A.G. D.A.V.

CENTENARY
PUBLIC SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TO FIND REFRECTIVE
INDICES OF LIQUID
CHINMAY UPADHYAYA
XI-A , 13

2022-23
 AG DAV CENTENARY PUBLIC SCHOOL
NORTHEX, MODEL TOWN, DELHI

CERTIFICATE
2022-23

This is to certify that CHINMAY UPADHYAYA of Class XI-

A has completed the Physics Project entitled “BERNOULLI’S
THEOREM” himself and under my guidance. The progress of
the project has been continuously reported and has been in
my knowledge consistently.

-------------------
SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLAGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
Physics teacher,
Mrs. NEETA SIKRI for giving us the wonderful
opportunity to do a case
study and providing vital support, guidance and
encouragement
throughout the project. Without his motivation
and help,the successful
completion of this project would not be possible.
Secondly i would also
like to thank my friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
Table of Contents
01 OBJECTIVE

02 APPARATUS

03 DIAGRAM

04 THEORY

05 PROCEDURE

06 OBSERVATION

07 CALCULATION

08 RESULT

09 PRECAUTION

10 SOURCE OF ERROR

11 BIBLOGRAPHY
OBJECTIVE
To find the refrective indexes of water
and oil using plane mirror, an equiconvex
lens and adjustable object needle

APPRATUS
1.Convex lens 6.Plumb line
2.Plane mirror 7.Knitting Needle
3.Water 8.Half metre
4.Oil 9.Scale
5.Clamp Stand 10.Glass Slab
6.Optical needle 11.Shperometre
DIAGRAM
 THEORY
Let's add small amount of water on a flat, plane surface and place
a convex lens over it. This forms a plano-concave lens of water
between the lower surface of convex lens and plane mirror.
Let f 1 and f 2 are the focal lengths of water lens and convex lens
respectively, then focal length of the combination is:

The focal length of the plano-concave lens is, .(i)

From Lens Maker's formula,
=

R 1 = R and R 2 = for water lens.

The refractive index of water is , .(ii)

(where 'R' is the radius of curvature of the concave surfaces of the

plano-concave lens).
The Radius of curvature of the lens, is
.
 PROCEDURE
(a) For focal length of convex lens:
1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens.
2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and then a convex
lens on the plane mirror.
3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the stand such that
there is no parallax between tip of the needle and its image.
4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by using a plumb line
and half meter scale. Also measure the distance between tip of needle and upper
surface of the mirror. Take the mean of the two readings. This means distance will be
equal to the focal length of the convex lens (fi).

(6) For focal length of the combination.

5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the convex lens over it
with its same face above as before. The water spreads in a form of layer and acts like
a Plano-concave lens.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent focal length of the
combination
. 7. Record the observation.
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid (oil).

(c) For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:

9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer.
10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the spherometer on this lens
surface.
11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be placed symmetrically on the lens
and adjust the central screw tip to touch the surface of the lens.
12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the len and place on the plane
mirror surface and record the reading.
13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the spherometer on a paper and mark
them and their average distance
 OBSERVATION
Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm
Least count of the spherometer -0.01 cm
Distance between the legs: (1) AB 3 cm (2) BC = 3 cm (3) CA 3 cm
CALCULATIONS
1. Calculation for the focal length of liquid lens:
1/f2=1/F-1/f1,
putting the value of F and f1,
So, 1/f2 = 1/34.75-1/50.25
=0.02878-0.01990
1/f2 = 0.00888,
Hence, f2=1/0.00888 = 112.612.
2. Calculation for the refractive index of the liquid:
n=1+R/f2,
putting the value of R and F2,
n=[1+(70/112.612)]
= 1+0.6216
Hence, n = 1.6216.

result
The refractive index of the liquid is, n=1.6216.
precaution
The liquid taken should be clean and transperant.
The layer of liquid not be thick, so only a few drops of liquid
should be taken.
The parallax should be removed tip to tip.

source of error
1.The taken liquid not be quite transperant.
2.The parallax may not be fully removed
 BIBLOGRAPHY
·www.sciencefare.com

·www.mycbseguide.com

·PHYSICS NCERT CLASS XI