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TAKEOFF
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PERFORMANCE (EFB)
TAKEOFF
A318/A319/A320/A321
FLIGHT CREW PRELIMINARY PAGES - TABLE OF CONTENTS
OPERATING MANUAL
GENERAL
Ident.: EFB-TOF-10-00022478.0001001 / 28 NOV 19
Applicable to: ALL
TAKEOFF PARAMETERS
Ident.: EFB-TOF-10-00022479.0001001 / 28 NOV 19
Applicable to: ALL
TOGA THRUST
Ident.: EFB-TOF-20-10-00022493.0001001 / 28 NOV 19
Applicable to: ALL
General
GENERAL
Ident.: EFB-TOF-20-20-10-00022494.0001001 / 28 NOV 19
Applicable to: ALL
The actual takeoff weight of the aircraft is often lower than the maximum regulatory takeoff weight. In
this case, it may be possible to takeoff at a thrust less than the maximum takeoff thrust. This allows
to increase the engine life, improve the engine reliability and reduce the maintenance costs.
Two categories of takeoff at reduced thrust exist:
‐ The use of flexible temperature concept referred to as flexible takeoff
‐ The use of a fixed derated thrust level referred to as derated takeoff.
Flexible Takeoff
When the actual takeoff weight is lower than the maximum performance limited takeoff weight, the
aircraft may comply with the regulatory requirements with a reduced thrust, called flexible takeoff
thrust.
This takeoff operation is the FLEX takeoff.
The FLEX takeoff principle is based on the change in maximum available thrust with OAT.
The maximum performance limited takeoff weight depends on the maximum available takeoff thrust,
therefore it is possible to determine a temperature at which the actual takeoff weight would be limited
by performance.
This temperature is referred to as TFLEX (Flex Temperature).
Flexible Takeoff Principle
Takeoff at reduced thrust, so-called as FLEX takeoff, is allowed only if the airplane meets all
performance requirements at the takeoff weight, with the operating engines at the thrust available for
the flexible temperature (TFLEX).
TFLEX cannot be:
‐ Higher than TMAXFLEX.
L2 For more information on TMAXFLEX, Refer to LIM-ENG Flex Takeoff.
L1 ‐ Lower than the flat rating temperature (TREF).
The derated takeoff enables to improve the takeoff performance if the TOW is limited by VMCG.
VMCG limitation usually occurs on short and/or contaminated runways. The principle is to impose a
lower engine rating to benefit from lower minimum control speeds.
L2 In the case of derated takeoff, the minimum control speeds (VMCG and VMCA) are decreased
because:
‐ The derated thrust is lower than the maximum takeoff thrust
‐ The effect of temperature on maximum available thrust is taken into account.
Derated Takeoff Principle
VMCG LIMITING
VMCG only has an impact on the ASD that includes an acceleration and a deceleration phase.
The decrease in VMCG allows to use lower V1 values in the speed optimization, which shortens
both the acceleration and the deceleration distances.
The weight decrement linked to the derated thrust is largely compensated by the benefit of shorter
ASD. As a consequence, if takeoff performance is limited by the VMCG limited weight, an overall
improvement can be achieved by derating.
VMCA LIMITING
The penalizing effect on climb gradient of the decrease in thrust outweighs the advantage of a
lower VMCA.
Therefore derated takeoff would not improve the takeoff weight if VMCA limited.
DESCRIPTION
Ident.: EFB-TOF-30-10-00022480.0001001 / 28 MAY 20
Applicable to: ALL
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
Ident.: EFB-TOF-30-10-00022481.0001001 / 28 NOV 19
Applicable to: ALL
Takeoff performance is calculated without the benefit of thrust reversers, as per regulation.
Flexible takeoff and derated takeoff are allowed for a takeoff from a dry runway.
