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‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪:‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﻌﻘﺐ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯﺗﻌﻘﺐ ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻟـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔﺇﺩﺭﻳﺲ ﻛﻨﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻈُﻬﺮﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ )‪ (PV‬ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﻊ ﺗﺸﻤﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪ (MPPT‬ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪ MPPT‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪ 80C51‬ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺾ )‪ .(PWM‬ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔﻭﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ )‪ ،(MPPT‬ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪.‬‬

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‫‪,‬‬
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‫‪8051‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻢﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪2009‬‬ ‫ﺗﻢﺍﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ‪ 20‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪2008‬‬

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 ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪2009‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‪6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪17‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻯﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ )‪ (PV‬ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ]‪ [2] [1‬ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺿﺎءﻭﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺣﻈﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ)‪ (SCAs‬ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﻈُﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ‪ iv‬ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ )‪ (MP‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺗﺸﻤﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔﺗﺸﻤﻴﺲ ﺷﻤﺴﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻊ ‪ MPP‬ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ MP‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪MP‬‬
‫ﻓﻲﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫)‪ .(MATLAB-Simulink‬ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪ .matlab‬ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ‪ Boost‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ )‪-Simulink\PSB‬‬
‫‪ ،(MATLAB‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ﻭﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍً ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ؛ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪:[3](1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ :(1‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺴﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻢﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍً ﺿﻮﺉﻴﺎً )ﺃﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (Rp‬ﻭ )‪ (Rs‬ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺉﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺒﺪﺓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ )‪ (Rp‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺉﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ]‪:[4‬‬
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 ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪:‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﻌﻘﺐ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺱ‬
‫‪(1 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺭ‬
‫ﺱ ﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎﻗﻌﺪ ﺇﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺱ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ)‪ (Iph‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء‪ (Isat) ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‪ q ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ A .‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ‪) pn‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻼ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ K‬ﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ T‬ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﻠﻔﻦ ﻭ)‪(Rs‬‬
‫ﻫﻲﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ )ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﻦ )‪ (2‬ﻭ )‪:(3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ :(2‬ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(3‬ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪..‬‬

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 ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪2009‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‪6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪17‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺞﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ‪MPPT‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍًﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ‪ MPPT‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ MPP‬ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻢﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫‪ MPPT‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ )‪(P&O‬؛ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﻱ )‪.[6] [5] (IncCond‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻢﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ )ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ(‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﻋﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﻱ‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ ‪ MPP‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﻒﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ )‪ dI/dV‬ﻭ‪ I/V‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ(‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺃﺩﺍء ًﺟﻴﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﻗﺘﺎً ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ ]‪.[7] [6‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﺗﻢ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﻴﺲﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ )‪ (dP / dV‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ًﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪﺓﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻭﺩ ﺑـ ‪ MPPT‬ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺮﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ]‪.[8‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪:‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﻌﻘﺐ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ‪ Matlab‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﻤﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺘﺘﺒﻊ ‪MPPT‬‬
‫)ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ‪ (Boost‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪) 4‬ﺃ(‬

‫ﺃﻧﺎ‬

‫)ﺝ(‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ :(4‬ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪) MPPT‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ(‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻢﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ؛ )ﺏ( ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ "ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ"؛ ﻭ)ﺝ( ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ "‪."MPPT‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﻟﻠﺪﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺉﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ‪ "PV‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪) 4‬ﺏ( ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ‪ IV‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪(I‬ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺭﻱ( ﻛﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﻴﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟـ "ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ"‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﻟﻠﺪﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺉﺔ ‪ ،MPPT‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "‪ "MPPT‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪) 4‬ﺝ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ )‪ P&O‬ﻭ‪ (IncCond‬ﻭﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺮﺽﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ‪-‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ )‪ ،(PWM‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (MPPT‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ‪) simulink‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﺩﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪/‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ‪ (S‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ‪simulink‬‬
‫ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5‬ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ "ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪ P&O‬ﻭ‪ IncCond‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪2009‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‪6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪17‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ )ﺃ(‬

‫ﻗﻮﺓ)‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪﺍﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻰ)‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ)ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ)ﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ)ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‬

‫)ﺏ(‪ :‬ﻣﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‪ :‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪.MPPT‬‬

‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ )ﺃ(‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ )ﺃ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ :(5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‬

‫‪ ((4‬ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻟﺘﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .MPPT‬ﺏ( ﻣﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪ P&O‬ﻭ ﺝ( ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ‪.IncCond‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮِ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‬

‫)ﺝ(‪ :‬ﻣﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ )‪(PV‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‬

