmar Boodu
T L Barcil Keuau nas to LIst into Jaiuta

har Charo uils

sptoatcd tom mam blok by nga
SrahnepobaKivs
Paxt kai Bum
hlaga Kanges
osvamehal Manipur Hil
Mi20
Tnpura Hill
 AST WEST PIVSJON
Nepa Assam
Cumean tmaltyas Hlmaleya
Knswia Himathal
Him alaujos
B1o L 3/ Tista
Himalayas Bo kaluP
Himalayas Tsta Baahmapoa
-0 8satlut Rives
8|o tuelus
kal Rve Ri
balba

1. kAsmMIR IMALAYAS3 , a

N o r t h eostm pewt old dunt bo eali

Hwauy koabocuage
oidtk, 3ovo uigt
o m Amgth, oom

Baltaro Slauen lats

Kancsatormauon , Zafran
cmy uut culiduo

2 MALMALUTTARAkHAND MI
Kuws on Flmeueua

satui im es falu m Gast

3 6 - 4s bm umg, 2 2 9 bm widt
Luil Strutusa Luke Darcwshala, Zimla, MwBorie.
Dehradun, Nalagash Pun
L Duw k e
LLoogst o all Duns

Ccngobi, Youmwuoi Prdav ueut, Badi

nath Heknd.

fomeus fov P

E PAL ALANA3
Ecust Cmhal scetion iguus t pat Hemalayan
Mentaw. in bsuth cm lid Asa
doilu m au t i s t a Kiva
Nakuulo 4 Jup mportawt Poses
poatemb peals
Evest, tanthunjunga, Makalu, Dhaulag , Manalu,
Anap bma e

SIkkiM HimALATAS3
Hun est
Nepat
Kouteun Mimtaut

ista River
 Nepalis, tibeuls o tubal Juclia
Pepulatien

Llepeho b thh

CASAM ARUNACHAL mALAYAS3

paus n cast
B Butun Himalayas upto Dipu

Hougtu 4 Nomeha arwa

L
L Diesected by fot fleuoi ea

L thegh Nagalondy o puT i20umlnpuaa.

o olup rg callud Nameha
L ws huh
Kanwa
Let:
amng, subansin, Dihaung, Dibenq

n b a l Caimuuutis Bpa, Abor, Mishmi,

rvyni, Nagas.

mportant lu ueis
1 d u hla s t qlaei taratorau kange
.Ueungohi Glou: Mayei6ou oega,
3Bara uai Glous' Source of thawdra Rive, n nP.
 Nepalis, tibeuls o tubal Juclia
Pepulatien

Llepeho b thh

CASAM ARUNACHAL mALAYAS3

paus n cast
B Butun Himalayas upto Dipu

Hougtu 4 Nomeha arwa

L
L Diesected by fot fleuoi ea

L thegh Nagalondy o puT i20umlnpuaa.

o olup rg callud Nameha
L ws huh
Kanwa
Let:
amng, subansin, Dihaung, Dibenq

n b a l Caimuuutis Bpa, Abor, Mishmi,

rvyni, Nagas.

mportant lu ueis
1 d u hla s t qlaei taratorau kange
.Ueungohi Glou: Mayei6ou oega,
3Bara uai Glous' Source of thawdra Rive, n nP.
4 Zemu hlan lanqst gluuú Eastem umalaios
at he bose okoithjunga.

S Dau Dvn orqd dsmtt el ladak

6 Milam umaDn Himalaua), e Pkung dstiuatuo

los. UHarathamd

areatuE Glauus Cic nseto Nun kvn.

hakat
au'

8 Pinda OPPu atu

o Cumaon Mimaloya
Cyla t s .
ive mse to Pindar ive Nauda Dewi

LocatedA wtstem umolayos

Pceds thtundoa River
a

lo. auhoð ovree o2ind Doas Kirer.

Clatus located Noth easttm Himalaya
Tauge
t. Cameuy unga SiEpim Easttm Himalaya

UHarakhand, Comaan CGorhwel.

 (Mayor ovvtwm Pauss
1. Jepla Pas hvub? Valluy, toumut hesvin orh
Lousa
hrma La miqlust Mposs aeois Himaloqas.
CoLets Ladceh oith b e t

ManaliLeh
3 Banola 2as tar Konge,
m ecats Hemalayea. Trbet U
4- Maua Yas
6bpdi- Laul:
Kobrug Pas HP. Kullu -

bPhaduug la igst motorabte pa. leh- Siochtn.

. Natu La giktim, tshoat anlk

be:
8:
Baipti la Sullej enge. P
Theg la 2ud aghst Motoabte pan ladakh

Ho BuihalJouaala Tüwnd. ir faual Kouge

t Zei La arg-eh-Sriuagan
2 Diphu Yoas nd duputd bi pount aua
:
La

Lncdha, Clhina, ammas

WE MORTH ERN PLAN
cctau ploun domalien Jaovg
ndo- euy selimnt

ww Tettuys tasynlius
Riv lupests knge amamts
al tu
tompresion
omd du to pu tmnt -olded,

sediunts

Depesithenul Achvity.
du to madisard , louttaal,
L 0ugtomurnts -fomed
YHtal em

Depeitd m
chpesiom
mdo-
augate Ieuat)

Tetys Ba chcated ccedrd.

LDepreuionilled wifh alwviam qralvel, vvtk dlbms

cavina monotoeus 4ocdatuenel plm

ANDO AN ATI ERAHMAPUTRA PLAIN
a rgest alluviak toact
30 3000 Em
L
Shivaliks

do-gaingalii la Plaun)
inguar uu along
hortum cadge apuiwula.
-
duteass in east
L wrclust n west

Entcu hongowtauity

N-SDRvicion"
) T Bhabhar

Poreus ortummmost sheteh.

Nanma
m Jucti to Tsta

cupesîhon
rae o
cCUrstom teuns

Awvial cu uge to form Bhabar belt

 lavau
L LU docuned, 8tuth Btabihar

1C3030 bm d

wdevq tund shras - e

J m Cwrbett UHagctk houid.

airanqa - tsam

nth m itargen dufiuut m phssplati

$y

hngav
0lduu allyium.
called
Callnd kmuka'
Eeunukar
culeeeus omteliues
L
Bam'nel plem Benga
Yamona doab.
tormaluon -
ga
B
leund by oind blown sand.
elouted

Khadar
N w n AlUViem

mot fuilu ked yga.

Sony, Loay,ochud, s ealteeu.
 merm P!auis
Che Nov
uusalb Pleus
wstrm peut e
wotm Dlum
ut om Gjcnga
ndqe kepercutw
LDelU -Anavalu

Jlwm, Chunas, Rv, Bts Satuij.

Dobs
Btlouds B
pAyas bvad leod plauis osumjab Honmyana
novtum piams ervdid by' 3hrams oulled
Ches cuhos

c u g a Plcum
Codchwut in wst Kuykadus
Lblw JLuuno
boreln M cast
TarcuShang at ehadar, ltwes , efe
Bhabar,
Khar.
o n Rivea bmro

dulta orld.
eunga 5rahmaupoba Duta aqu
,

Uolurba a r g t ungnove oomp

 h muputyu pACLn
norhon pluM,am t s eun
Ccukm Pt

HilE
Baalamepuo Porwauthal
Ando Ando Banaladu leui
BDcur
Kivean slunds

B i l l 0mbucuku

Conciou
duto dpesihon
emi ler
en cu DCoOAse allwvial

dbas

n
LYE NINSU LAR YLATE AU
sweral kmaU
ailu 0r letecus -
q9cqauom

o n c w cuadend .

qneisse
Ahoun

1 6 akh hqvare m
Loest to eastooi ives. ( n e l slepe)

NARMADATAP) c EAST to UEST.owiug nve

enuptto
 h muputyu pACLn
norhon pluM,am t s eun
Ccukm Pt

HilE
Baalamepuo Porwauthal
Ando Ando Banaladu leui
BDcur
Kivean slunds

B i l l 0mbucuku

Conciou
duto dpesihon
emi ler
en cu DCoOAse allwvial

dbas

n
LYE NINSU LAR YLATE AU
sweral kmaU
ailu 0r letecus -
q9cqauom

o n c w cuadend .

qneisse
Ahoun

1 6 akh hqvare m
Loest to eastooi ives. ( n e l slepe)

NARMADATAP) c EAST to UEST.owiug nve

enuptto
 emiwsulay Pcuteou

uwo
BUndullehand Malsa Beghulkboud
Manwa
pteuhccu Kioland. uplauel. pleu-ecu Chhotou1P
eguakeu Deccaw
ptateau.
Pletcau

CARAR ME AR PLATEAU3
strm Kascutheun

L68t Drovalls

ollo a cast avatlu

sepu castewaod.

onolstome ustou ALalu iucsen Pemey

Baunas irer r e avall eL Chambal.
Koling ploun

(CENTRAL MIHMLAND;
Ueumubal Kier besin
 Dci'nd by 2ali, Bumas aptcu
Keling pluteau.

Cndstent

ws v 5aollanols to hke Nonth

Kovi

UNDEL EMAND PLAND

pcuuutt t Unus)

YCumvna[N)
eilsopan EBvuddtaud.
uplound
eato eles tharae aloa Plaudew
()
gn erosion.
Cu to

Dae Shecms like 5tuoa, Dkasan , ey.

GBAhMELkMAMD
North Maiead Keunge
Liwetom endstoine om wst+ amti cayt
at t
o m mver novt bounday
 AL WA LATTAU3
Ctubal Higlland (N)hl
Aovalu a l o a Pleteau. buncllcand E)
Hulu w)

Tooystem cai nag

Chambal, Betwa).
Nomoda, lap
Mai)
Pali, ncdlh, Porbot

Entewin l flo13, otacd blatt sod

tonavds Noth
81pu
81apu

CLOTANAGPOR PLATEAU) THan thowd)

m
Noathweet
ntr
en

Gysudusanabuks ArChoune ouks

D-ucuocuuLa
oclal dreinag pathtm Lolfelds
 Albvth Dcmrdor rivt Horgioabaat Kiva
&euth D Kiv anehi plateau
Northrastem edae hotonagpur plateau Keymohal
Anills
aeutuw t teta Ghonjat lilu

Meghal upa hilng PAadeau3

Lkajuahat kils to meaalaya
ARo-RAT
pisolar c base by
6ptrced -om MANAL hAP

etudiom Karbi Cunalon petecu

estward

Mieir Hls
ana Phasi, Jci'utra,

Hicust pamt log

Deccan PLeteauu
Nindhasa
( No)
Nw
Satpura Mahodev,
N.

