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Normalizing
• Generally is the process in which the metal is heated to a higher
temperature and then removed from the furnace for air cooling. As it
is mentioned in the first lecture that this process is applicable for
ferrous metals only.
• A heat treatment process consisting of austenitizing at temperatures of
30–80˚C above the AC3 transformation temperature followed by slow
cooling (usually in air)
• The aim of which is to obtain a fine-grained, uniformly distributed,
ferrite–pearlite structure and good hardness and ductility.
• Normalizing is applied mainly to unalloyed and low-alloy
hypoeutectoid steels
• For hypereutectoid steels the austenitizing temperature is 30–80˚C
above the AC1 or ACm transformation temperature
In hypo-eutectoid steels normalizing is done 50C above the annealing temperature.
In hyper-eutectoid steels normalizing done above Acm → due to faster cooling
cementite does not form a continuous film along GB.
Normalizing – Heating and Cooling
n
910C z a tio Acm
Nor al i
mal o r m
A3 iz atio N
n
723C
A1
T
Wt% C
0.8 %
Normalizing also improves the ductility without reducing the hardness and strength
T
Wt% C
0.8 %
Hardening Methods:
- One of the prerequisites for hardening is sufficient carbon and alloy
content. If there is sufficient Carbon content then the steel can be directly
hardened.
- Otherwise the surface of the part has to be Carbon enriched using some
diffusion treatment hardening techniques.
Hardening Methods
The surface of is affected by the quenching medium and experiences the best
possible cooling rate. The interior of the sample is cooled by conduction through
the (hot) sample and hence experiences a lower cooling rate. This implies that
different parts of the same sample follow different cooling curves on a CCT
diagram and give rise to different microstructures.
This gives to a varying hardness from centre to circumference. Critical diameter
(dc) is that diameter, which can be through hardened (i.e. we obtain 50% Martensite
and 50% pearlite at the centre of the sample).