‫)ﺏ(‪ :‬ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‪ :‬ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ‪.MPPT‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ )‪(PV‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ :(6‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﺃ(‬

‫ﻣﺒﺖ(‬

‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‪.MPPT‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻣﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ‪ P&O‬ﻭ ﺝ( ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ‪.IncCond‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‬

‫)ﺝ(‪ :‬ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﻱ ﻭ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪:‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﻌﻘﺐ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆﺃﻥ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (%11‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ)‪ (%15‬ﻣﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (38W‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻫﻲ )‪ (42W‬ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ،MPPT‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭ‪2‬‬

‫ﺹﻓﻌِﻠﻲ)ﺭ( ‪dt‬‬
‫ﺭ‪1‬‬
‫‪2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫ﺭ‪2‬‬ ‫‪MPPT‬‬

‫‪dt‬‬ ‫ﺹﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ)ﺭ(‬
‫ﺭ‪1‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ‪1‬ﻫﻮ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺑﺪء ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭ‪2t‬ﻫﻮ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ P ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪P‬ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻬﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ )‪.(%80‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ )‪) (DC-DC‬ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ( ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺃ(‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ‬

‫‪DBL494‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‪ :‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ :(7‬ﻣﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬

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 ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪2009‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‪6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪17‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ‪ dc-dc‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻗﺴﻤﺎً ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎً ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ )‪ .(MOSFET‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪ PWM‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫‪ 89C51‬ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ )ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ(‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍء ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰﻧﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ]‪.[9‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺪﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍً ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﺪ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ‪.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ‪ DBL494‬ﻛﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ‪ ،PWM‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺭﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪.PWM‬‬

‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ )ﻭﺍﺕ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‬

‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﻭﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪sheoawusrethdea(mcehaasrugriendg cchuarrregnintganc‬‬

‫‪s pbe(rotuurtbpauttiopnowanardwoibthsearnvdatw‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪g,pietrctuarnbabteionnoatincdedobtsheartvtahteiocnhaalrggoinrigthcmu.rrent‬‬
‫‪iointhaolugtouristihnm‬‬ ‫‪FFiigguurree ))88((: M‬‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (%14‬ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (%10‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﻴﻦﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (8‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (%14‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (%10‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪:‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﻌﻘﺐ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‬

‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ :(9‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃ( ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﺏ( ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﻴﻦﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (9‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﻱ؛ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (%35‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪.(%15‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ ،(%80‬ﻭﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪ ،(%95‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻷﻥﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﺘﺄﺭﺟﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽﻣﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻫﻮ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ،MPPT‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﻝﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ‪ DC-DC‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻐﻲﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﺄﺭﺟﺢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍء ‪MPPT‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ )ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ(‬

‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ )ﻭﺍﺕ(‬

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 ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪2009‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‪6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪17‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ ،148‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ،6‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 494‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،502‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪، IEE Proc. 2001‬‬
‫"‪ IDB‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻭﺩّ ﺑﻤﺤﻮﻝ" ‪and K. Uezato.,‬‬
‫‪]1[ M.Veerachary, T. Seniyu‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ‪"، IEEE، 2002 ،1040-1035‬ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ" ‪C. Chen.،‬‬
‫ﻭ‪]2[ Y. Hsiao‬‬
‫]‪ [3‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﺃﺭﻣﺴﺘﺮﻭﻧﺞ ﻭ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﺮﻟﻲ‪" ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 604‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.609‬‬

‫]‪ [4‬ﺃ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﻬﺎﺑﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺇﻳﻮﺍﻟﺪ‪" ،.‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ IEEE‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪،17‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ‪ ، .4‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 514‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،522‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪.2002‬‬

‫]‪ [5‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﻫﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺏ‪" ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ"‪ ،IEEE ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1699‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.1702,2000‬‬

‫]‪ [6‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺛﻴﻮ‪" ،.‬ﻣﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔﺳﺒﺎﻕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ"‪ ،IEEE ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪ X. Wang [7] .1993 ،580-574‬ﻭ ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺯﺭﺍﻧﻲ‪"،‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ"‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،IEEE‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2332‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.2003 ،2337‬‬
‫]‪ [8‬ﺳﻲ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﻦ‪" .‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ‪Storage‬‬
‫‪and M.Huntery., "Maximum Power Point Tracker Development Project System‬‬
‫‪ ،"Nathan, M.Michelle‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ‪ IEEE‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪ [9] .1998 ،‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ"‪ ،EE 461/CprE 481 ،‬ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،13‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪.1998‬‬

‫ﺗﻢﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ‬

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