FIELD OF STUDY

VOWEL AND CONSONANT TOMBULU LANGUAGE

COMPILED BY:

GROUP 6

DEWY PERONIKA SILITONGA 210911020130

ENJI CLARA GONI 2109110200084

AMANDA VISELIYA YOROH

CAKRA MANSYUR PRAWIRA

SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

MANADO

2023

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Tabel 1.1 Observation Results of Group Member Activity During Research

NO Name Category Activity level

1 Dewi Peronika Silitonga Data Collection Active

Reference Sources Active

Paper Making Active

2 Enji Clara Goni Data Collection Active

Reference Sources Active

Paper Making Active

3 Amanda Viseliya Yoroh Data Collection Active

Reference Sources Active

Paper Making Active

4 Cakra Mansyur Prawira Data Collection Active

Reference Sources Active

Paper Making Active

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 PREFACE

First of all, thanks to God Almighty who has given His strength and grace so that the

preparation of a field research paper at Rurukan Village, Sub- District Tomohon,

Minahasa, North Sulawesi on Monday, May 8, 2023 can run smoothly. This field

research paper entitled "Vowel and Consonant in Tombulu language" is right in the time

that has been calculated.

This field research paper was prepared with the hard work of the author and the

parties whoplayed a role in it. Therefore, in particular the author would like to thank

those who helped in completing the preparation of this paper. The author is aware that

in the process of compiling and the results presented in this paper there are still many

mistakes.Therefore, the author always apologizes to readers if they still find errors in

writing. The author also hopes for constructive criticism and suggestions from readers,

so that they can improve and help the writer to continue to develop in the future.

Finally, we hope that the paper we have compiled can add insight to readers in

general and writers in particular. Hopefully this paper can provide benefits for other

writers. Thank you to all those who helped prepare and read this paper.

Manado, May 8, 2023

GROUP 6

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... 3

TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER I ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 5

1.2 QUESTION OF PROBLEM .................................................................... 10

1.3 PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF RESEARCH ....................................... 10

1.4 THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION ............................................................ 11

1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 15

CHAPTER II CONTENT ............................................................................................... 17

2.1. PHONEME CONSONANT AND VOWEL........................................ 17

2.2. CONSONANT PHONEME IN TONTEMBOAN .............................. 17

2.2.1 Examples of the use of each phoneme ........................................... 18

2.3. VOWEL PHONEME IN TONTEMBOAN ......................................... 21

2.3.1 Examples of the use of each phoneme ......................................... 21

CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 23

REFERENCE .................................................................................................................... 25

ATTACHMENT I. Data Words from Informant ........................................................... 26

II. Resources Person Data & Documentation ....................................... 31

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Culture is important for all the things we do in this world. The beliefs that create

religion, wars, the way of life and many challenges. The first thing we have to define is

culture and why is it important in the work life. Culture is a notoriously difficult term

to define.

Culture consists in patterned ways of thinking, feeling, and reacting, acquired and

transmitted mainly by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human

groups, including their embodiments in artifacts: the essential core of culture consists

traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and specially their attached

values (Kluckkohn, 1951).

Culture refers to society and its way of life. It is defined as a set of values and

beliefs, or a cluster of learned behaviors that we share with others in a particular society,

giving us a sense of belongingness and identity. Because of this, cultural understanding

is becoming even more important because of the call to interact with many individuals

from other countries and other cultures (Lee, 2006).

Culture is a set of perspectives shared by a group of people and reflected in their

actions, relationships, communities and artifacts (Riemann, 2013:5). Wardhaugh

(2002:221) defines that culture is knowledge that must be possessed by someone to

carry out their daily life tasks; some people too requires knowledge of music, literature,

and art. Culture is defined by using external aspects such as language, tradition and art

(Oswell, 2006:9). There are many other documented definitions of culture. Hofstede

(1991), Trompenaars (1993), and Czinkota and Ron Kanen (1993) all agreed that

5
culture is based on languages, economy, religion, policies, social institutions, class,

values, status, attitudes, manners, customs, material items, and education which

subsequently influences managerial values (Kanungo, 2006).

Language is a means of communication between members of the community in the

form of symbols of sound produced by the speech organ. Language is also a tool of

selfexpression and served as a tool to show their identity as well. Through language, we

can show our perspective,our understanding of the matter, the origin of the nation and

our state, our education level, and even our character. Language becomes a mirror of us,

both as a nation and as a self. In order forthe communication goes well with both, the

sender and receiver must have to master their own language.

