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SYNTAX
FREE
PASS

GROUP 6
 MEMBERS OF GROUP
DZAKI NAUFAL AZIZ AHMAD HUZAIRI MARISKA ADINDA BR
GINTING SUKA
230705113 230705117
230705147

IMMANUELA CALISTA YASMINE C. ASIMA CHESYA ELGA

KEIKO S. DAYANTI PURBA
230705151 230705152 230705155

DINDA AYUNING TYAS FATHYA SWF MARPAUNG FATHIA NAZIVA

230705159 230705163 230705172

 ING
EAN
M
Syntax is the part of linguistics that studies the
structure and formation of sentences. It explains
how words and phrases are arranged to form correct
sentences. Syntax is the way in which linguistic
elements (words and phrases) are arranged to form
grammatical sentence structure.
A. PHRASE

A phrase is a group of words that forms a grammatical component.

It is a part of a sentence and cannot stand on its own. Phrases
provide more information about whatever the sentence is
speaking about.

For example:
-My brother’s friend had come to visit him. (Used as a subject)
-Lia has silky, smooth hair.
 Noun phrases are phrases that come from nouns that serve as
the subject or object of a sentence.
NOUN PHRASE Examples:
1) The teacher
Det N
2) A handsome boy
Det adj N
Phrasal verbs are verbs that make phrases. Phrasal verbs consist of a single
phrase which is sometimes a combination of main verb (main verb) and auxiliary

VERRB PHRASE verb (auxiliary verb), but you can also add specifiers, complements, and adjuncts.
Examples:
1) She has taken the job.
aux verb
2) He has been coming late everyday.
aux verb

An adjective phrase or adjective is a phrase that comes from the adjective used to
give properties to nouns or pronouns.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE Examples:
Eng: Buddy thinks the shampoo tastes awfully funny.
AdjP
Ind: Jus alpukat yang kamu buat rasanya manis dan creamy banget, deh.
AdjP
 An adverbial phrase is a phrase that functions as an adverb used to explain verbs.

AVERRB PHRASE It is explained that adverbial phrases have the same structure as adjective
phrases, but the parent is different.
Examples:
1) Mika usually gets up early.
AdvP
2) Han Run quickly.
AdvP

PREPOSITIONAL A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by a

prepositional complement which is normally (to, in, at, for, etc) added by
PHRASE noun phrase.
Examples:
1) It was too hard for me to concentrate with the kids jumping around.
PP
B. CLAUSE
A clause is a combination of words that makes up a sentence. It consists of a
subject and a predicate.
1) Independent Clause
An independent clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. It is one that
can stand alone and makes complete sense.
Ex:
Eng: They were here, but they went to the cinema early.
Ind: Besok adalah hari Kamis.
2) Dependent Clause
A dependent clause is a group of words that consists of a subject, a verb and a
subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.
Ex:
Eng: After I met him, I fell in love with him.
Ind: Hari ini hujannya deras sekali, sepertinya bakal banyak yang telat.
Judging from its function, these dependent clauses can be divided into;
1. Noun Clause
Clauses that act as nouns are marked by the wh-words, how, and that.
Example:
1) What you have said to me is very surprising.

2. Adjective Clause
Bound clauses that act as adjectives are marked by existence relative pronouns, namely who, whom, which, whose,
and that.
Example:
1) The book which you are reading is mine.

3. Adverb Clause
Bound clauses that act as adverbials are marked with subordinate conjunctions.
Example:
1) I will always think of you wherever you go.
How to Apply Syntax in Sentences?
A sentence should have a subject and a verb. Other than imperative
RULE 1. sentences, all other sentences must, for sure, have at least one subject
and one verb. Imperative sentences do not require a subject.
The subject should come first, followed by the verb. Only in the
RULE 2 case of interrogative sentences do subjects follow the verb. In
other words, interrogative sentences begin with a verb.
Describing words like adjectives and adverbs should
RULE 3
be positioned before the words they describe.
Objects follow the subject and verb in a sentence. If there is a direct
RULE 4 object and an indirect object, the indirect object comes after the verb,
and the direct object follows the indirect object.

Clauses, irrespective of whether they are dependent clauses

RULE 5
or independent clauses, must have a subject and a verb.
Phrases, on the other hand, do not require a subject.
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TYPES OF SENTENCES
● Simple Sentence
A single sentence is a simple sentence consisting of a subject and a predicate. This sentence only has one independent clause and is
equipped with an object and information and has one main sentence.
Simple sentences : S + Verb
Example: Eng = The girl ran. Ind = Eren bermain bola.
● Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more main clauses, has more than one main sentence and allows the use
of conjunctions. This sentence can stand alone.
Compound sentence : S + Verb + Object + joining together by a comma + coordinating conjunction + Subject + Verb
Example : Eng = When I went to the market, Aunt Linda came home. Ind = ketika ibu memasak, anya menonton tv di ruang tamu.
● Complex Sentence
Contains one independent clause (can stand alone) and one or more dependent clauses (cannot stand alone).
Example : Eng = When the cake is brown, remove it from the oven. Ind = Ketika hari mendung, angkat semua pakaian yang dijemur
● Compound-Complex Sentence
A sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. The same coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
are used for joining the independent clause.
For example :
The baby slept and dreamed, and the mother watched while the rain fell.

