STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA AMONG FEMALE

WORKING IN YARN INDUSTRY

THE THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE ASSOCIATE FELLOW OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH (AFIH)

OF

DIRECTORATE GENERAL FACTORY ADVICE SERVICE AND

LABOUR INSTITUTES (DGFASLI), MUMBAI

MINISTRY OF LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2021-22

BY
DR. RAKESH KUMAR NAG
MBBS
REGIONAL LABOUR INSTITUTE

FARIDABAD

1
 STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA AMONG FEMALE
WORKING IN YARN INDUSTRY
THE THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE ASSOCIATE FELLOW OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH (AFIH)

OF

DIRECTORATE GENERAL FACTORY ADVICE SERVICE AND

LABOUR INSTITUTES (DGFASLI), MUMBAI

MINISTRY OF LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2021-22

BY

DR. RAKESH KUMAR NAG

MBBS
REGIONAL LABOUR INSTITUTE

FARIDABAD

2
 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR. ARKAPRABHA SAU

DEPUTY DIRECTOR (MEDICAL), RLI-KANPUR

&

AFIH COURSE CO-ORDINATOR

REGIONAL LABOUR INSTITUTE

FARIDABAD

3
PERMISSION LETTER FROM THE INSTITUTE

4
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words
and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified
any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the
above will be cause for disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke penal
action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom
proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Nag

AFIH (TRAINEE)
ACADEMIC SESSION - 2021
REGIONAL LABOUR INSTITUTE

5
 FARIDABAD
Date: 17 Feb 2022

Place: Faridabad

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT
DIRECTORATE GENERAL FACTORY ADVICE SERVICE AND LABOUR
INSTITUTES (DGFASLI), MUMBAI

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that DR, Rakesh Kumar Nag a student of Associate Fellow of Industrial Health
(AFIH) course for the academic session 2021 at Regional Labour Institute, Faridabad, has carried
out the thesis entitled ‘STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA AMONG FEMALE WORKING
IN YARN INDUSTRY’ towards her/his partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Associate
Fellow of Industrial Health (AFIH) under the Directorate General Factory Advice Service and
Labour Institutes (DGFASLI), Mumbai under my direct guidance and supervision as guide.

The data included in the thesis along with statistical analysis and whole write up are genuine work
done by the candidate herself. This thesis on any part of it has not been submitted for any degree /
diploma / fellowship or any other academic award anywhere before.

I wish her every success in life.

______________________________

Dr. Arkaprabha Sau,

Deputy Director (Medical), RLI-Kanpur &
AFIH 2021 Course Co-ordinator
Regional Labour Institute
6
 Faridabad
Date: 17 Feb 2022
Place: Faridabad

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT
DIRECTORATE GENERAL FACTORY ADVICE SERVICE AND LABOUR
INSTITUTES (DGFASLI), MUMBAI

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that Dr. Rakesh Kumar Nag a student of Associate Fellow of Industrial Health
(AFIH) course for the academic session 2021 at Regional Labour Institute, Faridabad, has carried
out the thesis entitled ‘STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA AMONG FEMALE WORKING
IN YARN INDUSTRY’ towards her/his partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Associate
Fellow of Industrial Health (AFIH) under the Directorate General Factory Advice Service and
Labour Institutes (DGFASLI), Mumbai under my direct guidance and supervision as guide.

The data included in the thesis along with statistical analysis and whole write up are genuine work
done by the candidate herself/himself. This thesis on any part of it has not been submitted for any
degree / diploma / fellowship or any other academic award anywhere before.

I wish him every success in life.

___________________________

Director (Safety) & Head of Office

Regional Labour Institute
Faridabad
Date:

7
Place: Bhopal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and
encouragement crowned the efforts with success. I consider it my privileged to express my
gratitude and respect to all those who guided me in the completion of this thesis.

First and foremost, I offer my sincerest gratitude to my guide, Dr. Arkaprabha Sau, who have
supported me throughout my thesis with his patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room
to work in my own way.