MaikallN
Decr a
pkat
cuteaules E
 wu+ to eest slope.

laiugeuns
Makara ura Kornaalca
cueCuu imy padeau
L, Makund est Ahaun,
Detca Dhanoor
a i d a n - east

wddapah
Boialki Kocks . routs

Blatt

CMATIShARM PLAIN )
L Sawwr ehaped dup vesio
doneo by MAMA NAD

blw Meikal O cduoha Hil

LIst o caßtuntra &ope

 MILL KANGE OF PENINSULARPLA TEAD
esidual ill
cungis
TO

Sapur Gaste
havall
Vtnddhuy R hals hats
K.cu
Kou
1) Aravalui Kage
Northeast to öuthuwst direetion

Dui to Poloupor
i anat
L

Ctolut td mt Now relfct)

Cvru &uPhor ghst peak

Maleli Ghest , DewcuiPe
Pipi Ghat,
septrated by vallyBeunas om
Mt b
ana

2 Vin ohuya Kage

LBlect MH du to Normoda Rut Valkgtouult
parelle) to Novmada lallu - Aoe dlinettion
 Lhoizutal bedelsd dimentar
ptott Kaimun hilu.
L watwsud b Gauga 40uthtm Rivs

Mewtuus

east-toest cltreeion $outw sVinelhaLLes

p a t l t o Noruado laptt Kive

lcud 4 upheaved4vekortd uputt, mosts

Blote Meteu
ast

Mahaday
Satpura Kaunge
Moikal Loest
 loONT AINANGESN NDIA
) utm yhas
edge On DecLan

cda am upaiked plotou.

e Tapi n mosth to Raalkoman an Sauth
westtmiape 5tup
casm dapo eutle

tdava, knkhna, kavd. westem

L
Ckats
itls
6tp nded tenaud, flat tepped
Lloding sta aspret
Aueiudi uust peak Aiwestem Gtala

wting pewt ef Wsttm bkat,

Ni/gu
Nigi
Costrm hhats 4 uthem i l

gst peat t Nilgii Do ddabtta.

 toshtm hats.
east CoTst
Lpalll to

.dugily bo key dukacud Pauttm

Vougai m TN.
Mahenad Ocdukha t

lisappea bl odav cni 4 renna

Tallust peak
Mahndra in
Nalleumalu age
Grdavasi 4 knshna.
dus appear bl
LCemtrad watien 600 sOm
 0ASTAL YIAIN
West oast westtm Eaut)
Eat Coast boartal
astal
ncia

toust rast Andia

Lblo Eoutem hat B ga
euga Delta to kanyatome
1
Kave.
LMalana.di, hsdaveui, Knislna, Kav
ulicat lake
LCiltalo.ke
0sa 01 kal oas

Jam Nadu wastt pat AP wast oomaudalLoust

|Wet (oaut
Cul owba d to Ccpe Co monn

tccums
madu uwviam ba
 west ast|

Kovukan Coootaka Keralo

Uost
toast Loast

- Mahanashra arqest loke

Locut+ pa thaut Vewmbeuna
wast
Malabar a s t Cerutakat Kerala tsas

(Westtmn ostalaiw ondia

KoLn Kachdh m Nort to Nmgakvmam mm

Ronaa rako plo

Cuscneut Rauka (rasta pleu boMangalo
plcui
katuatw aT blo yra
dopesibie nal D a m a Kasyakurmana
to ta. Maugalove
wont Lbat walus
Scbovmati, ealDu Lnaos Coulld Rovalas
Mcndov Nomado avinu Past bo e
Mali,
esion westm
logoons
Tai Rives utal

plaint
 (oshtm ras tal ploiw india
àubarnaaeeha v e to Cemyabeomau

uvialtungs tMalauadi, vdavu,aKoshna,

vei -

MahonadiR Enshna.
Northum Ccas blw
Rlna Cauve
Con uatei bl
East ast

Andhra plcun lounud Nodu

kal pleuin L8out Dtkal
ocutad aitas pkcum nteucls Pulicat lake to
Ooisha upto Paltat plein CoyakUmaë.
MahoLnad Detta &nhanbota laued
Cauvesy Delta.
L ilka ake
Deta-fomatuon b L t beil
Dotted by lous tulu Gdavai krishna. onge stale

kalw lak mgahon

Lsteaught ast Tailit

Aoutks qovd hcwbauss
(ME INPIAN DE SE RT
hoa Destat
Nw Arevalu lu4
utm Kajesthen.

Kfaut past owar plauim

authale.

Easttm part 6cu ahid plem Kascasttan Baga

LDaaind by Lu Kives m euh

acs Sambthar, Didwana, Dargeuna

NDIANsIAND Novth
Middl
Andaman Nicobau slands
26s LXonds Duntaypo

1He Dndoman Seuth Andaman

T
Tem digaee chamel
Nicobar
o t Blc Capital
Xabgcst ocat Nicobar.

madt t t H 0 y Lcunclsto-ne, mustona, ahal.

B o u Tslaud ONLY a ctiie Vollauo

Nantodam dslaund
coomat volcauo.

a d d Yeak iust peak (North Judanman)

eat Biosphre Riutrves.

M1coban
Wondo or
ame Biesphru
Giant KoLhu loals
gesJaauwas, &etinee
Abongina nbes
Amindiviislauc
laccodive 3sland
LAKSHADO EEP 3sLAND Minty
p a l ongin, 6umndid
ilcund)
uwst okerala taras
aleuud.
Ane v t larst
wahem
elwatnon
at topograph
Comut mm Urep
p

mng4 Mum otu paion

(New Mo07e 4slaud3
L wwnhabHed slhort soncdbar Aondtom
anddom

Bau Bagak
mwnged t Bholaclo 1490
Cceps Cn emwgng cund cuwsappeanna
udafBaugladuh daims 60veneg"

athaheu slomd
LUihabitd oshora laud m Puk &thadt

Tetonal cuoashj i lanta.

 RAINAG5 YSTEM UF NP14:
lauo ata h u o tu dutimd thaumu.

ca ntlsed by iva 4 thi butar

Druna bam
s tolleted.
dateastd Axa -awy wudh rufal wwoff

bulou wat
Knsna
ramaputra Goung a- rdaraii -alkanadi
uo) Cte Normada

Deurcas1ng

Bouin
> ndus > odavau Kisma aohmaputra.
Ceunga
udus &yshm
Cneunga &stm
(TmALANYAN TVEKE3 E Boahmapuha
ystum
o l e l u r tham tu malau es

LSevu m F betem gto

Antudunt Drcunage
 NDUSvER3 ( n cbha)
wetemmest Kirti kstem

ets Judia though hang la Pcus

nsaroran lake
OngmSokhar
Chu Glacn necan

(E kailosh Kange

eus bw Ladakh 4 Zasskar kange

utlu qadien
by 2a4tar v e at h
md
castm ibutas
Above Mthankot,

Chauas avi Bean Sotlu

Jhulum
60.
Anclus Watu eaty
els

(HELUm
bp ng, Yn lcujal Kounge Anndunaga,ik

eus N touoavds Wular Lake

6p drd ncrmo13
poge through Piv Pounjal belos

boTumello.
o w s incun Peukistem Borcus
at Jhaug diutnut
cluinab
Hydhoclet h hoject

(CHENAR RVER Chancda + Bhaga

Omana Ntc 5aaa latha pass m lall- 6pili &

Laskor Kouge

t o s paorllel to Paal, though. Yamgi Valty.

LKagti uar rojech

KAV NERS
DDrce. Kulu ula ear Kolteung Po
Daciw ama blw 9i Pausat Rauge 4 Dhaulaelhor
Rou
Lwks Yuntab cum near Moclleopur.

BEAS
bovrte. WaT
Kohteumg Yos, s0utum ud PirYeua
J
i i s baltuj at Hoike , fujab
ATIUT
westtn bet
LFovm Cmsarovar lake m

at Naina Deri Dor, |Bhakra Pem).

CLU
90
Beo a t rlonke

Atues tullueie duunge Kovi, tuuab, J-haom.

ANGGAVERSYSTE c g o n Glatui ct
(29sm)
kavtu m Utarakhand
Sovte Bheg athi -bom,UHar

Vishmup ray Alakuouda t+ pauligwga

Alekuauda + Nandakini
NCmclp cyog
ndani.
Na7ao Alakuuda +

Alakuanda aundakiui
doama
Aeuknauda t Bhagiratu > hanga
Devyoo
ATIUT
westtn bet
LFovm Cmsarovar lake m

at Naina Deri Dor, |Bhakra Pem).

CLU
90
Beo a t rlonke

Atues tullueie duunge Kovi, tuuab, J-haom.

ANGGAVERSYSTE c g o n Glatui ct
(29sm)
kavtu m Utarakhand
Sovte Bheg athi -bom,UHar

Vishmup ray Alakuouda t+ pauligwga

Alekuauda + Nandakini
NCmclp cyog
ndani.
Na7ao Alakuuda +

Alakuanda aundakiui
doama
Aeuknauda t Bhagiratu > hanga
Devyoo
 YcwLna at heuyaqr

Kiotut Beunk te
Kruu
t
cuwuwa .Ramge
smat

. Pamuodar
heqea
ilRaulKiveRive
Cyaundak he
Kuati bhaudak
Kesi i e

A pNA VER SYSTEP3

TU
qst maut
bauk ibuton

Baundorpunth peat,
Ovig cuwnohi Gla tus m

yonkuwal, u
Naglibba , Missovne
Cuts atros

iwoit Keuges
m a i n atwent Ie i s Yamuna belous kal
r i u s yamga waY ve Saugam , auyaqraj, A\laubad
 DT btaiu Ycwvna
1) Cuoumbaf

L1sts ay ooutum &lopo Vinclhy a Kange war

thsugh Malusa plateau.

Yuinuua m Hewa
Kedladio Naisual Parle
L
Baneus deu CheLmbal at Swai brdhpuw

9) incth
Viclistha pletr au mP
onginats nea

Betwa
m Bhapad dishrictVimdhyan Kauge)
Ly Aams oAUna ma lamirpur

L hcus cm burjany

4) Ken .

Omonnats m BamAr Tounge m MP

u s omvna neaY ula

 Aar eontale plcueau
m
near Ponapur m rautua cdis ntt
s onga
B
kanhar, North
Tnbuts Juio, Copeub hond,

cumo-dlar.
Uhottma4 pur peutreau.

aacarKouor,5o koo, Manao ehc

st dam-buult
ukr Audia
boww Beugal
u Hwo 48 bm busa
houm
Yom baruwal dustnct a0Hara khound.
N
enga at Kounncu
6ah, joungam, Ati, Aik, tes4 Dtoka

U a t Hat Taas, Modlhoy Tanda, Pitibit, UP.

Sc m cut Jaunpur p
 Yauk, t u t h o Deso0va
amolhata
m m bvrlo
LKaruauli at.Weetrm lepad.
LSorda, Soecyu Ayrdlya), Kapt
yuga
at Chkapa Bihar.
6Ondy, wddn bends
LA

andlak
Omoiweus ner bet -Nepal bodtr, t
Trnshuli.
Kali oudak, Mayan gadi,
Kani
N

at Hajipur, bihar
us u s mto yauga

Buru Gmdceck.
Yw westm ep Somsar hillu
0a aut Mangkyr+o
3
SaptkaustiE)
-

L O Arvn, oun hesi, lamur

wwtwuu at ivcni, N
Mahobharat Kauge
Kange0
to om Kos?.
 w bauug a at Ku1selo
6 h b tovrse q etly.

Sorrow Bihar

L w glat s Tas Himalaya

bond
dany bli Nepel 4 Kumaon
h
nagga

BRAMMAPuTRA a
NER SysTem
a s hK
(29DD
lok
Sovre C m aungdung glatun, e ar arbv,
Tbet
tloseto 9ndus ketl)

Lake
Sovre Brahmaputra asavon
Maioun La
L w+ ti butany edi Kaga &engpo,
L o r h tum at Namtha Banwa.
ut eost*m HimMalugas thovgh Dihoung.
L w Dihngom NorH Lou (4)
 wa a
dibtoy ho>>
ubcusin, Kcuuuq , Dhounsi'i, Kouclok Tsta

Meyul wornd's langat Rive Sslud.