According Gorys Keraf (1997:1), language is a means of communication between

members of the community in the form of a symbol of sound produced by the speech

organ. Perhaps there is an objection by saying that the language is not the only tool for

communication. They argue that two persons or parties communicating by means of

specific ways that have beenagreed such as through paintings, smoke, sound of drum or

casks and so on. But they should alsorecognize that when compared with the language,

all communication devices before contains many weak aspects.

According to Chomsky, language is a natural object, a component of the human

mind, physically represented in the brain and part of the biological endowment of the

species (Chomsky, 2002: 1). accordance with Chaer (2004:1 1l), who says that language

is a sound symbol system, arbitrary, productive, dynamic, diferent, and human. So,

language is a communication tool that people use to communicate with other people.

Language is a universal human characteristic, which means that all languages and

varieties. Trudgill (2000:2) states that language not simply a means of communicating

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weather information or subjects other than that language is a very important means of

building andmaintain relationships with others. The science that studies human

language is called linguistics (Akmajian, 2001:5).

Linguistic as in common understanding the study of the structure, development, etc.

A particular language and its relationship to other language. Words are arranged in a

certain order, and sometimes the beginnings and endings of the words are changed to

adjust the meaning. Then the meaning itself can be affected by the arrangement of

words and by the knowledge of the writer about what the reader will understand

Based on Bauer (2012:3), “Linguistics is the word meaning „relating to language‟ as

well as the word meaning „relating to linguistics‟”. From this definition that given by

Bauer, it can be conclude that linguistics has a close relation to language. These two

items, Linguistics and language, are very closer. It means that both of them cannot be

devined. If talking about Linguistics, it means talking about them and vice vera.

According to Cook (2002:20), “Linguistics is the academic discipline concerned with

the relation of knowlage about language to decision making in the real world”. It means

that Linguistics is the science that studies about language.

According to Carnie (2002:4), “Linguistics is also a banch of cognitive science.

Cognitive science is a term for a group of discipline that have the same goal: defining

and analyzing human being‟s ability to thing. Some scholars emphasize that the

discipline of Linguistics along with psychology philosophy and coputer science thus

forms an important sub-discipline within cognitive science”. It means Linguistucs is the

important thing to be lerned in order to increase the ability to think.

Linguistics is the study of language as communication system humans (Richards and

Schmidt, 2010:343). Linguistics includes many approaches different ways to study

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languages and have many different research areas different, such as sound system

(phonetics, phonology), sentence structure (syntax), relationships between language and

cognition (cognitive linguistics)), systems of meaning (semantics, pragmatics), as well

as language and social factors (sociolinguistics).

Phonology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of speech sounds

with reference to their distribution and patterning. According to Troubetzkoy (1939),

phonology is the study of sounds related to the system of language, while phonetics is

the study of sounds related to the system of speech. For Cohn & Huffman (2013),

phonology corresponds to the cognitive aspects of sound structures and patterns, while

phonetics is seen as the physical implementation of these structures and patterns.

According to Rabiah (2018), phonology is a part of language subsystem. It explains

that learning a language is inseparable from learning phonology because phonology is a

part that forms language. Phonology is the study of sound systems, that is about how the

sound in a language can be produced, patterned, and functioned (Hyman, 1975; Catford,

cited in Fikry, 1988; Collins et al., 2008).

The existence of phonology is closely related to phonetics and phonemics. Phonetic

and phonemic are two branches of phonology which deal is the study of sound.

Phonetics is the study or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and

reception, and their ananlysis, classification and transcription. Phonemics is the study of

sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phoneme.

Therefore, they are closely related to each other, but phonetics deal with the study one

aspect of sound that is accoustic, auditory, articulatory, while the phonemics deal with

the study of segmental and suprasegmental . Segmental and suprasegmental is different.

In this observation we foccused to segmental.

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 Segmental phonology is one of recognized branches in phonology. It deals with the

analysis of speech into phonemes (or segmental phonemes), which correspond fairly

well to phonetics segments of analyzed speech. Crystal (1981) stated that segmental

phonology is how analyzing speech into variant units, or segments, as the primary of the

sound system. Furthermore, Becker and Bieswanger (2017) defined segmental

phonology as individual sounds function in a language which is called segments.

Chomsky and Halle (1968) mentioned that segments consist of vowels and consonants.

vowels and consonants can be referred to as segmental phonemes.