DESCRIPTIONS
Ident.: EFB-TOF-30-20-00022482.0001001 / 15 NOV 21
Applicable to: ALL
WET RUNWAY
A runway is considered as wet, when the surface is covered by any visible moisture or water up to
and including 3 mm (1/8 in) depth. When the water film does not exceed 3 mm (1/8 in), there is no
significant danger of hydroplaning.
Note: 1. A damp runway is considered wet, regardless of whether or not the surface has a
shiny appearance.
2. A runway is considered slippery wet when a significant portion of its surface does not
comply with the applicable minimum friction criteria.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
Ident.: EFB-TOF-30-20-00022483.0001001 / 15 NOV 21
Applicable to: ALL
Takeoff performance on a wet runway can be calculated with the benefit of thrust reversers.
However, it is not allowed to take off at a weight higher than the weight on dry runway.
Flexible takeoff and derated takeoff are allowed for a takeoff from a wet runway.
L2 For information on contaminants equivalent to wet runway, Refer to EFB-TOF-30-30 Performance
Calculation.
L1 For runways that have portions declared as slippery wet, performance should be calculated with the
Slippery wet runway condition option, or, if not available, Dry snow 10 mm (2/5").
Note: Flexible takeoff computation is not available for Dry snow 10 mm (2/5").
DESCRIPTIONS
Ident.: EFB-TOF-30-30-00022484.0001001 / 15 NOV 21
Applicable to: ALL
A runway is contaminated when a significant portion (depending on the applicable regulation) of its
surface is covered with:
‐ A layer of fluid contaminant not considered as thin
‐ A hard contaminant.
FLUID CONTAMINANT
In terms of performance, a contaminated runway is a runway covered by a fluid contaminant with a
depth of more than 3 mm (1/8 in). The fluid contaminant can be either:
‐ Dry snow
‐ Wet snow
‐ Standing water
‐ Slush.
Fluid Contaminants reduce friction forces, and cause:
‐ Precipitation drag
‐ Hydroplaning.
L2 Fluid contaminants descriptions:
‐ Dry snow is snow that, if compacted by hand, does not stay compressed when released. The
wind can blow dry snow. The density of dry snow is approximately 0.2 kg/l (1.7 lb/US Gal).
‐ Wet snow is snow that, if compacted by hand, stays compressed when released, and with which
snowballs can be created. The density of wet snow is approximately 0.4 kg/l (3.35 lb/US Gal).
‐ Standing water occurs due to heavy rain and/or not sufficient runway drainage. Standing water
has a depth of more than 3 mm (1/8 in).
‐ Slush is snow soaked with water, which spatters when stepped on firmly. Slush occurs
at temperatures of approximately 5 °C, and has a density of approximately 0.85 kg/l
(7.1 lb/US Gal).
L1 HARD CONTAMINANT
In terms of performance, a contaminated runway is a runway covered by a hard contaminant that
can be either:
‐ Compacted snow
‐ Ice (Cold and Dry)
‐ Wet ice.
Hard contaminants only reduce friction forces.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
Ident.: EFB-TOF-30-30-00022485.0001001 / 03 NOV 22
Applicable to: ALL
Takeoff performance on contaminated runways can be calculated with the benefit of thrust reversers.
However, it is not allowed to take off at a weight higher than the weight on a dry runway.
For fluid contaminants, takeoff performance data are provided up to the following depths:
‐ Dry snow: 100 mm (4 in)
‐ Wet snow: 30 mm (6/5 in)
‐ Standing water: 13 mm (1/2 in)
‐ Slush: 13 mm (1/2 in).
Performance computations for depths above the real depth of contamination on the runway may
provide results that are better than the real aircraft performance, because of the excess drag that
improves the stopping distance. Airbus recommends to retain the takeoff speeds and thrust setting of
the lower MTOW (perf) resulting from two computations: one with the depth above the reported depth
and one with the depth below.
Note: The Airbus EFB TAKEOFF PERF application automatically makes this double computation.