LeftBow Right Bonk
pfbn Kcummg
let OLLLCUS
Kouicl eck
.DAansi Jolhaka
.Koleug .Trsta
ubowsin

Jamvuat uga olma

YEMINSULARMIVER 1STE Knshn
docs mmto Boy Beugal:uhanacli, rdavai,
kave
Naa mada, Tepi, Mokunadi Acbieun bea

huwbal, Betwa, ken, bm,

Pamurdoy aga , Vamuna

old utun Himalcy.am s

Non perinnea)
Brrad shallco vally,loo toming tapau

Fastlowing mvs deltas

STUau.
wet fwna üvus

Lesto eastt O
Mahauad
Nomada
rdavcuu
Tastt suua'
Kobar mau Ravo
rennc
ubarnayekha
Brolama
Lovada
fown cuya
Vuga
MAMANAD KvER
Cbhatsganh Onisa

Sovrte No7thom ootulls andakananya m kafpu

distntt hatui gorh

M6st attive silt dpesiting 8tacam1

L Hiockud Dam at &omblpuT

L Poi
eEbouuk aglst bauk

Seanu
Tel
Hosdeo
Jenk
Mand
1

0DAVARI
larqst nh.Dastun eunga)
anovrce Timbarsuwar m Nos tuk dimict

Mira ngnt baut lmbvtaymost iy

Llobati shaped dulta m Bay Bngal.

Lake tol b| knskna rdavai dultos

Cateunut La MP Telaugena, AP, thhatkqarb

1P,
oha ras Ltra, Deisla, Karnataka, udutu
Riat bamk
let bame

ravaa
Dharna
Mula
Yeuga Mayra
tWcu gaung3
Wardho

Prniita
emt
Keumua
Saba
1udravoti

KR1sMNA
2nd avqest castooin nivo

Bolagat KtugeN Eastrm Ghat-5

w esttm heis W
Onionin tOestm hat mear Jor illge tkataa
disittMakorashtoa, north Mahabalusoar

Cort tmunt Abca Maluaraula, Tdogana, Audhoa P

Kauaraka.
1eE b e n
t beum Buimaa
hat-prabha Mu
Malpabha Mus
lungabhaclra

CAUVEY
Ona. oda kave
D Broaaoi Kange loorg ,

ostith Kamadaka.
westrom Ghal
osin
E PActeau
Delta.
Mysoe
mist atile

SivasamuTam toakrtall.
rêwwal re
lo.bout duta m
Bay Bego
let bane larangi, Humaroti, umsha, Arkovati
Rigt baut Laksuwnaritha, kabbani, kuvarnavati
Bharau, Noyd, Amravati

CENNA R (sm r)
Orism huna Ksava Hil Nanddwrg Kauge
Karnacaka,
L Ban wts Audhna Praduh 4 karnataka

left bcuk Jayamangali, Kumdoi,bailenu.

Rat bumk uavati, ap ag, duyjau.

SUEARNARE KMA
Ongn Kauehr Plateau.

Bavndany blo B Ddha,

Mondufullu
BRAMMAN iNER
S e u h koe + amk irn near Kouvkula.
,
N otanagpu pfeteau
tS akanadi Sa

t a l i Dam

ARAPA VER (east flowing)

Viskothapatonam ,AP
N Nagaval Rie
E C8sthan, jabiamgrdda,egodngedda

SS Eay Benga
W rdavcai
PONNAYAR, KIVER Dacsiua Hnnkin)
Cond to Castal oBea.

T N , Kasnatako, AP.
(VAyA NERS
8uth o 0uvesy Delta.
Vauttapmai Petta. Palls

Sabanmati
WESTLOWING VERS3
U Lu

Normada
Ta
jo
l o Tovgh faulls povelei,
Vindlhyan Sotpuvaa.
omfoms ertuaausA Arabien Lea)

L No 6ilt(
(hord wtka)

VARMADA3
Vindhoyan f bectporg
bl
Hmarkautak m MP.
om Maitalo Kounge mar

LyMP bujaat, Maharmshtha, hhatts gar

 UYben
Jabcilpur-
PKown cdhas talls
Aicbet &leund daogest
Lardar Vell abthai aty
Kavvvax Pw nn
Sardar
Staliu
woldtall
Hatmi Ken, Standing Staliu
m butonu
Ovsamg Barno
ola

(TAPTL ER sey ve t o f MP.

Ongm. ulta
N Cakpvra
L
L Aoabean &eg.
Salmala hulls
E Mahadio lill jcmta l

e u s in a t valley

Sabar + Mathmat)
SABARMATL3
L Recuthan qpjorat
N Aroavalli Shug kanbat
Kann hvlthth
 aavall i s m Udupur durct t
Ooiq in
Ko cuthcm

ft
Bauk
RitBamk
T bel
Ocukal

Math mat
Vautrcuk

(se3m)
a

Oviqin Novthum slepis Vindyan m Dtar , mP

Daw nt Arabian bea, hut Ehamhat A

Kadana Pam

Vaclo dra p Uxbcun mhe

LONI 6att ivn bez brattish wates)

Dng westtm lupas ravalt'

uTeas es sidtn thaudupeni ngd

bcunbs- 60d, beds i &and
 GAGyARNELS
ulcud docunage.

0u Esla ps e Mímalayos
lonyeuna 4 Pwab
uyab.
doms baU nda blw

qcts Last m Hawmang av, Kajasthon

lcmgi, Markauda, araswa,
Ibutanus
hcuttmya
| imalayeun Rin ystm Peisv lar Kive bystem
Oiam Him Rounges peimular plcuteau
Cotchmur Xorge basin
Ch Rmall b-ovimf A
Yallye-haped (gaqa) shallon Valluys

Daainnge Awteudunt docuna gc Coseqven docunage

pCrenna Mo Perennial
Ho
Kteuge uthlu watunty
Meondus Lantdns 6thcught CouTses

Dut 519 dultas ot mout Namada t lapi om

d
estu cous
mahanodi, vdavaudltas
Knshna, co vei
 ONS 0ON A

e s c u a l winds oith rtvUsal în direti

Conveebonal tul m Aage Stale.

Ssuth west eseon 8Ummnu

North cast 0sOon L1trr

seupitauenm aoUmw eason

17 uwwa raifall

L aunfall y dust&tomms in north eas pou

61ne 6noL by wsttm distuab anus kastnir

Mono stn in OB, Pelicha l Assam. Yhgh intew7

Cuny1 deason-ooth-Lwet DsoDn

t o wid &epBember
Lwet Bcas on'
emperatue Vouittion
at set
f a l in tp
u% utom
A m &eptembes

Buse dwnng bocak moso0n"

L mal cUma taungt

outtm hats duu to clavdirairfall-
Deus temp ovta

resvre Wind
Xeu )rs0 CovcliHon

loeate
ITtz alang jemga plau: fcqveutly hage
1ntStAtwo ds
Stm pusU
raban bea
Beuthoet to NE s oind om

By- tgal duu to prsve qradieut

Koiwfall
3/4 h ototad amwal aaiufal).
s t Jumt hdaman 4 N- 20th Mau
Kerula
buddun owet Lojth thondr t kgtig-|osao)
BUTSt
 Aabiom deta Beuy ol Bengal Krunt
oth Jum Asscu
Mombai Co1kaa % Juu
cuts oestward by Hmalayan
Basn, geu to ljamgatui pkei
Du Fom ingls wntut
Arabecm bea Branth me povenfol than Eay

Bewgal BT
Arabien Rea > Bay Bengal
Ouy a pest e BOB brauch advauce tovoards 4ndio
eeArcubicn kea braudh omu to ndia

THE ARABIANSEA BRAN(

Lost trast ndia NamadaTap Pnlut toAravalli
Raitall> 9=OsO. trougts eaho s rcuinfal
oDgraphi rainfa Ctwaal ndia Rafasthan as o
Not uwth cum d duut
cut Lwutm h a
cluu to absence
(yo0 -so0 tm) mput Abu
y 30-Dum D baneT.
(10 m 7cunfal),
uwward ade
Tonfa)
 Kengal run th

Htimadayan -footulls
by cunga Brchwaputa wicspead rauivda V
Detta, rcauhis
m ounga ple
Laya.
8teady datlin fro
eest to Wes
ivtewe rauwtall

Muymaam
agust rcunrall
0 Cn)

A la Nadu cmcus dy|

vcunadouo efekArabisn ea Braueh
Be Beac flus paxcllel to 6ast

(rtak OnsDon
scon becomus eak 4 ruinfall CAases
Heamy auetal oT Svbmmalayan nm Sooth
apu Mimaleya
 LCuse e 0sDOn Break3
mm

Ldr to
Noatuwa»d uhg
to th tortalls Himalayas
wuk Augus P Aast-for Loeek
Seund

Cwr du to opicaduycloa

( haratus hu &-0 Mo 0o Ranfal

Kaufall m J to &ept
O n q a p h e -cunfall

dLtveases toith dustenu -om bea

kaoqe spcaial rosiolion

(NORTH tAST /0NS0ON 3 (etbroi 0

oson)
L8twut with withdoawal s Mousoorn.

w.per uture . clvmal ange int

day temp falls

 sUre4 windsW
ewtwacs
L mewe tough Suft

L wind mlwemued by Joral prusvat ndiuons

Cuclows dusing thrtaling owpo

M e s t swm t dwartaiva y clouu in Bay Egal.

igast qve 0v Detelonthall a Nev

eipitanen.
wwmidity dovd oe , Vey l uiall.

Ottobtr-Novembu] mavm rcuy season fov IN| pos

4
)AP, 6tut e krshua bett,
etoccdhng vmomsvon
tor ktacla.
wbsorhs meiwre
cuonday n

vm Bay 5ungal
 NDIAN CLiMATE
Reembtu teptaf coumhy eimalu Cuntaa) Ana
imaleyas blouk told cu mas fom t iy India

6utwm paz 9semb lu Equartomal dy iima

Tropical ssven ype dimala

eaturs
Kouwetall
wet kcason
Thar cluut, Ladeukh hove
no

H802. ecufe om Ju to &uptcmbe

Geas on
diuturbanus.
westtm
Duin tald, oaifad --om
dulta k ostal l t n s J l y f August
hoga
Covomandal toust

Tempcrltuae.
day
har dsut
L Miaut dlivr nal ocnge

Higut Cwal ange imalauan aen

c u t m Cwastad cqwn
 Wiwus ureuo cdey ld
SUmw- fticmuly hat

Moeon
winds
Reckitucnas
ocotio
(fautos Inflvemung
Disten
TT Himalayas
n ca ndiam amat
EI Nivno epftal yelons
CLU
Uppe
udcudaion
La Nima Lwutm Dstobans

4-8eascs
e kcasom
Met weatu
Soutuo cthcaing Monoo
Cold weaktuuv Meseon o
br vr
oY

Sasn

Wintu40n M
Nov- Marh
Jemwamy coldust
L n reus vertH CayoTrp apricos
u Yeny ugh divrma amge in intmo

Ltluan sty, tasount Locathu, ltuo Temp, lo Mumiduty

leacle usinds
iq ocunge t P Colalo NE

1emperatvit.
P a e l l e l .

L J4ohum 20't
) ooptu rcautus
Swuh o20 othemm w p 2o't
3D°.
Ktncula TN early

& Noath
0C 0fum,
tep 26 21°c
www.ttwp &oc Nw ndia
wuan

L10° over ag ati pkoi

oldust plae in 4udia .

L Dram Valy

oer Nw jndia, lowe în keuHhndha

Mio PrssUx

wind mos om HP to LP.

H lo3 nd vloúty lon pruAVN qradluent)

 estcm distvrbeue
y clonui depusiow Dr
blaws castugod tovoasds Meelteroman bea
ducko dau to intlvute
testtrly T coms

3utemify owr Rajaathoun, Pujob, Hcnyana.

mwutux fom Lopicun &ca B Posion bivf, Causes

aifo. efrutal to Kabi

tops suat! Graun
4
meofaull an Htm-But
Reuínfall m udus,yaga plam

t o l d wav, teplovstreul by co-1o'

d

epYcal ydous in Wnter dcaspu"

LAast tapidad Cyclo ativity.
cluto law &ea svfau temp.enit eTTC2
to suth
iom euy o Bgal tauua aavy raiuefal ov
cul Nady,
 Yyepitation Lintr &cason)

N, Suth AP, 6suth east Kamatctka

Reheatiua useon
South cast Keaala.