Vowel is one of main topics in learning English Phonology, which is side by side

with the topic of consonant systems. Mahmud (2018) explained that this topic focuses

on how vowels can be pronounced by speech organs and differences between one sound

to another when it is produced. Mahmud also mentioned that there is a specific symbol

of each sound that can differentiate the sounds. Adapted from Dardjowidjojo in

Mahmud (2009), there are 11 vowels in English which are /i:/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /ӕ/, /ә/, /u:/,

/u/, /ɔ/, /o/, and /a/. Dardjowidjojo also stated that the vowel system has four parameters

in vowel production. The parameters are the height of the tongue, the position of the

tongue, the protrusion or rounding of the lips, and the tense or lax state of the muscles.

Mahmud (2018) explained that the consonant focuses on how consonants can be

pronounced by speech organs and differences between one sound to another when it is

produced. It is similar to the vowel system that every sound in the consonant system has

a different and particular symbol to differentiate each sound. There are 24 consonants in

English which are /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/, /ð/, /θ/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/, tʃ/, dʒ/, /m/,

/n/, /η/, /w/, /r/, and /y/ (Dardjowidjojo, 2009). Adapted from Dardjowidjojo in Mahmud

(2009), consonants have five parameters in explanation which are state of the vocal

9
cords (voiced or voiceless), lateral or central, oral or nasal, place of articulation, and

manner of articulation.

Tombulu language is a tribal language that has an original identity among the

languages in Minahasa (Sahulata et al, 1993). Tombulu language is the regional

language of Minahasa which is spoken in Tomohon and several surrounding sub-

districts, namely: Tombulu District, Tombariri District, Pineleng District and Sonder

District. Tomohon consists of 5 sub-districts: North Tomohon District, Central

Tomohon District, East Tomohon District, West Tomohon District and South Tomohon

District and has 44 sub-districts which are divided into each sub-district (Head of the

Central Bureau of Statistics Number 55 of 2017). This research focuses on Tomohon

Selatan District, which has 12 villages/kelurahan: Tondangow, Pangolombian,

Lahendong, Pinaras, Kampung Jawa, Tumatangtang, Tumatangtang Satu, Lansot,

Uluindano, Walian, Walian Satu and Walian Dua.

1.2 QUESTION OF PROBLEM

1. What is vowel and consonant in English ?

2. What is the vowel and consonant in Tombulu Language?

3. How the position vowel and consnant in Tombulu Language?

1.3 PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF RESEARCH

Based on the question of the problem above, the objectives in this study:

1. To know the vowel and consonant in English. .

2. To know vowel and consonant in Tombulu Language

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3. To know position vowel and consonant in Tombulu Language

And for the benefit of research, there are two benefits that can be obtained from

this research, namely:

1. Theoretically, this research contributes to the field of linguistics

2. Practically, the results of this research can become a further research project.

1.4 THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION

In this Research, the writers use the theory of Ladefoged and Johnson (2015: 24) to

describe vowels and consonants. and Theory of (1955) to Analysis Each Phoneme.

Theory of Ladefoged and Johnson (2015: 24) state that vowels and consonants can be

considered as segments of speech. Together they form the syllables that make up

speech. Whereas, suprasegmental is a feature that is superimposed on a syllable;

including variations in stress and pitch. The author wants to focus on segmental

phonemes, which include vowels and consonants. Vowels are sounds in which there is

no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips; for example,

when we say 'ah'; it is the best way to produce vocal sounds. On the other hand,

consonants are sounds that block the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips;

as when we pronounce the sound 's' it can be clearly felt that we are making it difficult

for air to pass through the mouth.

Vowel, in human speech, sound in which the flow of air from the lungs passes

through the mouth, which functions as a resonance chamber, with minimal obstruction

and without audible friction; e.g., the i in “fit,” and the a in “pack.” Although usually

produced with vibrating vocal cords, vowels may be pronounced without such vibration,

resulting in a voiceless, or whispered, sound. From the viewpoint of articulatory

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phonetics, vowels are classified according to the position of the tongue and lips and,

sometimes, according to whether or not the air is released through the nose.