I express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Sumit Roy, Director (Safety) & Head of Office, Regional
Labour Institute, Faridabad for constant encouragement and advice for enriching the quality of the
work done.

I take the opportunity to express my gratitude and thanks to Mr. Sumit Roy Director (Safety), Mr.
H.M. Bhandari Dy. Director (Safety), Mr. Karunesh Srivastava Asstt. Director (Safety), Mr. Amit
Gola Asstt. Director (Safety), Mr. Ajay Kumar Singh Asstt. Director (IH), Mr. Kunal Sharma
Asstt. Director (Safety), Mr. D. Gnanasundaram Addl. Asstt. Director (Safety) for their constant
encouragement and invaluable suggestions throughout my thesis work.

No amount of gratitude is enough for the help received from Dr Gurinder, Dr Dimond, Dr Sandeep
as co participants of this AFIH 2019 course at Regional Labour Institute, Faridabad.

I extend my sincere gratitude to the appropriate authority of the Trident Limited, Mr Sachin
Lowanshi Lab. Technician for necessary support.

My humble gratitude to my family members for their encouragement and support.

I would also like to thanks to the study participants, who are the soul of my thesis, for their
participation and unconditional support.

Last but not the least, I extend my gratitude to all of them, whose assistance in one way or the
other led to the successful completion of the thesis.

_________________________

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Nag

Date: 17 Feb 2022
Place: Bhopal
8
Table of Contents

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 16
1.1 Yarn sector in India ................................................................................................... 17
1.2 Yarn Maufacturing Process ....................................................................................... 18
1.3.1 Breaking .................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.2 Mixing ....................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.3 Blow Room ............................................................................................................... 20
1.3.4 Carding ...................................................................................................................... 21
1.3.5 Draw Frame ............................................................................................................... 22
1.3.6 Simples ...................................................................................................................... 23
1.3.7 Ring Frame ................................................................................................................ 24
1.3.6 Winding ..................................................................................................................... 25
2. Aim and objectives ............................................................................................................ 26
2.1 Aim ............................................................................................................................ 26
2.2 Specific objectives of the study................................................................................. 26
2.2.1 To study Prevalance of anemia among female yarn workers. ............................... 26
3. Review of literature ........................................................................................................... 27
4. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 28
4.1 Study type.................................................................................................................. 28
4.2 Study design .............................................................................................................. 28
4.3 Study setting .............................................................................................................. 28
4.4 Study population ....................................................................................................... 28
4.5 Study Period .............................................................................................................. 28
4.6 Sampling design ........................................................................................................ 28
4.7 Inclusion and exclusion criteria................................................................................. 28
4.7.1 Inclusion criteria .................................................................................................... 28
4.7.2 Exclusion criteria ................................................................................................... 29
4.8 Study tools ................................................................................................................. 29
4.8.1 Predesigned and pretested schedule ...................................................................... 29
4.8.2 Medical instruments .............................................................................................. 29
4.9 Study Data ................................................................................................................. 29

9
 4.10 Methods of data collection ........................................................................................ 29
4.13 Ethical principles ....................................................................................................... 24
4.13.1 Non maleficence / do no harm ........................................................................... 24
4.13.2 Beneficence ........................................................................................................ 24
4.13.3 Informed consent ............................................................................................... 24
4.13.4 No inducements ................................................................................................. 24
4.13.5 Confidentiality ................................................................................................... 24
4.13.6 Autonomy .......................................................................................................... 24
4.13.7 Conflict of interest ............................................................................................. 25
4.13.8 Compensation .................................................................................................... 25
4.14 Statistical analysis ..................................................................................................... 33
4.14.1 Descriptive statistics .......................................................................................... 34
4.14.2 Inferential statistics ............................................................................................ 37
4.14.3 Statistical softwares and pacakges ..................................................................... 37
5. Results ............................................................................................................................... 38
6. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 38
6.1 Socio demographic profile of the Yarn Worker ........................................................ 38
6.3 Anemia among female yarn worker .......................................................................... 38
6.4 Various factors associated with Anemia ................................................................... 38
7. Summary ........................................................................................................................... 38
8. Recommendation ............................................................................................................... 38
11. References ......................................................................................................................... 39
12. Annexure ........................................................................................................................... 40
12.4 Informed consent form in english ............................................................................. 40
12.6 informed consent form in hindi ................................................................................. 41