H e acifal m NuGndia by westtm ditu»banus

cueeasu om N-to NE, E

2anfall

SummER &EAsON N NPIA

LMaoch to Jvne
tompuraore f les dwnidlity.
H1ga
4 iw psve
rapid 1m teup fall
pemrd

Sum YeasDno
suws ugh wsrlo.ton
MCth>
MCth
euthm pon
nDrthem p mP uast
dpil mptratuis
May Kauautheu
jab 4taryona
Pivual 2ange16°t
t o p rlang wst own thau ecut Cots
cdlu to pevaling wetaly
winds
L Meat woves in N tCeutoul pt o udio

an d to g temp

Winls in the hmmn seaso

Loo
L My 4 Jun

4 6homg -daust Xo.cun incls

L North ncdia
ongfnaa Ora ranicuu, Baloeh, Thar du

Jucla
dwt stom
m onveire phama CMO
L -60 m |n
LArolw ud i i bilih
ontal hondwtonws in dvmwecraon
LPueo ttaong Conve toual mDvemun du to btz

6t cmws

wwelustoms easttan N E past

nainati ov Chotomagpur pleteau

Mut tted onsas Asam, AP, Nagaland, |i20rcum

Mopur,ipua,Mghalay
WB, Aras Jharkekoud ?Oclzha.

Norwetus. (Kalbazat)
bdisho
O v e wB, Tharkhond,
.

L Novth wut dinceion

L visllnt, 4ptcd 60-80 bmlhr

Btom how e s
auntell pning
Mcuiltos
Oy
demageto teps Ittstotks,hwmans
Tec a s s or Baodo l? hhua Assom

al
 Cpuytuioual hondwstows Su w
L Ktealá,auateuka, TN,
Mono
thumy Rlospm (toffee pkewtaion)

estm PisturDeun tws m Ummtason

mteusity with 6un

Snou
Causes fall m i g h a dcotbus e imaleuyas

repir al cy olous m dmw tason'

34t Pay Eugad

V4th Arabiam Lea.

Apnl 6uth 10°N. atituds

Morth o 10N
lay
M s t h m dinpatw mmdo t n iea
 Yxepitation m dvmmu o Coson
stoms +utHe ocunfall.
NE past- dust
Kasiumu, wesitm dtorbanus

0unfall.
Nonoutots
Asawm, WB, auska gh wtmsity dur to
L

WEST ONSOON
RA PASON -0UTM
Ju to Mid eptewben

y Met we 6eason

(CL1MATE KEG1oN Df ND1A

Stomp leusifeabm

8418°C iotum Lam mowthdy tump for Jamway

enperatu or lbpical Ze
m outh
Covntnntal

20uu in N, O pob
LO pa
Mw p l l to th lepü Counu
 emperate 7ons in N
Ktqton
An-fainfon.
Svmw 13-18°t Fal- over 200
Mimalay mwth
wjw M-1°% wut lu

Noath wcsttom
6U umu 24°C Blo o0 vn
Bcguon- Northpaab
wiwto 16oc

J u m o t Rashm

Lsnt 624°C Belo 40 vn

Aasch louskeud
SOmn 48°c
hcr dusest, 6uo Mayana

Kochth Cujarat

wiwtus1S-1B°c 40-8D tm
Keguons wacu rai
aunsall-unalr SUmu33°
onuna, bP. Duui,
mP, ecutm Kajesthan

cuioud
wiwta-t1-11° 00 ISO Lm
3m astem
oP, Bihar
 1 pital ndia. Sovh
iwty-1B°c
UmmehA 324 35 20DUm
cLall Meqlaalau a, a«cvm
Tipur 2Dram, Nagaland

WTutrr 18-24°c 00-2bD

Regueis o eavy afal
Chabligpol, Jhorthand, Somme 29-3s°c

ycngalit twet Bumgal, tiisha

trtal P Anedhra Prcclut.

w i u r - 18-24 c
tguo b d r a ocunal SO 00m
SUmmu1 32°c
b lo wesem eastm hhaks

(Mombas o
Annual 24-27 0ve

m Seu th 200m

Molaubar sust o a
Junval21"t 0v&
Pcm atomani

a Nedu Annwal 24°c DO -is0 m

c
clyei ning mas of
AP
 Koeppus Uassi-itaion
Ldistibuhon eaetaluent timaa
Q climat cquo

CAimal +p Mox thaun

westrm oastal canon
Amo: Moson yp
with ehort dhy wiwr
Btuttu mbai
Bson 75-100m
Coromaudal teast
&ecson m
dacas P
As: Dey Uocutal TN,
ugh Bun peod
Mest pats peuiular 1Som
plateau, tormandal toast

Malabo trastal 4ps

AovanahP
8omu v n ha dou cneg
9-2m
8Sho: S u

and Bppe YP Loestm ghals , la2ge pana

Kaj Moyaa yjorat
1ess theun 12
BWhw: Mat dusert Mestwetm Kajosthan

Cug Day Wintus Mest pu ounA" pleun DO-200 Cm

catm Kaj, samt Malwa
platecuu.
Dfe: lold, Humud Bikkm, , Asam 2000m
wintus ypthert
8umm
Arona thol
Et:vndoo Nashmui, lodakh, ntas Kaiveteull rwu
MP, ot 300v to so0 c a e yea
aveccteup 0-1b°c

T MP hecipitobten
E: Polor Mighus auas
wn Jorm 6non.
tmp (fo°c
 TAT1ON OP TNDIa:)
(NATURAL VEGE
wihout wmem oud
plunt theur qrouo
rainfail
elimat K tperatvre
acehed b S0u tpita)
Hepoq ap dec
Subhoptal
with alt
Ranfal pt Vegetation tmptrai
Erenqen
200om Anc alitvd alpine
mosDon Deidaus
loo-200um
oxat
DieT deeideus
S0- D0m

Drythomy knvb demi-amd)

25-S0um

25cm Desnt and) LiHoral 4 8wam

Tropical wet ereqyeen

Meust topical Toprcalmout Deidos

J 20pital semi eretqreen
To pical doy vegen
Tyepica) dr decidous
D dopical
7opita lfhom
Soh opieal bwad leaved hill
Natora) toprcal maut hil
So
Vegctaliw hopieal Su opca) dr everqaeen
t c e wet Tenpiba
Merteun Him mest tepera
emptoalu Mim dry tuprut
Sub Alpine
Ploine Mout Alpine
Dry Alpine Sewb
 Mest opical ovtt u f a l ) e o um
v
25°C 1°C
Lmeiti ondilhons. ww..euty 7 11,

shont d Beasovw

heo a ttssiu.
cluu to hh haat 4 wmudity , no shuddina
3)Evcaqreen lear

wtt londs.
) Mansphyu CLdapt to utha too dy 1 ov
3)lofta 460m uight
4) uek tanap epithyt)fer 6vulagt causina
6towgate uuwardslei
s e vndergrouh No stglt, thud Canopy . Xayted amanqemnt

palm
ls Mehogo, tinthona, bauboo ete

Dist bution
westtm
Lwstm ds o Cka
S 0 u Cemow PovcLnched hit
L Audaman licebor land.
p i t a l Sem Yerrten.

we wegTCtn topital
dcuusitieual-fowt bo hopical
ole cuclous
Cunfo1 200-2s0m
9497°c
(ean annwal mp
IUmatut cond°| &elaim bwmidthy 1 s .

L short dy ason

Asom
Distibuim Louoev &lapu cattrm Mm

LDdlat AN lands

Cncia ctctesstits

bottedessed
qrtganeus
s s duw
peeus
than wet abundeuut
werqocun
ephuphts

avrd, sewrd, msva, hoy,bambeo

tes
b e laodw vod, Mus de, mox pure strands.

L i ttnturd , 9ord qvality

 opical most
deuidlaus fores3
00-200m rcuíntall.[Annva)

60-18)wmidity.
di mectt ond"|
pningow -dy

e ardy
Lcloop t a ares pm
b a ppcardnte 60m mer)

Mmgula rop 6toy.(26om)

Mecaybutiescd s , Wmput UnderqpoLoHL

ua theun r g h
qe

An wesrm hak coobns evtoqocen.

8tnp aleng khiwatls

Dishibulwn
Fuil o eastm MP ? Chhatisqash
broihg Cuhotouagpur
J
plateau,
a t e LOB udaman NiLobor 1slound.

be leek, hal, Lawatl, sewvd, amla

eay to nplut Mo q*q wLous nus

(LHosal bo
baaukh oat
a u l as well
s

estuons
(recks (ovnd).
cletes,
p r o t o hdal inflvenu

Swap forst
duto mga,akanad,hsdovai
nshna, Cacvty

ul d wrd.

pUndar

undar, Agar, Xmuaopmora, Stcuo pins ec

imbn
Lhan d 4 dorab (stwion puspese).

DRI TROPILAL_POR EST

rpea cy eNCqunorst
aong t Uust TN
100m amwad ounfal.

28
1c i d i t y
Umatu Cnd"
 Charadstis
tanapy4
statued
teu 12 m tuyut, toupu
sadusated
Kuort
hot
or Cowpius
Cpl
qrcsses
Subov
eem ec
amannd,
amun,
J
Casvanna pantatiem
deared for

repieal D Deidee
,
0 0 - 1 o Ccm acunfall.
m o l u coned -

hora ctushu)
lcaves m dykcaon
6hud

acas ompanirtly es untall.

qro in

towiton tye
meut diudeu Loetter

thorn fost dne.

Lelosed Wwe p Canop

LUnclurqvLaTh Da%ent
 ingular stip tom foof Himalnuyos
Distbuüm 1
to komyabumai entpt Rejosthan
wetm haby LoB.

bambo
cak, k , anled trd, e wDod ,
ommon
ees
d bounclus, ewad, s atinwrd,mabwa eti

Clopical thom fons3

-Cuntal) < 1Som

Mumrdity < so.

umalui on peoalvre
2 - 30"C
mian tCmpeo

scatttd,
audous widsly
hanattshu Acaus Euphorbias
dianudien oild date
Kay osthcm ,5t0 Povgab, wattm
Monyana ,
kathch panta e Sovaahbe
|Distibution
Ther Pesrat
uwoand Mde westm has

YeLm, Babl, Caui"', Rhuu, Yipal ete

Teu
(MONTANE SUB TROP1CAL
hils.
Bvad ed
SUb Hopical
Mean An:ncuintall 1 - 1 0 S n
8 - 9 1 ° t Artiage Ann temp

Cr'male oudn
80)-Bo Aaomidity

Fattm Himalayas East » 88'longt

Distibien pwm l000 200-0m,

Desttm t a t Mabab aluwar,

Maika Rauge, dhugttauds o
Bastar, mt Abv.

Charautuwtis
forat eNerqreen ipeues.

buch, &als.
LOas, thutub, o
P tomme
wwbtus
tpiphs
Not dustinct m ufh ndua.

Stunttd dcun-foout
 1i11-
ovb tapital mut
ocuindal.
m Bo 19Sm
Cumetti tond" 1091 m p
807. wwiclid y

wetrn Mtm bj 71't4 B8°Elenq.