Consonant, any speech sound, such as that represented by t, g, f, or z, that is

characterized by an articulation with a closure or narrowing of the vocal tract such that a

complete or partial blockage of the flow of air is produced. Consonants are usually

classified according to place of articulation (the location of the stricture made in the

vocal tract, such as dental, bilabial, or velar), the manner of articulation (the way in

which the obstruction of the airflow is accomplished, as in stops, fricatives,

approximants, trills, taps, and laterals), and the presence or absence of voicing,

nasalization, aspiration, or other phonation. For example, the sound for s is described as

a voiceless alveolar fricative; the sound form is a voiced bilabial nasal stop. Additional

classificatory information may indicate whether the airstream powering the production

of the consonant is from the lungs (the pulmonary airstream mechanism) or some other

airstream mechanism and whether the flow of air is ingressive or regressive. The

production of consonants may also involve secondary articulations—that is,

articulations additional to the place and manner of articulation defining the primary

structure in the vocal tract.

The writer considers vowels and consonants in general before switching to English

vowels and consonants both in Tombulu (Rurukan) in this study. In writing phonemes,

the writer will use phonetic transcription (IPA) to distinguish sounds. There are so many

vowels in every different language; for example, the vowels we know in English are

short vowels: /a/ as in bomb [bam], /1/ as in 'bit' [bit], /u/ as in 'put' [pot], /e/ as in 'bet'

[bet], /æ/ as in 'bat' [bæt], // as in 'but' [bat]. Examples of consonants in English are: /p/

as in 'pea' [pi:], /t/ as in 'tea' [ti:], /k/ as in 'cap' [kæp], /0/ as in 'thing' [Omn], /f/ as in

12
'ship' [Jip]. Vowels and consonants in English and Tombulu (Rurukan) are discussed by

the author in this study.

Gleanson, Jr (1955) states that English has 24 consonant phonemes and 9 vowel

phonemes but the 2 not included there are difficult to identify print. so there are just 7

vowel phonemes.

-Consonant

/b/ bill /t/ till

/d/ dill /v/ ville

/f/ fill /w/ will

/g/ gill /y/ yet

/h/ hill /z/ zeal

/k/ kill /ᶞ/ thy

/l/ lil /ᶿ/ thigh

/m/ mill /ᶳ/ shall

/n/ nil /ẑ/ -

/p/ pill /ᵑ/ tang

/r/ rill /ᶘ/ jill

/s/ sill

-Vowel

/i/ bit /a/ bat /u/ but

/e/ bet /o/ bot /ᵆ/ bᵆt

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 /ᵊ/ bᵊt

The discussion on the vowels and consonants of the Tombulu language begins by

presenting the sounds found in the Tombulu language, such as vocoid and consonant

sounds, accompanied by a description of these sounds.

a. vicoid

Vocoid are the sounds of a language in which the pronunciation of air coming out of the

lungs is relatively unimpeded. Thus, in the Tombulu language there are six vocoids,

namely: [i] [e], [a], [a] , [o], and [u.]

a. The leading vocoid is [i] and [e]

[i] high, front, round

Example: [iku] 'swept'

[wiw] 'lips'

[oki?] 'child'

[e] rather high, front, round talc

Example: [ens] „sand‟

[kembes] ' water apple'

[kure] 'pot'

b. The middle vocoid is [] and [a]

rather low, middle, not round

Example: [asa] 'one'

[lanan] 'hand'

[tawasan] ' thatch'

[a] rendah, tengah, talc bulat

Example: [amian] 'north'

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 [maan] 'although'

[uka?] 'bowl'

c. The final vocoid is [o] and [u]

[0] rather tall, back, round

Example: [ohi]? „child‟

[kokoki] 'little finger'

[niko?] „you‟

[u] high, back, round

Example : [utak] „brain‟

[munte] „orange‟

[paku] „fern‟

Contoid are the sounds of language whose formation is air that comes out of the lungs is

relatively obstructed.

In the Tombulu language there are 18 contoid sounds that is:

h,yaitu: [b],[p] , [d] , [t] , [g] [k] ,[j] , [c] [ ?] , [m] , [ng I , [ n] , [1] , [ i ] , [ r] , [7t' I , [

s} dan [h] , and 2 semivocal [w] , [y ]

1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this study we used a qualitative method in linguistics, which is data collection

along with methods or techniques in a linguistic study. represents a selection of the

main current methods: discourse analytic approaches, linguistic ethnography,

interviews, and focus groups, multimodal analysis, and narrative analysis. Specifically,

we use the Structured Interview Method. This qualitative method is carried out in the

following stages:

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1. Preparation

In this stage, the group left the field and headed for Rurukan Village, Sub- District

Tomohon. The group prepared several tools used to collect data such as pens,

notebooks, and smartphones. In this case too, the group is looking for two Tontemboan

language speakers who are willing to provide information related to the topic of

discussion.

