IDEOLOGY

- refer to strong, fixed beliefs or ideas about how the economy should work, often based on personal or
political opinions rather than objective evidence.

MARXIST APPROACHES

- often emphasize the idea that science and technology are used to create tools and systems that give
employers more power over their workers. They also facilitate the substitution of human workers with
machines

RADICAL MOVEMENT OF SCIENTISTS

- a group or collective of scientists who are deeply committed to making significant and often extreme
changes in society, politics, or the way science is conducted. These scientists are passionate about using
their expertise to challenge established norms and advocate for transformative actions, often in the name
of social justice, environmental sustainability, or other significant causes.

FOCUS OF RADICAL MOVEMENTS OF SCIENTISTS

- resistance to the eugenics movement and its proposals for forced sterilization of the ‘unfit’.
- This movement strongly opposed the eugenics movement, which promoted the idea of forcibly sterilizing
people considered "unfit." In simpler terms, they were against the idea of surgically preventing certain
individuals from having children against their will because they were considered genetically inferior or
undesirable.

EUGENICS MOVEMENT

- The eugenics movement was about trying to make the human population "better" by encouraging some
people to have more children and preventing others from having any, based on characteristics like their race
or abilities. This idea is widely criticized today because it involved unfair and often harmful practices.

Imagine there was a time when some people believed that we should make society better by only allowing certain
people to have kids and stopping others from having any children. They thought this based on things like a person's
family background, health, or where they came from. However, there were other people who strongly disagreed with
this idea. They didn't want anyone to be forced to stop having kids because they were considered "unfit" in some
way. They believed that everyone should have the freedom to decide if and when they want to have children.

CONCERNED OF THE RADICAL MOVEMENTS OF SCIENTISTS

- Bad Working Conditions: They were concerned about how badly some people who did technical and support
work in research places were treated. They wanted these workers to have better conditions.
- Technical Workers Becoming Like Factory Workers: They didn't like the idea that the people who did
technical jobs in research were being treated like factory workers. They wanted these workers to be
respected and have better job conditions.
- Scientists Not Having a Say in Public Policy: They also didn't like that scientists didn't have much say in
making important public decisions. They thought scientists should be more involved in shaping government
policies that affect people.

SOVIET SCIENTIST

- refers to scientists who lived and worked in the Soviet Union, which was a large country in Europe
and Asia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
 During that period, scientists and thinkers in the Soviet Union were supporting a particular idea, and
many British scientists who were sympathetic to the Soviet Union followed their lead. This continued
until a well-known incident in Soviet biology known as the Lysenko episode. In simpler terms, it means
that British scientists who supported the Soviet Union were initially in line with the scientific ideas
coming from the Soviet Union until something significant happened in the field of biology that changed
their perspective.

LYSENKO EPISODE

- refers to a controversial period in Soviet biology when a scientist named Trofim Lysenko promoted
ideas that were later proven to be incorrect. Lysenko's ideas were adopted and supported by the
Soviet government for political reasons. In simpler terms, it was a time when a scientist with
questionable ideas gained influence in the Soviet Union, leading to a misunderstanding and
misapplication of biology, which had serious consequences for scientific progress.

PROLETARIAN SCIENCE

- refers to the idea of making scientific knowledge and research more accessible and useful to
regular working people, especially those in the working class. It means making science less elite
and more focused on the needs and interests of everyday workers and their communities.

This situation caused a split among radical scientists in Britain. They stopped talking about their ideas for
a different kind of science until the late 1960s. At that time, during the Vietnam War and a period of
increased political activism, they started discussing radical scientific ideas again. In simpler terms, this
passage is talking about a time when scientists in the Soviet Union faced harsh treatment due to political
beliefs, which affected science, and how it influenced the discussion among radical scientists in Britain
until the late 1960s when they resumed their ideas.