Dis tibution 000 2000m

-gens t Avwathal hadh

y
por, Kaga ills, khaahill
cn

Choratuwhu
most dominamt teu.
ul

Twber
tu»pwHne
p wchm r u i n

ub tvopical dy, ewerg d

ten .
1
w n d mBhalkar, 8iwauks westm timalayas
upto l000m.

anwal rcuinsall So-(do um

matu
u m a mo a t 8Um me, rey cold wintus
 Charatsties )
stub forut, Aunded trcu ? shavhs
Llos
Macduta Pistatta
LDuia CL cCLa

MONTANEEMPERATE FoREST3
Msu-cu we empfoaü orst
1800m o 3bo0mn u t

Cmcutti tond"
1-14 mp cunwa.
dclame wwidity 7 Bo).

Eastm
Drshibtaen Ytghn ulls
TN Krnala, wm
Mimaleuyon Kgm

(CharactuHu.
Ctto, Uesed werqocen toatst
ag gith tonks

LBahs with wwseh, fis Pphyt

Derdar, Umlow Andran hustuot, Bnch,pam pwm,
pina, bak te
b
Shota forut outh ndlia.
lilai Bispmuas world Natura) Meitage t
(HIMALAYAN mDiST TEMPE RATE "3
So 2sO Um rcunsal1
Cmatu tond"

Dstibulien o FCpro auti ont orlim b

S00-33pom

in kashumi'r, MP, UtHarakhand

tnu leugh Mm
Darelung Bikim

(Uhorattshu
Ltoniterous peues
to lofy tes
e m y t t Hot
pUe &trands
SD SD m
Ruigtut
udar, rlver7s8pru
L
p oast Underg touoth

wrice mber3

Mmaluycun Dr emperau3
DeupiTtun [D0om mom no

Ltomitmw oncs with eropuytii bhwbs,

Durdar, Dlk, On, ove , maplt, mvlbemy t
 w dy oges Mimalajeu
Distibuluen thauba et
EqLodabh, laul,

(ALPINEFoREST

Svb Alpie luared c u

Cowttos ? brad
nuxtvre
30m hg 10m rgtt

Mu Apine Atnb.
dleme qoiotth urdodudon,
LJe errqun
birch
*o 8novine.
3D00m
trom

m Uk, HP, JAk.

b--ol Bugyals
thaswmanu.
wnd by haddi' Tnbefor

Dry p i e purob
L p p e r s t a m Atvb Mtpyae , dwanfshus

LDtT 300 Awgt ar d 3*

L
p , lomy butklu, Jrdemrna cte.
 SoILS IN NDIA 3
PEDOLD tdy ed,
Unwseudaked matrma
oost 4
bra ki'ng cdoron
cdtived tougt.
uormatien duptnds
otks tomuing tep mest layuy
Natural
orfahvotau Veqettuuon
Pocn reue
.Cuimah
mattncd

1) Smdy qeatt pmponten b r poshies

ugwt olour, well aeated dy

9) Claye w Poius Mo
Lpauk tyaly *traet with l l l spaus.

3)3) lo0
Loou cqu 7io lasge t 6mall parlicle

but topsod
Lotu mixtoe sand, dag ,6i1t
wmus
 se horigon)
(0n PofILE
Y t i c a l setion diffreut Jagus A

M-Mo izen
uttvmulabon bndeovmpvsed t poahally ducopo
O9cu matrfad
saturated wit wab for polmged penrd
L E t m tep v-at dpH

ovion wndecopored pavtially dutoposed.

0gcnue matranal

6cuvccd. with cdr polonged peurd

A-Morien
Lpat top so.
07qanit metema tmMnlaal motmu.

L dp1eted a 'vn ouy OUwmnivm, brgcme

Cmp uncls, holuble tomsituent

At upulien ,ugt wloveed E 0t subsufau. at bas

A
 eluvictcd cuye
Onidus
bg Aon, oulowiium
aemd
m eldn ols
L
posut

ot tur b]w a b horzen

TB Anmig)
subsurfau layo
Acwmulaton Lleortd
mimrads A+Edhonqens
Yo, day, alowanium
or Lpounds
l &vbsv»fau
nonzon

C momnon
L casthcd paocnt matmul atcwmulai

our aoqe mbrokun wtke

L proride I p q0wing mdiom to plawte
CACTORS AMECTIN Son fon AT 1ON
a)ocntMattmak
Ldtrawtnu he tolovT, m i n a tompos1fon

L hun impvied Ao weatuing

)Reli
stup slops
LBomu slcpu inclus 6dtormoten
EaChambal ravîns
Lslpuw 6lope auas hare duposihen a
matmal tawsing dp 6ed

3) umat
Tmprratwse & raunfall.

lattnte mevut part

Non- Aodrote dry Pm
H t 6ommsP louo auinfall bla ce sn
And, Seu'and dequons -> ligut slour sed

Mimalayan acr Cudt s

u) NaHaeatalion
odds wmus
ntscasina fritfty
Te fatos
qlaual h I) fus 10 yeans
hord cdwe basalhi otks orgen timu
 ATOR SvIL hRouPs Of dnDiA 3

totuuwvla Puimular ndia

Ldwmpesihon o t
Lduuto dipesihonad
LwOvt oARvus
inds
6iduutum saul ros ported
A2onal ssils.

AMvvial
Rives-
&flH dposithon by Indo- henga- brakmapuha
a cion m oas
s tal
tal rcgnom
wave
Sttt

paocut matenàl i m alayan ouk

467. ototal aca.
lagest sd 97ura
wm.aae tweak pvale
ldamy sd.
harautsiu ) Ranlca beds
Poua
*pushud voe da cui nccqe

rworet flords.
Uhemutal poperhs
u Nihraen
Poth, phosphont otud, u adtquat
L

Dist bubon Jndo-bougaui Baahmaqua plun

Delts o Mahcnodi edavasi,
Koishna, Cavvry
Nomada, laptiy nothm nuuorat

Ceps Bst suikd for Gqi cotuse

lobatto Cotton,
Riu,whsat ougartae,
Tutt, u 2 , 0illeads

(BLACK SDIL
H o m VolLamt ouB Dccan peactrau.

md m ooins e gh t p low raufall.

(ho rattstts
a argilace ous (da) 61. or more
ctntivihy
due
Bw el b dees meutve.
c b y dwing tuny aMon.

clms oith bad dup tvatha

atitks ptamit omygunntun

4 iron
ColouY due to prseuu mognoih

(Chenucad Compoihon3
1 0 . o n midu
6-8. Amu Po tash
0 alumi na

pbhespluats

Dishibuon Black bed

rashtaa, MP, Comataka, "1elcungana,
Maho
hehra Praduh, Cusorat TN.

Cotton Cp
w h r a t , fooar, s ud, Vl3gine
Castor, sulouoe.
obato
Rausugaruane migatu
Ked &od3
utamorphuu oLks
oiks
(ystalu ne
paatt wtks
tgaud qaauili

red- 0n onidu

yellow y doated fom

(hucal Cemp osi tion .

Cudic

4 povY
m A plhophats
Maguna,

itogen, w n u s

h m posash f potasivm.

Charateristis )
y uplcnds poDT, q9avUuy, pous

ouakauds th clup,dant, ferhle

Distbohon auntal.
wns e o
whele TN
Carnataka, langana, W6UP et
 Coamuot cttum wattr 11ke blatk s0o.
wps
to4}om, wheat , u , pulss, tobotto.thc.
uillts

x d Ain ulour cluuto dayt+red

(LATERITE doIL Scundaton
Cud pdvtu weatheing.
LRa Mahal ills, Yindthayas, ctpuaas
Maluo pleltec,.
Suth man cshtoa, pauts Kormataka.
a tnp R heay rtinfallpo mota leathna

rops eadn
latks fenility dus to leaduing.
Ltca, ofe, ubber, cinchona,

Lonut 0tca ut etc

i
{dh anbawnute 4 fnie
t h inbaunüte fow niduRNeng povr in ngat mater,niqen,
oid a at al. phosphalt
P0cdus Youlw oble buillina attia
Soon onid Caluvm
potush tnes
(FOREST oUNTAIN Sou5

Distibuton Aimalayan rawnNorth slopu)

Wstm Gastm hots alko.
 Chwita ww.posihon

umu.
cuent m potash phesplhonus,
Auquire fevHliges
ta, toff , 8pius, toprcal u i
Cvops m pemuinsvlororst

mauze, ISadey
tnprocuta u s
wheat
olot
Yimto2st egun

ARiP PESERT SoIL)

eian 6and.(q0 -EA) tday

Distnbion
ecb- uud, i nd acgon Kasasthcun
Yyab, Mavyama.
wtLsta) Las o 0isha, 'lamil Nadu,
rala
numucal propentiis
POo o g e n i t matrrr
hgh phospluats toet cut
Culleolun
 Konley, Cotton, Millcts, mauze,puls.
Tps
&u ATRclnu oils

ipreqnated with
6aluu alkaums ef lorescenu
subsad
ivmigated arcas , hugh
IDrttibution o u a d
wottable

Auclna Praduh, Komataka, Binar,

elangama, UP, Kayana , fyab

Xanm balbs
aF omy plat maks tE
C&Umv

mferlfle,

ealy- Maasy btd3

matn * solubl salb
DrqeML

htglly audii
black uavy
Unelu ondluions submgnu

Roteyam t Atap Alappuzha daht

nalo
Di'shibulin
oastal o TN, Bdisha Bvndovbas Uß ete
oeas
i
htmucal prepuui )
potash 4 phosphat
Lclficient

ps Paddy colHiratuon
 UviAN GE0 RAPY
Rter -rclatioa k bl punial tnv.

50Lo-Cwltuaaß emv

ameus &tlueet othougtts

elaac 0 wmaustic seues hougat
d f o r t asput a &0tial 9e!1-beg people
Lheusing, unut tdutotion
Kocdial sthesl thougut

Captalism.

Kehav iovcl 6chueel ottouq

ht
LEthuicity , rau, rcligion

wTonmmt gma nttr-re la honship

Ncuaalisauen umans
evironmutal
umas adaptcd to Matwre
dcttrim
Mumcuusousn Nolone
latwe guts wmaumd by providing opportuitic,
Yo44ibili's m,
STagu Thrst of MumAn beog vapty
) p o i al 0qauis.otuon

O cunq emumt on the 6uatau h tasth

E pPultten sprad
m a
tity

duffreuialion
'.
2) t a l akua utus
Dwqves a qusaruphttal
wocld coccuuon
han andard

3) ouad dualy
inter agienal ealyas ote dsti bulion
DWmamenon

Enptorafien t
Destmptiow
u
f e t o phncm
L.8t0 dy t u Ca
Pep
osjc Con cept
pulabon qootu
thonge m
o omnabitcuuts m fixed Hme

teungePpulauon (popl") tnaend m .

 goot o pepuletion
Notvsal
LBirth death
birth-death 4 in miqraluon
Aetval qowth - E Popl Cut wuq ruiom

pop nt than prVios kar

Yosinv q0vih pop
pp cLL htun provi tus yea
Negolm 9owThPep
107. lound ovea,

Pspl 40. wld pipth lns n

podten
land
PetypaplRat blo. wmbu peopluto i2 e

Arailabilty Laud
Londfoma
foctons ofecting the Climal

ucustnalusculion
(Ecouowmutoctos

Mirab Urbauisoluen oual co Hoaal --octorss

alion
Couupeueuls S Rith

Deathe
 AE SEX YRAMD3(pepulation Pybanid)
Ce muwber oemal Mals in dtf

9%ups
k thape duis
f thavoachusHes o Pepulaor
*Epcucling papf
Cowstent pap
Deeliig popt