L2 The following assumptions are considered for the calculation:
‐ The contaminant covers the entire length of the runway in a layer that has a uniform depth and
density
‐ The friction coefficient is based on studies, and verified by tests
‐ The screen height at the end of the takeoff segment is 15 ft, instead of 35 ft.
L1 Derated takeoff is allowed on contaminated runways.
EQUIVALENCES
In terms of performance:
‐ A fluid contamination is equivalent to wet, up to a maximum depth of 3 mm (1/8 in) of:
• Dry snow
• Wet snow
• Standing water
• Slush.
‐ Frost is equivalent to wet, unless a lower runway performance code is reported
‐ Compacted snow with OAT above -15 °C is equivalent to Dry snow 10 mm (2/5 in)
Note: Compacted snow is appropriate for OAT at or below -15 °C.
‐ Dry snow over compacted snow is equivalent to dry snow of appropriate depth
‐ Wet snow over compacted snow is equivalent to wet snow of appropriate depth.
DOWNGRADE
If both runway condition and RWYCC inputs are available in the T.O PERF application:
The flight crew enters the downgraded RWYCC and uses the takeoff computation results
without additional restriction.
If only the runway condition is available in the T.O PERF application:
For a runway covered by a hard contaminant, or a fluid contaminant with a depth of
3 mm (1/8 in) or less:
In the case of a downgrade to:
‐ RWYCC 4, the flight crew computes the takeoff performance with Compacted snow
‐ RWYCC 3, the flight crew computes the takeoff performance with Dry snow 10 mm (2/5
in)
‐ RWYCC 2, the computation with any depth of Slush or Standing water may not be
conservative. The flight crew should delay takeoff
‐ RWYCC 1, the flight crew computes the takeoff performance with Ice cold & dry.
For a runway covered by a fluid contaminant with a depth of more than 3 mm (1/8
in):
In the case of any downgrade, the flight crew should delay takeoff.
RESTRICTIONS
Ident.: EFB-TOF-30-30-00022486.0001001 / 28 NOV 19
Applicable to: ALL
TAKEOFF RECOMMENDATIONS
Ident.: EFB-TOF-50-00022489.0001001 / 28 NOV 19
Applicable to: ALL
TAKEOFF CONFIGURATION
As a general rule, CONF 1+F gives better performance on long runways (better climb gradient),
whereas CONF 3 gives better performance on short runways (shorter takeoff distances).
Sometimes, other parameters, such as obstacles can interfere. In this case, a compromise
between climb and runway performance is requested, making CONF 2 the optimum configuration
for takeoff.
Environmental takeoff conditions may also impact the choice of the takeoff configuration.
The following takeoff configuration is then recommended:
OUTSIDE CONDITIONS FLAPS SETTINGS OBJECTIVE
Dry or wet, well-paved runway Use the flaps setting that provides the To extend engine life and save
optimum performance. maintenance costs
If takeoff weight is not limited by
performance, consider using the higher
flaps setting.
Note: Corresponds to OPT CONF
selection in T.O PERF
High altitude takeoff Use CONF 2 or CONF 3 To improve comfort
Badly-paved runway, or accelerate stop Use CONF 2 or CONF 3 To improve comfort and stopping
distance limited runway distance
FLEXIBLE TAKEOFF
Flexible takeoff is the recommended method for takeoff at reduced thrust on dry and wet runways.
The highest flexible temperature (TFLEX) extends engine life and saves maintenance costs.
However, if a high TFLEX is reduced by a few degrees only, the engines are not significantly
affected.
The highest TFLEX will usually be obtained at the lowest flap setting. However, a higher flaps
setting provides a lower decision speed (V1) and more comfort.
To extend engine life and to save maintenance costs, the use of flaps setting that provides the
highest TFLEX is recommended. However, when the difference (in terms of TFLEX) between two
configurations is low, the highest of both takeoff configurations is preferable.