2. Data Collection

Phoneme consonant and vowel data in the Tombulu language were collected through

interviews with two informants who are native Tombulu speakers and live in Tomohon,

Sonder District, Minahasa. First, the group came to the research location to meet

directly with the two informants. Next, the group met with each resource person at their

residence and began the data collection process. After the interview process was

completed, the group asked for documentation to be used as evidence to be attached to

the results. After taking the documentation, the group thanked them and then said

goodbye to go home. Next, the results are typed into Microsoft Word as the material

needed for the preparation of the Field Study Report.

3. Data Analysis

At this stage, the group analyzed Tombulu language data based on form and

function. The group compiled word data in Tombulu based on the existing consonant

and vowel structures and made sentences based on the existing word examples. After

that, the writer describes the existing sentence data based on the data analysis that has

been done.

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 CHAPTER II
CONTENTS

2.1. CONSONANT AND VOWEL IN TOMBULU

In this research the writers analysis Tombulu language phoneme, especially the

vowels and consonants. The purpose of this research is to describe the vocal and

consonant phonemes in the Tombulu language in terms of their use. Data collection in

this study was carried out using three techniques, namely participants, interviews with

informants (native speakers), and documentation studies. The method used in this

research is descriptive qualitative. The sources of data is located in In Rurukan sub-

District Tomohon, and present native speakers, amounting to 2 people. The results of

this study are the arrangement of vocals and consonants in the Tontemboan language

and their uses.

2.2 CONSONANT PHONEME IN TOMBULU

The writers analysis there are 19 consonat phonemes in Tombulu language . From the
table above, we also find several phonetic variations below:

Articulation Bilabial Alveolar Alveolar- Velar Glotal

Palatal

Produced
Plosive p t k ?
Voiceless
b d g
Vioce
Nassal
Voiceless
m n ng
Voice

Lateral
Voiceless

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 l e
Voice

Trill Voiceless

Voice r x

Affricate c
Voiceless
j
Voice

Fricative s
Voiceless

Voice

Semi Vocal
Voiceless
w y
Voice

2.2.1 Examples of the use of each consonant

Consonant Tombulu Spelling Indonesian English

Language

/b/ Banua [banua] Kampung Hometown

Sombayang [Sombayang] Berdoa Pray

Tambalang [Tamblang] Jarak Distance

/p/ Pangenet [Pangenet] Tarik Pull

Popo [Popo] Kelapa Coconut

Selop [Selop] Sendal Slippers

/d/ Duriang [Duriang] Durian Durian

Roda [ Roda] Pedati Cart

/t/ Torro [Torro] Bolehkah Can

Tito [tito?] Paman Uncle

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 Lulut [Lulut] Bambu Bamboo

/g/ Gerap [Gerap] Lucu Funny

Mange [Mange] Pergi Go

Gunting [Gunting] Gunting Scissors

/k/ Kinompa [Kinompa?] Terkejut Surprise

Dukut [dukut] Rumput Grass

Utak [Uta Otak Brain

/j/ Jam [Jam] Arloji Watch

Rajing [Rajing] [Rajin] Diligent

/c/ Caca [Caca] Cicak Lizard

Captikus [Captikus] Arak Alcohol

Cuma [Cuma ] Kebun Garden

/?/ Ama [?Ama?] Ayah Father

Leos [Le?os?] Baik Good

Lewo [Lewo?] Jahat Wicked

/m/ Mange [Mange] Pergi Go

Tumir [Tumir] Tumit Heel

Sekom [Sokom] Janggut Beard

/n/ Niko [Niko?] Engkau You

Tondei [Tondei] Perahu Boat

Wunan [Wunan] Bunga Flower

/ng/ Ngirung [Ngirung ] Hidung Nose

Ringkeng [Ringkeng] Pipi Face

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 Waang [Wa?ang] Gigi Tooth

/l/ Lalan [Lalan] Jalanan Street

Alus [?Alus] Halus Soft

Brudel [Brudel] Sejenis kue Cake

/t/ Lunteng [Lunteng] Telinga Ear

Tetu [Tetu] Tiga Three

Tombot [Tombot] Tiang Pole

/r/ Rorot [Rorot] Cepat Fast

Porong [Porong] Kopiah Skullcap

Pupur [Pupur] Bedak Powder

/z/ Zap [Zapa] Depa Fathom

Kuze [Kuze] Periuk Pot

Lakez [Lakez] Banyak Many

/s/ Sando [Sando] Besok Tommorow

Susu [Susu] Payudara Breast

Kembes [Kembes] Jambur air Water apple

/h/ Huran [Huran] Hujan Rain

Kawehi [Kawehi] Kemarin Yesterday

Perah [Perah] Kering Dry

/y/ Yanuari [Yanuari] Januari January

Puyun [Puyun] Cucu Grandchild

/w/ Waan [Wa?an] Gigi Tooth

Wawih [Wawih] Babi Pig

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 Linow [Linow] Danau Lake

2.3 VOWEL PHONEME IN TOMBULU

The writers analysis there are 6 vowel phonemes in Tombulu language. From the table
above, we also find several phonetic variations below:

Depan Tengah Belakang

Tinggi i u
Sedang e o
Rendah a

2.3.1 Examples of the use of each Vowel

Vowel Tombulu Spelling Indonesian English

Language

/i/ Ilekenna [Ilekenna] Lihatlah Look at

Wiwi [Wiwi] Bibir Lip

Oki [Oki] Anak Child

/∂/ ∂sa [∂sa] Satu One

T∂ng∂n [T∂ng∂n] Tangan Hand

T∂w∂S∂n [T∂w∂S∂n] Rumbia Rumbia

/a/ Arui [Arui] Senang Happy

Maan [Maan] Meskipun Although

Uka [Uka?] Mangkuk Bowl

/o/ Oki [Oki?] Anak Child

21
 Kokoki [Kokoki] Jari Kelingking Little fingger

Niko [Niko] Engkau You

/u/ Ulak [Ulak] Otak Brain

Munte [Munte] Jeruk Orange

Paku [Paku] Pakis Fern

/e/ Eris [Eris] Pasir Sand

Seza [Seza] Ikan Fish

Wewene [Wewene] Laki- Laki Female

22
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Vowel is one of main topics in learning English Phonology, which is side by side

with the topic of consonant systems. Mahmud (2018) explained that this topic focuses

on how vowels can be pronounced by speech organs and differences between one sound

to another when it is produced. Mahmud also mentioned that there is a specific symbol

of each sound that can differentiate the sounds. Adapted from Dardjowidjojo in

Mahmud (2009), there are 11 vowels in English which are /i:/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /ӕ/, /ә/, /u:/,

/u/, /ɔ/, /o/, and /a/. Dardjowidjojo also stated that the vowel system has four parameters

in vowel production. The parameters are the height of the tongue, the position of the

tongue, the protrusion or rounding of the lips, and the tense or lax state of the muscles.

Mahmud (2018) explained that the consonant focuses on how consonants can be

pronounced by speech organs and differences between one sound to another when it is

produced. It is similar to the vowel system that every sound in the consonant system has

a different and particular symbol to differentiate each sound. There are 24 consonants in

English which are /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/, /ð/, /θ/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/, tʃ/, dʒ/, /m/,

/n/, /η/, /w/, /r/, and /y/ (Dardjowidjojo, 2009). Adapted from Dardjowidjojo in Mahmud

(2009), consonants have five parameters in explanation which are state of the vocal

cords (voiced or voiceless), lateral or central, oral or nasal, place of articulation, and

manner of articulation.

In this analysis above, the writers found that tombulu language found that has 26.

Phoneme such as 20 consonat /b/,/p/,/d/,/t/,/g/,/k/,/c/,/?/,/m/,/n/,/ng/,/l/,/z/,/r/,/s/,/h/,/j/

and 6 vowel /i/,/e/, / ∂/,/a/,/o/,/u/ and also the examples of consonant phonemes and

vowel phonemes. But refer to the theory we didn‟t found 3 consonant phonemes such as

23
/ᶿ/,/ᶞ/,/ᶳ/ , 1 vowel phonemes that is /ᵆ/ , and example of consonant phonemes in

sentences of /h/ in the Tombulu languange is almost unavailable or has yet been

appropriately applied. But for the rest , students can get enough data to understand the

consonants and vowels in the Tombulu language and complete our coursework. This

study also has limitations so that it needs to be studied further and comprehensively.

The limitations are in terms of the number of research amples and research objects.