Enpcuding
langer Pep auoer
0ge qosups
cluuto u g bith a t

Eqfgeria tmangulay &hepe

pepe
Omstaut
equal bith4 death rais
bell shoped tapned attop
Autralia

3) Deelin
lo bisth deoth at
a- Japcun
.pep
Ageing pepulatiwn
ldr papulahon 1Mcoses

L duu to unhus lte

upectau
yug pept lu.
e u t o edutom m
blth a i

pes Population Pyamids}

Slo oUot) Zeo qooth

US Denmavk
Ruya Autaua
Hustala
eman
Ntgena Conacla Bolgoma
Swdi Hhabio taly .
Ylovg
 M1GRATION
wmun mtbility as c C0mscqvne EsoU rL
Drturty imb alouute

r6t Ctusus o ndia 1881. (bai o plaus brrth)

mmiqtin ing vats moing to a n u ptau

Migrot ous mo ut
aa plals
Enuqcbon ,

Stccms adain.
movt dstunu w»al to al femal
U-al o vrbaun shem malu

to dnoia S wilio
uq koted

| Spatta i a l o n
Mahanashha - Deni5 6ujasat Hayana

Maharasa s t plau

(Cue Migeciox ollatos

puhauos
Poveaty
Naduagl
duutrs
aih catt cavtalion
 SB mal R 3-tal tor wort oppoatuuities

66tmeles -or MamcLae

icghaluya wea Cast

latk e stovt

w peplu ALart)
flording
Corp Drouqt
fculue

Poll fatons 3 Mna enpbyemu

wny tomoYe to o pae)

esmm
0M0otle land.
Stvi
tlimali

M rabm
(Cpmseq eat T
oms cqbenus
ono m
cgtie
OVTY Develo puuut
Kn tiauu Ovouclung onyqui twms
 Demuo q apuu wmseqveuus

Pos?ive Alegate
wbalane
Kdishibulo dmeqsaple

Soua wegns

Miquua 0st as
em
gent Soual chaugc.
Yositie

Negat Auony uty iul

catu sou

HumAN SETTLEMENTS
more or
lcs pfmamuty
e plae inhabted,

CApa
Kuna
UvboL
Kural settfemuts.
Cuttr kupply, onc

upleund
effeutrd b
Building matenal
Defene
 Uasettlemut dosititaen.
) sting astal vitloges
p l o u vill&ges plakcay ri
llages,
tovat vi lages, odestnt i Iloges

) o cto ett
L emung village fhsuamaus Ní lloge

3) 6hp ctluwts
near, t lteugular, Ciatwlo et

(PROBLEMS°
Plorc No ppr

200Y ia tk en vehilatio

1tashuuto
plcus LOutr

Abrenu
toflet

(PRoBLEms IN URBAN
tlegal
nMammmd
8hortge ektemnle

tongeson
(MumA) DEVELOPMENT 1g00)

P
e Culagiug paptu aclon ppor-toidies
s

Twproving tuu well being .

Ly Amantya lenf Mahbub-ul-kaq.

teudad

4 pillaTs
Sustarnab1lity Prwehiity touwement
Equay

(Pproacls D
1) uw u Ppaoa cn
Anuome 1 s HDT
JuLO mL reedow

9) lfon appwach
Momoun beings taaget dwelopuut athivi Hs
.

as

3) Bue d aPProath
Auolm ,cdu, ford waftr
muppy,
Sanitatn,naus1
u) Capabilty opat
Buldlu'n wman tapabiluus' m health, edwectuon
rcsova Py hmara ben
 MEASURINU MUMAN PEVE LoPMENT
lumau Dy elop
nt dtn
Capabil141es ephai
PLep f #h
oLcut tfcund asd
ccvtaon
fealtt

MolH- dtmuwisualpov inden

nden
JuiHahve
0forel "ónty Moman velapmeut
(OMI)
ceweatio
ivi
leath stcundacds

C s Nahieual Mapsin
Botan, ung igme Wangchvck,72.
By 9th Bg
four P1larsSSostainablel Equttable souo- eLonomitduelopment, Consevcahon ofenv,
mportmu fo n e n AomoHan
LholuHe approaeh k eqval
cwHue
t aspects wel elngs Cord
ceonomuu
ovenante.

(oPULATION EORIES .
Malthus
Manut |uon
Tu A- T
apui
Poploon

cunssHn
(MAUTHOs TMEORY A t
soutal than
Lclatos up blo pep tfatos

Pop p Lsil1 dauhtu ereny yta

Antecass in roqresion
gomumt Troqcsion
y opuloitorn
in Aoitmaui vqacsion
LPod SupPP intod

Gmbolaute Caws DY Pepulauon'

P t y u i n dutks inelvds fosurgt,

lala maiage
wliba mora 2staaint

uier faune, natural

PosTtre checks LalauiHu

CRITICis m:-
L Matmotitalom L3a O g

Applied o a etomoymic Ao for pemi tim

Ncgluked the mn ptoer aspce

dtilmng death date
uccas in oealth casng

morc) 2cstocuuts
Yowetie chuls do et Ccuue

Pssi' Hve cutks De pepulalnon

 Appli cnbiliy
urep was Mad ir

Ovtr Ppepulatben tmhm'u btarted adoptrmg

MLasUNS .

L
L nd a Du 1st covnha do adept teu

plaing at &tal Lwe

Camhaupt, dL mamuges ett s d on tmtemsire scals.

MARXIS TnEORy O POPULATIDN?

By, Kot Marx.
tmt o Moulthus
L Capitrt das Jouoer pepulaluon qbooth

labovr closs g peptmoe haud more

L &tarvanon taued hy
8tar Dnrqval olubuion
wealth
LoLalfn and actwmuluian by captalust
Nlotuuny to do oith pept.
Tor pept
onho
9ata taptuo dibukm ut
ovd cm
 Demoq rcupmu "rsltion
hory pulaaon thauge with indus hiali

Birth icut
Death
Ra

Total popu latien

Migh BR
Stable DR
aedevelopmenti fal DR Palhiog BR Develsped.

[ seusnd 6age: Tid vtoge | foorth stge

ugh BR | uah PR ode thining bivth Jow bith
wugo DR Jow dhath rau |loo duath rai and dsatb

high 8R dumto Popt nes

opidlg L los pep
at
L stakionay
L,adk |L protd 920oth
faumly planmng or dacliwin
healthcage
4 Miyh iant
Myqend Lond"
foum Pepulatien
iortatity plunmn
LRuligueiw ]L) fovd povdw euwn | fouo ivfant pap 6tendy
beikts mwrtaluihy ak Dr declinng.
Mioh PR duwto
|L Anc standad
Lih Lawel ford living
cuau louser 4deunt
Fouminu Mortalty rali L Changi
Mangg
L4 Unclean water
|Lbanitsation
statuu
|Llotkoedwtation
(ECONDmic GEOGRAPHY
NgvitolHure Alliecettor
> Unp podu then
Cuultirauon LPvestotk aing
Amdican
SEPepulalion duAtuls forst
AqmwHo
Sy FAO, 382 wotd wqrapurcal anna und aqmw ltUac.

stepe AqriwHoe more labour

availabilit
TCeased pnmay scttos
opital
Imgaien tws dupnds
limat
promotes petfentualby
er p

LAND 0SE CLASSIfICATION

1) tout Area Moc uen 21. epo»ted oeq

337dual Ostocuge
mP laqut-fot asa

Mi207am ghut 1 a c a vnder -forest

 a a m u u t Pastvas { qoa2ing ands

mo theun 3, oUw 's Qoea

L clareas
13 m HP.

Lond bndus Mistellonacous cerops

tultHvable laud natm ut Sown asta

1%touiealy dare.asing.

aste land
N Itorable
0qnwltual land nat uHlized
duitieny sti
Moe than 47. Kajasthan 36.

wment tallos, wHuaable Wasteland, Dthes fallaus

Mot twliraked
Lthout ithout toltivaion
o m o r e than a
culivoion worthan yeov
e a r butleu
tor lor l s Lyear
Lfmpoxd by han uea
tlamalan proe
st futilk
 total absvluti value Ma bmppa
Alet Sown Arca
42)
Hegsaplaital aua Hotl coco9toqapual) Ceuty
s0wn Due 0r more
im o y
Pped Areq w aHve Jaca

iwteity *aising no.o tvps om kam teld

P
OL aqiw tudal year
dun
Poblems in
eoetors Andian Agsiwlore
.4uchan qmwlUe
fbaqmauted land eldings
Suhsistn
p s U e on Papt" Aigate
| Sedds
Jmportam ouimals

y MosDon depundmt
Manve
Perilig
,Vonehy s e n dupendunu
eassual pattm LPriiHve toh
Mi*ed Cpp |4 Ypvecmeut tpaty
L Aed easui,
4 labouUT 4wtewie
l e prdottivity .
High Aca
Detuinants 4mdian Agiwltuse

Puysical atos
Taain
Relie
ph ftts cuinsa)
AIHtude
Blope
2) Uimate Drought
S n o [perma-ost)

MBütor (Raun)
leptactuc
wind(heat meuture movemnt)

3) Sd
c u t t 7 mui nu tvepping pattms, asotialon

nsHtotioual factos
)) fam Xand hledings.ftagntaten biidos
am uz

bmdam teehnola.

Time or muh land tolHvattd.

9) Land leu
e d Keommschaagu n hptemland tnveP
3
tarming stutu

Credit wast
1nwestuut toorkin
4) Jgnw Itre Capitcl
3 nLsthu thuaal sadors
ad Montut svoan
mgaien

4) lech nslogical ofactors

17V Ratiligcss MatuieY
tads
 REEN EYOLUTIDN? 1966)

Novmes Eorlauug tthu e slutuon

0-s Ssanattun Fdi n Kevoluluon dudta)

pad tus inteesing. Lqiuw Hual pvduuon by intoporaiug

mdsntorts tuuquws

t frHliges.
Eg Mv sds, t ttors, Imgaluon, puhüds

Strios nhovud b qrm kewsutiom

mo wlHvodtLe aaca
LBetta imgaon
Aproed MYV.
DCsCan ch
mproxed tthnquus -ovm 4qnwtox

LKoead tccut& Miro inanung netoosk

L echuo Irg muon Dn akeads (9B6) .

Llownmutiahsalon io tus.
L wctiudu, putucds, Locedueitu
 SECON D REEN REVDLUTION5
uteunabu aqnwHue by wcocgina
oLclvacuwt m tcuhuotrgy

Fastrm ttar Kadsh

atgcte d Areass Wut Bugal, Bihar,
Asa loroutad plocns cuinfall ?100tm)

2nd jR
Neec ov
d wity.
wuustol in anted acas
GR I uot

RT Mv louseq v e u w
4 eolal Costs

L Eotephitatun
m cetor
y &tog naut qooth oqnwHoral

8vbunguu urutal dand du to Glebal ooming

ttoMOeDevtlspuut
Role Aqico Huve in
MaMan kovu o Livcliuaod(1s popl) 209-92.
Canibubon to Nasanuad inome 18:8. D{CvA)
ad.
ourSour fndusbs dwelopunt-luwtoneor ttnile)
 CONTRIBUTION OF ACRICDLTURE 2
9n nlcuenal intowe
totcl t cainqs mT procwcuon
qerels mvie tn owmhy or o

20-27,
No 1:65
Kas for declu
ConT n m n t ntavetion
L
4 o iwaastvcture
latk
dmald 6ine olandhol digs
Non tmstaut laud acco ds

No No e wndun tce

TIteeaty
laek migabin al tie
focus tn Non Larito Hoe Lctor

Empayemun
CLqnw. iabours
S47 m 2011,
lhon
Totul toovka ng pop 63 m in 2011.