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D. SUBJECT The subject in a sentence plays a crucial role as it typically represents

the main person, thing, or entity performing the action or being
described in the sentence. It often answers the question "who" or
"what" the sentence is about. For instance, in the sentence "John is a
basketball player," "John" is the subject because he is the main
person the sentence is talking about, performing the action of being a
basketball player.Similarly, in the sentence "These two rackets are
bought by Jennifer," "These two rackets" is the subject because they
are the main things being described as being bought by "Jennifer."

Understanding the subject is important in comprehending the focus

of a sentence and how the other elements in the sentence relate to it.

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 E. VERB
Verbs are words that describe actions, whether physical or mental. Verbs also describe a “state of being”.
Every sentence needs at least one verb. If there’s no verb, it’s an incomplete sentence or a sentence
fragment.

1. Dynamic Verbs (Action Verbs)

Most verbs describe a physical action or activity, something external that can be seen or heard.
Examples: walk, laugh, swim, play, guess, change, grow, live.

2. Stative Verbs
Stative verbs describe a subject’s state or feeling, including things they like and don’t like.
Examples: want, need, love, like, know.

3. Auxiliary Verbs/Helping Verbs

Auxiliary verbs, or “helping verbs,” are used in English to change another verb’s tense, voice, or mood.

a. Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Some auxiliary verbs are added to another verb to show necessity, possibility, or capability.
Examples: can, may, could, should, would.

b. Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are phrases that act as individual verbs, often combining two or more words and changing
their meaning.
Examples: calm down, back up, dress up.
F. OBJECT
An object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action
performed by the subject in a sentence. Although they
refer to the same thing, they have different grammatical
definitions. COOL

Function of an Object
Words that function as objects have two main functions.
They function as objects of verbs and objects of
prepositions.

Object of a Verb
When it comes after the verb and is the recipient of a
specific action, then it is the object of the verb.
For example:
Eng: Rani ate pizza. NICE
Ind: Kami naik bis ke bandara.

WOW
 COOL

G. COMPLEMENT

Complement is a word or group of words that serves to complete the meaning of subject, verb, or object.

Varieties
There are three kinds of complements, with each one explained below.
Subject Complement
A Subject Complement is a noun, pronoun, adjective, or any other form that can function as a noun or adjective that
follows a linking verb and describes or explains the subject of a sentence.

RESH
The original linking verb
F
all forms of be (am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.), become, and seem.

Linking verb
appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn.

Examples:
Mrs. Clarisa is a doctor.
Mrs. Clarisa : subject
WOW is : verb (linking verb) NICE
a doctor : noun (subject complement)
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Verb Complement
Verb Complement is the direct object, or direct and indirect object of a verb. L
COO
Example of Direct Object:
I love drawing.
Drawing is a gerund that functions as a direct object.

Example of Direct and Indirect object:

My father gives me a book.
Me is a pronoun that functions as an indirect object.
a book is a noun that functions as a direct object.

Object Complement
An Object Complement is a noun, pronoun, adjective, or other form that functions as a noun or adjective
and explains, describes, or refers to the direct object.

Example:
Elina makes Edo angry.
Edo : direct object
angry : object complement WOW
 H. ADVERB
Adverb Is a lexical category whose members have the same
syntactic distribution and typically modify adjectives, other
adverbs, verbs, or whole clauses or sentences.Adverb are
divided into several parts, namely:

1. Manner, Place and Time

usually come in end position. If the verb has an object, the
adverb comes after the object. When there is more than
one of the three types of adverb together, they usually go
in the order: manner, place, time.
Examples:
-You start off slowly in the beginning.
manner time
-James played brilliantly in the match on Saturday.
manner place time
I. ADJECTIVE
Adjectives are integral components within the syntax of sentences, functioning primarily as
modifiers to provide further details and descriptions about nouns or pronouns. Positioned
either before the noun (in attributive position) or after certain verbs (in predicative
position), these versatile words enrich the language by lending specificity and vividness to
the entities they describe. In attributive position, adjectives directly precede the noun they
modify, such as in "the tall tower" or "an interesting book," elucidating particular
attributes or qualities of the noun. On the other hand, in predicative position, adjectives
come after linking verbs, serving to describe or specify the subject, as in "The house is
spacious" or "She seems happy." Adjectives play a crucial role in conveying nuances of
color, size, shape, condition, emotions, or any other defining trait that further characterizes
the subject, fostering a more detailed and comprehensive understanding within the
structure of a sentence. Their adeptness in enhancing the descriptive power of language
makes them fundamental elements in syntax, contributing significantly to the richness and
depth of expression in communication.
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RESOURCE PAGE
https://byjus.com/english/syntax/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-syntax-in-linguistics-
definition-overview.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/syntax/
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Syntax
https://www.albany.edu/~krassi/lin220/lecture%20notes/syntax/
https://www.gibiansky.com/blog/linguistics/why-syntax/index.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-syntax-in-linguistics-
definition-overview.html
https://www.britannica.com/topic/syntax
https://youtu.be/E3eTNgPXkG4?si=7DPduvM4-gif1Spv
https://youtu.be/tyLnW7rwnOU?si=CM_TIKSJGzb_68Bj

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