24
 REFERENCES

Antonio Lebrón, M. D. (2013). What is Culture? Merit Research Journal of Education

and Review, 126.

Britannica, T. E. (2022, september). Consonant Phonetics. Retrieved from Britannica

Dictionary.

Britannica, t. e. (2022). Phoneme Linguistics. Retrieved from Britannica Dictionary.

Britannica, T. E. (2022). Vowel Phonetics. Retrieved from Britannica Dictionary.

Drs. D. Saluhata, M.A. Drs.M.A. Yahya, Dra. Ny.S.V.Moningkey R. Dra.

Nya.J.Nanlohy P. (1993). Struktur Bahasa Tombulu. Dapartemen Pendidikan
dan Kebudayaan.

H.A Gleanson, J. (1955). an intoduction to descriptive linguistics. USA: Hariford

seminary foundation.

H.B.Palar, J. M. (2005). Pedoman Membaca dan Menulis Bahasa Tombulu. Manado :

Pusat Penerjemahan Bahasa Universitas Kristen Indonesia Tomohon.

J.A Makalew - Palar, L.D Kembuan, R. Terok. (1994). Fonologi Bahasa Tombulu.
Jakarta : Dapartemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Ladefoged, P. K. (2015). Acourse in Phonetic 7th Edition. USA: Cengage Learning.

Mangimbulur, E. (2022). Kalimat Tanya Dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Tombulu. 2.

NY.Ticoalu. (Jakarta 1984 ). Struktur Bahasa Tontemboan. Retrieved from Pusat

Pembinaan dan Pngembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
.
P., D. L. (1993). Struktur Bahasa Tombulu. Manado: PERPUSTAKAAN PUSAT
PEMBINAAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN BAHASA DEPARTEMEN
PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN.

Palar, J. M. (1994). Fonologi Bahasa Tombulu. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan

Pengembangan Bahasa Dapartmen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jakarta.

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman,Nina Hyams. (2019). An Introduction to Language .

USA: CENGAGE.