3) uty nabena looce o

Aqm impb)ts ave
l s than S.
total ipots
 4) ucus hial Develapmuut
Kous madttmalto inaushiu
0-tetts torpobat
investmt de eisions.

addinon in aqicw Itvral qouoth b qrowth

1
D1 qrowth +ai m nalieua
n sial tutput
Auome
moe than sd). o GPP.
evie bector

(lagor mRsvrs-fo aqiw ltvon) Developmmt

LyAqiwHurad direasification

tsengHing Aqicoltesal mavketing a

Auditukieuausing Crdt
otw cn wio iigoluon muo -inantt ut

Lfond for mcw Hora) aseaach

Tasgeted Publ Dis hibutos Systeun(Tp8s)

LSubsicuiu to aqi co ture

K o r a l eployeunt m
TYPES OF FARmIN& °
At eqvador, by ibal puopl
1Subsistouuee 1aming
Paa thscd b o
Use opnm'ihe Tbols

9)3tna cqiw Huse

Lmal fout i uased for qowing ops
Ueps
b uqati to he Kond ottr2-3 years

P Padd, maize, uus vegetab ls

Twm Asam oduAnlhra P-£0-lisha
Yonan K>ala eusad , Bera- MP.

3) PLautation Aqiw Hu
wdus tmalisnd ari w Hure.

dnugh temp ugh aauifall.

tca, ubber, sptiu ps to cowt etc

Enport oented a.qiw Itu>e.

4) utewive awAn
. Autcwslre we n d for ug Meld pea u t aua.

wofr g pst conhrk, (mgatuon fauu'te

wdm tcth.
 10) Tenae wlHYolen
ulls montaua ut tofo
tnaus
Moyonty wltivoiluon oa. .Tecwtu beù Uoruon
.ack t ater-

ca7esive 7ops

SDO0 mm 0less
Ravfca)= t D
-

)Mixed or Molhptoming
t Xirtsto Lks
Ueps ulius
* ord maion -fa
Asg aifall
rausiu tneps oith differnt matuing penrs
Pemsds
o

sam mu
qovon ot

8) p Kotaios.
C2ups in 20taling matttr to boest foHlty
Cmps
Mvestuut altematd wit
CopscquviHng ugh

Cerecu

a De manm Aqreo Hox

Tropfeal lands .Coop taUlon
CeuDlu, ta. ctcC qoLOn Coo 6tasv
doy
havested oson
mat2G, wwlls, poddy, vegeta bls etc.
Cvep
 (NERASTRUCTURE (powca, bandgcs,
clams, ouds ete)

Paodlhan Meuthi Awau Yejna housiug r a

by 2022

Ame vefocstaoetue polv'y

Ltwvmnq elettaiuty onnecHvity DDUGTY PSAvBN AGYA-
Decn Dayal Upadhyaya bacum
LCocatuon snost u
get Yejana.
Counctivy-> Bhaocutmala, UDAN,

mANOFAGTURING SECTOR 177.of tDP

NDIA
ctor.
4 ugut 9oth
Mega nvetuut Yo»ks 6chomme
Tenthles

L&euend most scugut ftr manvtactunng duhinatan

0+eial o Andh to promoto manufeduning

Sector Demaug
Democpcapl iucreosing
1age yeut
pemotrty R4D pUachasing pewer
32cd in vicom
Sofetyt 6ewrty
1nwestHuut
 halleges to t 30shvetuc Cetlo
labour
Anctautve
Lcuu
ReDEnpnt
Tech holltugus
wtonmtul

adepton Capitad o ccs

wwatch.

G1overnmunt tntiotwiü-tor bosthng eco nov

1) to 1-astuutuc Pevelepweut
L Sehmn, E2 et
PRAAD
)loqits Dwelapmaut
L udhan
hategi Petrleowa fuerve lim-(19PR)
3) labo 3«fomor

Ludustmal elction Lecto 31]1 2020

LOttopaluenal s0fettrHtatht wovki

Buduaonw vcle 13iII 2020.

4) 6Rt11 Develapnt,
LNalenal kiu Derelapmueut Corp. (NSDe)
s-laptal Cacaio
Sagarmala e t .
G) lanauon
C1sT Br RAD, 1PP tasy Eit ete
 elulien to impove infrashvtture °3
Promot labov omoe
3Cscasth
MSm pvedwtHrity
Gravin Jnpiot
labovr tusive dwelopmunt
Audusis. ncdushy 4.0 edw wproving
qvauiy

(fattors 1lnungf (oaion o uduty 3

Non-qeoqraputal
labour factors
Morcet Capital Bonking
Rau Pwer pv-pohca auli
madcn
Wotr
Climeuti udustnial svance
tuerha

(Need tov ndustnousabion

OUW
on 0h
Ktdtu dapencluu
bade.
Mauintan balamu o
Acceluaca ecomo wue qooLOth
Sowe memplayemunt
AO

(Need for decenalisalion D nduhits

Eplay eunt 1nc Eqval inommdumbulion

Removi *onal
dopanhes
 (C0TTON TExTILE NDUSTPY3
Pud n ing Pupiayeub
docabo
fators 0ecting
Keuo madrnal

LTEch cluwcepmuus Climali

OCutts
cuuportauon Linkages
LAce ess -Jo mao tub bov. utcavevuions

FiTst modm tnhle indusy 18 54 in maharashtra.

wolds lagst wtton prdweer

4NDIA

(3Ter Stavctooe
lou Capitul labour J e e r mduai, Iabovr Ceptal 1votesie

ivntnive houdpun Ivtemir 4etor of onge mill Atctor

Kha dl &cetor hondloms Pover

orms

MUm BA Cortton Palu 3ndta.

dndia
AHmAD ABAD) anchutr of
 f cowpeluon with kynthuturi
vulwaluJo vagus mew.oon

lack medrnisatuen

Tuudaud weak tweaing, Kuitting P prousing tubr

lovsomaott
ack lebovr acefoms

STEEL JNDDSTRYS} ( Easiet heovy indury)

TRON
Coo) mongaue
on Pr
Ove mo ten movldec
Smeling
actors iflveuunq 0cction

Keuo mattna!
Maoke .pv Poluiu
Staadegri casoms
wpovt Soaluryoc
.hap laboor
Teeh Rulu Kgulotion

PRDBLE Ms
Capital
mffiieut PeUe Anferuoi uaty
.Tech ln uilication
rdwthvity ghovtag Coal

Mloohisaion upqradoien teeh

lsug tem financ C t n cümat fu nd
Awi conping dutus Decrease 120» Dre
enpova
ncor eign investmut
 Polymus
Yetro-chemical indust peitutet fibos
lastoms
Mombai - dub of Petho tumuical 4ncdushy
Surfatlcunt
detca mecduati
Chemical fevtilizw indvsty
ut of kHlzes
Depar
Departut emtal { Pkhothemital.
Miwit Departnt oPhormaevHtals

TN DIA) lagest rele

S>d

2 n d bigest Losme

Nem traing Uaea

Kewefits NCU
Ampond Meat
se plant proteet+on vhenicals
Redweon m putf dueas ataek
turaed l d P.addy Kvgarcan, eyabean ite
 PHARmACEUTICAL 4NDUSTRY
Lneua largat ennc dug pour
Fired dos Combinaduon (fDc) dugs fnnoväluon by 4ndia
-6
phamauuCal Indushy
J
uLcd m NIV, Pa kanson's disease, CovctaacupHo pill.
Depncd e n u m Unina
Challng Moilowing ut
Spwnou mediin
Pu Cappln
Way tonwa-d
Anvetmt în butchuoivg
APl
Kevíval R« D 4 purue scttor

onebeuadaing labs
killed maupouoer-
Ampmo d gulathon pelu'eiu.
T T N DUSTRIES 3 o e GaDP in3014)
180 Bauan dollars in 2019.
novewuwt 4wHaivs
rele frce EKtaunt? Br data
Drgital dnduà Lom
4uutiahves
tov ndia SAvdernot
Pqram
ofThings
01
 JNFRASTRUCTURE YROTE CTSs
CURPENT
PRoJELT
1) SAC1ARMALA tscutlinu
aound
Rrnd conmetivity 0f pot
.

By Minihy pp
adad hy-tag. CM.
Stal o i theu

Aim)
Port led develepunt
Collaborolion
EsUe inter ageuy f mumutnis
mscdkmire 4 bct up he poYts
Effrueut Cva wauon

y o r o ard
Radu eing mpovt Cnport ust
Devtlep mvs as +uaud wadtnways to vedu c

lsgsts s t brltron
Ausia's marehacie enport to{llodollars
202s
C e a i lomilfon nu dobs
 (BMARAT MALA PROTECT)D
Bagkodush)
Bp2ovc tomrctivtym NE (through

L wakioay taminal bn
oahwnapotaa
Neamati,
Dtwboi, slq hat, K1s Wounath Chat,
Dibugah, engaam0amgh.

4uteqratu SaungLndush-Butan- Nepal

Myanmar-ThaiNcund omdors.

(UDANOde Desh ka Aam Noqn)

4Enhanu lonnLutwity to North ndia

3ndta

3 cutus
mpro Cun tomnectivity to lier 24 Trer

Revivas www.ed 4 wduused ampora

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UDAN 2-0 upoa.ds

UDAN 3 o
Lownsm 7dutes + 6eceplauus
UDAN 4.0 kovaratti, Agaiu hnutey slands
UDAN S0 Cubports
agarmala Acaplau mi
DEDICAT ED PREIGHT CORRIDOERs :3
t t r , TtuUbu, econoutal cpotabon
s

b| N pots on Eastcm wsttm vcut

qorels

Eautm DPC
banhuoal| Lvclhiana) m
ujab to Dankuni
s
L adr
Lest Stngal.
Jha»khaud, WB.
ab vP Moyana, Bihar,
uncud by OB

Westtm DFC
Dadn UP to Jauwaharlal Nehw Port Tost in
Mombai.
ajasfhoun, biujava, MMahorashta
L ovUMaryana,
UHar adul
4uttmahional ooptralien
tusdad by Japan

Keutt
Redotad lyi2His tost

L Cy.
men dly
.

eas cleing buuinus

 (B1 citus)
METRO PRoTeCTS.
Caposcd &tcundaod guge
cutuoities
meuutained
by lotal
Kolkala urtao [ 1984)
tiast>

VER TNTERINN
Cotton. (1919
B y Axthur
ndo-gaugati v u s p e r e a l l v d i t r b i v k e d

dmugtui tor cqpitcvbte

euisular ves Masn
cistaibution & wan

Natisual Rvu Linkiug rejec to voalis dafiuent

watn -fhom watu mus

toaus-n
iveus udha
ivetrrhutiuq 31
bem by
tv oapanuls
Puuimsular
Coupemmt

imaleun
COmpomunt

3mprond mgaiom
A d?auglt
Coht flord
6olur Bett 4wlund
i r a t 3uovo MW eluefhuity
ystem
 Challg.
ost4
wmunse
v g c tw. 1mpat

L Dams caes duplatumeut pcoplu.

