MAKALAH

REPORTED SPEECH
To complete coursework grammar in spoken discourse
Supporting lecturer : Puad Abdul Baqi, M.pd

Compiled by :
Vina Noviani Azahra (13062200012)
Intan Julfiana Agustin ( 13062200007)
Sopyan Zidan ( 13062200006)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF TEACHERS

TRAINING AND EDUCATION BINA BANGSA UNIVERSITY
(2022)
 DEFINITION OF THE REPORTED SPEECH

Reported speech is a change in a direct sentence or direct speech into an indirect sentence or
indirect speech. Reported speech itself is usually used to repeat what someone else said.
Words or direct speech that are converted into reported speech can be in the form of
statements or assertions, orders or invitations (imperative), or questions (yes-or-no
questions), as well as questions regarding some information.
In a reported speech sentence, you can change someone's words so that the listener can easily
understand them. Reported speech or also known as indirect speech itself is a way to convey
what is being said which can be in the form of statements, questions, and other expressions
that change the format of the speech so that it becomes clearer and more efficient for the
reader.
Basically, changing a direct speech or direct speech into reported speech can be done by
changing pronouns, removing capital letters, removing quotation marks, modifying verbs,
changing the time reference (time mentioned in speech and or adding if).
What Is Reported Speech?
Reported speech is the form in which one can convey a message said by oneself or someone
else, mostly in the past. It can also be said to be the third person view of what someone has
said. In this form of speech, you need not use quotation marks as you are not quoting the
exact words spoken by the speaker, but just conveying the message.
Definition of Reported Speech
Reported speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a report of
what somebody has said that does not use their exact words.” The Collins Dictionary defines
reported speech as “speech which tells you what someone said, but does not use the person’s
actual words.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, reported speech is defined as “the act
of reporting something that was said, but not using exactly the same words.” The Macmillan
Dictionary defines reported speech as “the words that you use to report what someone else
has said.”
Rules to be Followed When Using Reported Speech
Reported speech is a little different from direct speech. As it has been discussed already,
reported speech is used to tell what someone said and does not use the exact words of the
speaker. Take a look at the following rules so that you can make use of reported speech
effectively. The first thing you have to keep in mind is that you need not use any quotation
marks as you are not using the exact words of the speaker.
Reported Speech function
Besides functioning to convey or re-describe what other people have said, reported speech
also has several functions. Among others are:
Functions in writing articles and news, in order to make it easier for writers to convey
messages from someone in a more complete and complete manner.
Then, reported speech can also help someone convey a message more easily, because usually
the "messenger" cannot convey something exactly like what the "messenger" said, so the
"messenger" can only take the essence of the message and add the source. .

Reported Speech formula

Reported speech formulas are different from formulas of tenses or other sentence formers. To
be able to change direct sentences into indirect sentences, you need to pay attention to several
things, namely:
 Remove quotation marks in direct speech
 Adding the word "that" to the sentence, and using the word "whether/if" in the yes/no
question form.
 Change the capital letter at the beginning of a direct sentence to lowercase.
 Changing tenses and time reference
How to Convert Direct Speech to Indirect Speech?
Direct speech can be changed to indirect speech with several conditions, namely:

(1) Add Conjunction

Adding conjunctions can be an option that is used as a condition to be able to change direct
speech into indirect speech. There are several conjunctions that can be used to make indirect
sentences, namely 'that', 'whether', and 'if'.

(2)Change Pronouns
Changing the pronoun is something that must be done. Direct speech usually uses the first
person pronoun. So, if the sentence is to be changed into an indirect sentence, the pronoun
must be changed from the first person pronoun (I am) to the third person pronoun (she, he).

(3) Pay attention to tenses

The first thing that must be considered before determining the tenses is the reporting verb (a
verb used to report something), such as say, tell report, explain. If the reporting verb uses the
present tense, then the indirect statement doesn't change. But if the reporting verb uses the
past tense (said, told, asked, etc.), then the indirect statement must be changed.
Indirect statements for the simple present: From the word (I am) to (He is / She is)
Indirect statements for the simple past: From the word (I am) to (He was / She was).

(4) Time of Reference

This time statement serves to clarify the message and information to be conveyed. When
changing direct speech to indirect speech, the time information must also be changed from
now to then, today to that day, yesterday to the day before, tomorrow to the next day, ago to
before, this week to that week.
Direct speech
Example:
1. She said, "I am sorry."
2. Desy said, "my mother is scary when she is angry."
3.Mother said, "I make spaghetti for you and
your sister."

Indirect speech
Example:
1. She said that she was sorry.
2. Desy said that her mother was scary when she was angry.
3. Mother said that she made spaghetti for me and my sister.

SUBJECT
1. "I was walking along the street"
Direct :
She said "I was walking along the street."
Indirect :
She said that she had been walking alone the street.
2. "We are happy"
Direct :
they said, "we are happy"
Indirect :
They said that they are happy
3. "They had already eaten when i arrived"
Direct :
He said,"They had already eaten when i arrived"
Indirect :
 He said that they'd already eaten when i arrived

TENSES

In reported speech, there are several tense changes that occur. The following is a list of
changes in tenses in reported speech:

Direct speech Indirect speech

PRESENT ___________________________________ PAST
Simple present Simple Past
Present Continous Past continous
Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect continous Past perfect continous

PAST ______________________________________ PAST PERFECT

Simple past Past perfect
Past continous Past perfect continous
Past perfect Past perfect
Past perfect continous Past perfect continous

FUTURE __________________________________________ PAST FUTURE

Simple future Simple past future
Future continous Past future continous
Future perpect Past future perfect
Future perfect continous Past future perfect
continous
 RUMUS

Simple present tense : Simple past tense :

S + V1 + S / ES + O S + V2 + O

Present continous : Past continous :

S + to be ( is , am , are ) + V1 + ing S + to be ( was, were) + V1 + ing

Present perfect tense : Past perfect tense :

S + have / has + V3 S + had + V3

Present perfect continous Past perfect continous :

S + had + been + V1 + ing S + had + been + V1 + ing
 EXAMPLE

Simple present : simple past tense

They said “we are student” they said that they were a student

Present continuous : past continuous

Syaila said “i’m washing my car now” that said that she was washing her car the
then

Present perfect : past perfect :

Ali said “i have gotten a bad news” he said that he had gotten a bad news

Present perfec continuous : past perfect continuous :

He said “i have been doing my job” he said that he had been doing his job
 ADVERB

There are several rules related to changing Adverbs of Time in Report Sentences or Indirect
Speech.
Changes in the use of the adverb of time follow the rules as shown in the table below:

>Today changes to that day/the same day

>Tomorrow changes to the next day/the following day
>Yesterday changes to the day before/the previous day >Next week/month/year changes to
the following week/month/year
>Last week/month/year changes to the previous Week/month/year
>Now/just changes to then
>Ago changes to before
>Here changes to there
>This changes to that
 EXAMPLE

Direct : Indirect :
>Santi said “her brother was >Santi said that her brother was washing
washing her clothes yesterday” her clothes the day before.

>My mother has said “i’m reading a >My mother has said that she was reading a
Book now” book then.

>Tommy said “i’m not going >Tommy said that he was not going anywhere
Anywhere tomorrow” the following day.