25
 ATTACHMENT I
DATA WORDS FROM INFORMANT

Consonant Tombulu Spelling Indonesian English

Language

/b/ Banua [banua] Kampung Hometown

Sombayang [Sombayang] Berdoa Pray

Tambalang [Tamblang] Jarak Distance

/p/ Pangenet [Pangenet] Tarik Pull

Popo [Popo] Kelapa Coconut

Selop [Selop] Sendal Slippers

/d/ Duriang [Duriang] Durian Durian

Roda [ Roda] Pedat Cart

/t/ Torro [Torro] Bolehkah Can

Tito [tito?] Paman Uncle

Lulut [Lulut] Bambu Bamboo

/g/ Gerap [Gerap] Lucu Funny

Mange [Mange] Pergi Go

Gunting [Gunting] Gunting Scissors

/k/ Kinompa [Kinompa?] Terkejut Surprise

Dukut [dukut] Rumput Grass

Utak [Uta Otak Brain

/j/ Jam [Jam] Arloji Watch

Rajing [Rajing] [Rajin] Diligent

/c/ Caca [Caca] Cicak Lizard

26
 Captikus [Captikus] Arak Alcohol

Cuma [Cuma ] Kebun Garden

/?/ Ama [?Ama?] Ayah Father

Leos [Le?os?] Baik Good

Lewo [Lewo?] Jahat Wicked

/m/ Mange [Mange] Pergi Go

Tumir [Tumir] Tumit Heel

Sekom [Sokom] Janggut Beard

/n/ Niko [Niko?] Engkau You

Tondei [Tondei] Perahu Boat

Wunan [Wunan] Bunga Flower

/ng/ Ngirung [Ngirung ] Hidung Nose

Ringkeng [Ringkeng] Pipi Face

Waang [Wa?ang] Gigi Tooth

/l/ Lalan [Lalan] Jalanan Street

Alus [?Alus] Halus Soft

Brudel [Brudel] Sejenis kue Cake

/t/ Lunteng [Lunteng] Telinga Ear

Tetu [Tetu] Tiga Three

Tombot [Tombot] Tiang Pole

/r/ Rorot [Rorot] Cepat Fast

Porong [Porong] Kopiah Skullcap

Pupur [Pupur] Bedak Powder

27
/z/ Zap [Zapa] Depa Fathom

Kuze [Kuze] Periuk Pot

Lakez [Lakez] Banyak Many

/s/ Sando [Sando] Besok

Tommorow
Susu [Susu] Payudara
Breast
Kembes [Kembes] Jambur air
Water apple

/h/ Huran [Huran] Hujan Rain

Kawehi [Kawehi] Kemarin Yesterday

Perah [Perah] Kering Dry

/y/ Yanuari [Yanuari] Januari January

Puyun [Puyun] Cucu Grandchild

Vowel Tombulu Spelling Indonesian English

Language

/i/ Ilekenna [Ilekenna] Lihatlah Look at

Wiwi [Wiwi] Bibir Lip

Oki [Oki] Anak Child

/∂/ ∂sa [∂sa] Satu One

T∂ng∂n [T∂ng∂n] Tangan Hand

T∂w∂S∂n [T∂w∂S∂n] Rumbia Rumbia

/a/ Arui [Arui] Senang Happy

Maan [Maan] Meskipun Although

Uka [Uka?] Mangkuk Bowl

28
 /o/ Oki [Oki?] Anak Child

Kokoki [Kokoki] Jari Kelingking Little

Niko [Niko] Engkau fingger

You

/u/ Ulak [Ulak] Otak Brain

Munte [Munte] Jeruk Orange

Paku [Paku] Pakis Fern

/e/ Eris [Eris] Pasir Sand

Seza [Seza] Ikan Fish

Wewene [Wewene] Laki- Laki Female

English Language Translate Tombulu Transcription

Language
Dog Anjing Asu [Asu]
Don‟t Take Jangan diambil Capa endon [Ca'pa endon]
Drink Minum Melep [Me'lep]
Sing Menyanyi Mazani [Mazani]
Together Bersama-sama Mawali [Mawali]
Meet Bertemu Maidekan [Maidekan]
Let‟ sing Mari kita menyanyi Mo kita kumantar [Mo kita
kumantar]
Thank you Terima kasih Makase Mo [Makase mo]
Heavy rain Hujan keras Maulit nuzan [Mau‟dit nuzan]
Let‟s eat Mari makan Meimo kuman [Meimo kuman]
I wanna go Saya mau pergi Nyaku mangemo [Nyaku
mangemo]
I want to go to the Saya mau pergi Nyaku mange [Nyaku mange
garden kerja di kebun maayang ti cuma maayang ti'
Cuma]
I want go to river Saya mau pergi ke Nyaku mange [Nyaku mange
Sungai tizano tizano]
I hungry Saya lapar Nyaku Ma aremo [Nyaku Ma
aremo]
I have a headache Saya sakit kepala Nyaku Rumara U [N]yaku Rumara
nulu U nulu
29
 Flower Bunga Konta [Konta]
Tree Pohon Kai [Kai]
People orang Kuloe [Kuloe]
Good Baik Leos [Le‟os]
Hear Telinga Lunteng [Lunteng]
Child Anak Oki [Oki?]
God Tuhan Opo Empung [Opo Empung]
You have eaten? Kamu sudah O kimano [ O Kimano]
makan?
Hat Topi Porong [Porong]
Door Pintu Pepenet [Pepenet]
Husband Suami Paitua [Paitua]
Pencil Pensil Potlot [Potlot]
Chair Kursi Rurumeran [Rurumeran]
Facing east Menghadap timur Sumaru timu [Sumaru Timu]
She/ he my child Dia Anakku Sia Oki ku [Sia Oki ku ]
She/ he there Dia disana (luar) Sia ti sesengkotan [Sia ti
sesengkotan]
Don‟t Jangan Tia [Tia]
People Orang Tou [Tou]
Eat Makan Uman [Uman]
Eye Mata Ureng [Ureng]
Morning Pagi Voondo [Vo'ondo]
Good morning Selamat Pagi Voondo Leos [Vo'ondo Leos]
Wife‟s village Kampung Istri Wanua [Wanua
Wewene Wewene]
Ask a little Minta sedikit We ane toyo [We ane toyo]
Ask a lot Minta banyak We ane lakes [We ane lakes]
Where? Dimana? Wisako? [Wisako]
She/he there Dia disana Witi i [Witi i ]
Money Uang Zoit [Zoit]
Black Hitam Zemdem [Zemdem]

30
 ATTACHMENT II

RESOURCE PERSON DATA AND DOCUMENTATION

Name : Mr. Felix Tumenga

Age : 58 Years Old

Occupation : ASN

31
Name : Vera Moningka

Age : 42 Years Old

Occupation : Housewife

32