4tt ktatu dspulu
Jutnatieual duputu

mlaud Waterways3
national
wattriwuy3 t t 2016 111
Nlati0uad

ha nefol emmi ksions

burcdn m ?vuds

avatages
cady built infrasvttuae.
L
qcm ud 1wwtstmunt

elctongest ads
L
Reduud nvestmmls
L
Chapu mrdu tansportailom
 wpltmwtaim hallugs
LNon nifom thannd doaft
L Scasanad nuno narigatuon thvugheut yca«)
uetcnsi Caprtal
maintrunanu dacdging

Dis plount fea

w a t r o cuys
Mp. Nahsmal
to oldia
NOL rcy ug ray
to Dhubi m Hsom
N2 Baahwoputra ver from Sadiya
stot
kollam to ktta puarcum
Kerula &teutt , 1avm
Nw3
krishna)
Nw4 Kakinada to Youcleuy (qsedavarnt
tast usast canal, Madai
Nw- Onsa o WE -(ahmaui,
mahauadi Rirrr Delta)

in iver
Asam ktatu ,
Lakhipor to Bhanga
Boak
(Natioua w t r qnd 3 mnagemut
a l e yiurnn Popesal
or
Lage Canas
n ves Though
a soUT Cs by intr)nking

L ocurtr wclin -bo o l n mth1 L utY cUHiCumt veguohs

CINERALS
al(BAauk Cjetd)
hectimuvday shata

toem Cabewitow age

3SO 1qlfon
team ogo)|bstQualuby

(lousifcakion ) [bass of C 0,., H present)

Avthrai
Rest qualihy
90-B07. Cavbon
40-55 Coabon. Bo-9 Conbon.

Cavbon |L ugb nuitvoe koft, dens* Lvey t l l

C0vutent Compact
aisture
wowtur petauueus y mst used Canb volatili mat
pullbutim ovubusion LBitumen L us los ol hrat
tmot) Rajouthan, L loo mauture L1gutis lorsly)
wwtunt
Lo.uwp"T colonife Lduont bue
lanl NaduMigh
wat, let valu flame.
pmdutluon coke T k.omly
49as
Tharrhaud,
Deliha, B,
Chhaísgarh, mP.
 (Distibutioni
) Makaacuhda. distnt
lralfitlds n Nagpur
Kumpte
Yavatmal dsmcta)
Waoclha Valluy |Nagpurf
L

9) la Nadu
Sauth Arret Cllstmct
LNuveu m
)Koyaathan lugnute.
alenaEha mminu Bikaur dumct

u) uaat
36 Coben
Poor qvauty
u g h moutus ontent

B a u n u l l a , Kaai
Sculu qenga Monolwara,

Oolhompor dshmcts ,
Kancwas a 5eadgem {

Sem
Makum Coalfitld m Tbsagor dismut

e uJew osh g. Coking qvaluls

uet for mutallorgital pupes

yerog enalon pro euss making uqvd foels
,

chol
L Namchek Namnp coal ficld -[ Awna.R).
Jeuntau hilu
) MegkalayaCom, khasi,
Domcungi toul fieds, (henrapoi4 lcunqmn salelds
 ,)
Yeneleumf val ou3

2otk du tstruned ac scodinuttory

Qo-qs doo carbous

S-I0). 0 ygm, itirgen, 60phwr, 02ganoutalii
COnnpends

ailfelds
oldst
n Dibwgash dumt
D1gbei feld
Nahor kaiya e ld.
Meqa Muqijan ield.
320 m in P p sam along brahmapura vall

attesiblu 4 ditcut located.

Uavat cilfrelc
Ankles thwar, hambat, Ahmedabad, Barkel,
anand
L fisiu mbay 4 eyali

Kastheun ilields
Aarqut on &ho od povelwting stute

LMagla il Htld, Sasaswatt', Kajuuwan

 shorx aul prdwung ktalt

Eastm
LMDwbai lughI Bassein
edava, Krishna,
(Altebet 9otk stooata
mLo ten age
Cauvey nve
Crvhf chandat Kawa tld in Knshna

tdovan off 4hore bam

Na1manam 4 Kovilappa-

ilelds

OPEC OPG1ANISATION Of PETROLEvm3

EX PORTING COUNTRIGS.

13 umbin uil upply Cantel.

8owdi habco, Vtnezunla

4 undd by Tran, Kvwak,

kupplyCvd de el to keep
Conhel prvdvctn
t bela Itrnahona demands

COmp cunus to pujit

max.
L boageuns with iuttrn. au

Algena, Angela, Eq. Cquînta, habon, Tran, Tiaq, kowat,

UAE
Libya, Ntaenia, Keputt lougo , baudi Araba,
VentgOUla
 16-ul
dncasbt ul pttud -om oganL matttr
oLd WOd mamve
aguics Biacthauel, Bioditue

aus Blogas
Riing td pius
rctnheuse gess emnussno=
Rensro ssinq Bentfits of famuy
(Catcgoves
kecond hd fourt
aemraion
9ntorlon
gcnitically
om nn
Lme du -aon miln-oa ngnttcd
o r d sour cus
ord (ps Sr uke Coeps to t a k

-ngar stanch algae In ugh amb

vegetabl ed
Cavbom
aumal fat

Adyautags
Tdwtud pom bomau ehe wable
Carbon emm i4sion
dependenty t eng
y aLnurais mmpley muuwt
Disadvawtag 3
laud imtvcase ls
L eq visus
(ess biocluivcsst
-vel teps
Causcs
od ntage
y Cneus

Masre watta usa4

( NUCLEAR ENE RUY3

enu1gy nth nvulus o r tou oatom

Ky wotlar fsto

u-Unanivm
splut
Urawwm atoms t4sion pndwc 6thwsto splut
chaim Bcotlior=

Cugy dLased

in huat fom
o m Steam

pndw cuemuty

clLan en

Advautages % impatt on
b b a n t (otal
climali

areas-
 ENELWABLE ENERG oCSDUTCes LonHneusy
natu oa
potd -om
plemsd.

ypskular, Loind, heothemal , lycloo elechicihy

iot
(DNCLOS
om 3d nited Natuo Confemu on Leuo ef hcas
cpa ud qvad eaty 1as8 Conveutios

Lauw o hea Tacaty

n
oluiww ngtts eaposi billi naliois toith espect
to e e wovtds otean, estublshing 9uidilints

oT bwinss, v i onmuut, mauna emamE

wt

mamw nadu >al

iwtitotoms)

1uttrnabonal Comms1on
Jutnatuonad Tibuna)
abed Authoit On 2imuts
tantmutal shelf
(TTLDs) 1sA)
(CLes)
 S20u
vucnal at16

L w a t n lauduoord o te bastinn.

H 6am 80ve
negn unsdicien
innout
mant
0
2)lerreBorial Bea o
12 nawHcal uils
L Baseine to

Lo1 60veiegty uns dicuos

ectnds to &cabcd, 6va-fata CCp le

LBoselina to 24 nawtcal ulu

b l ettonal skat igh Aeas

No CU pau nga
tndwsi eonomne

nowtcal mls
e s elunu o 2oo
or
platt .
nat ostali tobed,
costrve

Lenclussve
flooT, 6obscl

adom nangatun or o v f l g t

deup oan loors

sMto 6and
Byond EE2.
byomd nalional unsdu'ction
widluts atiniBiefor peocrfo pupes
 TERNATIUNAI StA BEDAUTHORUTY
Quteno meu nt: ovn ansaluon 0gaizis, regdalis

Couhols allmuuoas elated acHvitHs In

iwttmaisnal &abed am

M: higston Jounmaica (Under DNCLOS)

Est 19a4
B lauw e a lonventon
(Fuuctuos
L4adluwtos unerals TsoUrus sA
or in aiea.
&et uls, poudwrs a cihis

BuenhfiL searew
L Promote manne

p 0 t t k natora
as00rtes
o Aeabed

(AToMIC INERALS3 (0Tavivm Thonum)

Jndua laogst depesit f honum
J
om MOnazit
Oraniuum diposits decuY
0.thona 0 3
Cystlluw wLRs.
oma zit
Keralo Uoast
onunhatios
lagest

Ilmeite &tut Jharkhand.

TN, Jhorehand.
Ktaylium KojastHhan, Andhra fr,
in wdear cattor
moruoalor

Zo cowim Keorlo torst f Kancue, No2ivabaqh, Jhovth

Litium fauud im lepidstit
,
podwmen.

uca bults oThorkhand

mP,Rareithan Bastor eguen

hatligarh
latmie no)
(URANIum) U,92)
uptr nova nolosions
Ct'gar laket
e hu-Sanjsau MeAathr Riue-
DiEtnbwlonaes wgld Basin
Basin
Lagst duposits Austaalug, Kazakhastán, lanada.
Mis
Olympi Dam Kaugr

Dishmbutuom m ndia Bikar

LSinghbbwm la3irabagh, haya dirtk, kó saharonpur
 Jar khand (Jaclvquda , Bhadun etc)

Megkalasya (kyteng Wakhum te)

Mins n 4ndtio Ancdhra f(Lauubapvr-Peddagatiucte)
Jadwgoa (Singhbhwm Tharthand)
lUmmalapalle (YSRdst a4 AndhdaPr)
Mohdulih (Seai kella, kharsawan,Thas)

THORIVm ITh,a9)
usnd.
4Camuot be dlurectly
b e t e r than Ureunium low Invenoy l 0 g lived
waste

(mONAZITE 3
adomg ke rala Corast
eclolish bouon pnosphat mineal.

2C). Thoivm

(IRoN ORE3
ncuun o 6 0 . ion tontent

Mawmatu Magmatit limoite

687) 81) 3-sD
LLOdisha, Tharkhand, lhhatis qah, Ramataka, a,
Telcungana, Andhrg TN.
 in
0clsha qvwmalisemi, Subipat, Badamupur
Mayurbouh dsmit
Kibury4 Baghai hura in enhar
dust)

Keilodila |Bastan)
Chatisganh
Phalu
Kajhova | Dvag clal),
Donai Malai | Belloy Hospet)
Namedaka,
Badabudan (Cikmngalpu)
wdemwth Cuithadu»g dist)
Aruu 8himaga).
Aloauundi , hua, Kadabura che
Jhaskhand
la
get una

K'vdnum,aogan etc
Pima, imgao,
 MANCA NESE
ndta3d 1aoqust prlwtu
Dhevuvas hnyetem
Maharauhtra
18. Belton Nagpur 4 Bhandara vf
to Balaghat k Chindwara o mP.

leaclin (31)
0 disha P
und a9qarh, Kayngada Balcug etc
,

ek.
Romataka Nagpus, bandaa, Ratnagin
-Mandla drst
MP Balaghat, hlinduoona Nimas
t i

Telangana, yea, Jharkhaud

pUDESC.
8s or Mtallwrgiea!

(COPPER
Mayo ngubuwn(Jharheund)NBalaahat[mp),
Twmunh t Alwav dst [Rajesthaun)

KaycsTheu
Maion imponts o bSA, Cauada, Zimbabuoe
Japan Menito
GoLD
Thoe top felds

kalar boidields loti Cetd held Rangai Cold

Raradak.a) Sreld Auaup
(Camataka) O ast LAn)
ou u duput i n s (Andhoa fA)
t h oorld.

arnataka largsh, proawu

yestegiceal o r r e u d i a or uutal tnplnatin

MEMC Rule 1fcume at 4.1ewel or dup seated

uuras Încdu ding Celd.

SILVER:
Aposted
Reusthan-1agest prdy c
Cyanat 2ud

Raasthoun 3d
Z o w a r minus n Vdaipur ( Kaaston)

As Sy proet of haluma 0te inMiudusta

2inc mettr
 sld
kstar audsHoH gslelrelds
Smelttr
TundovJuad btetttr in Dhembad dat Jhorkhand
Tondoo
mAudhoa Prades.
Vi2ag 2 ine melter

(LEAD
Sovrce odma ystalline otks)
poecambin Vfuduyan stone.

Malluablu

fuws Mimalauyas, T. Kajeuthan, Auclh»a P

Raastheun 94. tota pavd

Hudhra Yradeh.
wwoel 4 Nolgsnda m