10
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Demographic profile of female yarn workers ........................................................... 29

Table 2: Distribution of Anemia as per WHO classification ................................................... 33

Table 3: Age (18-25) distribution of anemia among Female yarn workers ............................ 34

Table 4: Age (25-49) distribution of anemia among Female yarn workers ............................ 35

Table 5: Anemia with respect to BMI .................................................................................... 36

Table 6: Chi square test for Age group ................................................................................... 37

Table 7: Chi square test for BMI group .................................................................................. 37

11
 LIST OF FIGURES

Chart 1: Distribution of Anemia As per WHO Classification ................................................ 33

Chart 2: Age (18-25) distribution of anemia among Female yarn workers ............................. 34

Chart 3: Age (18-25) distribution of anemia among Female yarn workers ............................. 35

Chart 4: Anemia with respect to BMI ...................................................................................... 33

12
 Abbreviations

• AFIH-Associates Fellowship in Industrial Health

• BCC-Behavioural Change Communication
• BMI-Body Mass Index
• BP- Blood Pressure
• CI-Confidence Interval
• CISF-Central Industrial Security Force
• EMF electromagnetic field
• Fig-Figure
• FY-Financial Year
• HTN-Hypertension
• ICD-International Classification of Diseases
• IEC-Information Education and Communication
• IHD-Ischemic Heart Disease
• ILO- International labour Organization
• Km-Kilometre.
• NFHS-National Family Health Survey
• OBC-Other Backward Class
• PCI-Per Capita Monthly Income in Indian Rupee
• P & IR-Personnel and Industrial Relation
• SD-Standard Deviation
• SDG-Sustainable Development Goals
• ST-Scheduled Tribe
• TL-Trident Limited
• UN-United Nations
• WHO-World Health Organization

13
 ABSTRACT

Objective: This research investigates the prevalence of anemia among female yarn workers. We
examined differences in anemia related to Age and nutrition status body mass index (BMI). We
hypothesized that rural women would have higher prevalence of anemia compared to urban
women, particularly among the lower income groups, and that women with low body mass index
(BMI; <18 kg/m2) would have a higher risk compared to normal or overweight women. Risk of
anemia improves with advancing age.

Design: We conducted a longitudinal observational study, body weight, diet, social, demographic
and other factors.

Setting: Yarn Industry of Central India, Rural area of Madhya Pradesh.

Subjects: A total of 100 female aged 18-49 years from Yarn industry.

Results: Prevalence of anemia was high among all women. In all 44% of women had mild (11-
11.9gm/dL for non-pregnant women), 6% had moderate (8-10.9 g/dL), and 0% had severe anemia
(<70 g/l). Protective factors include financial freedom, reported consumption of fruits and pulses,
and high socioeconomic status, particularly in urban areas. Poor urban women had the highest
rates and odds of being anemic. 62.1 percent of thin, 47.2% of normal BMI, and 12.5% of
overweight women were anemic.

Conclusions: New program strategies are needed, particularly those that improve the overall
nutrition status of women of reproductive ages. This will require tailored programs across socio-
economic groups and within both rural and urban areas, but particularly among the urban and
rural poor.

14
Introduction
Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen carrying capacity is
insufficient to meet the body’s physiological requirements. The manifestations of anemia vary by its
severity and range from fatigue, weakness, dizziness and drowsiness to impaired cognitive development
of individual and increased morbidity.

Anemia affects over 800 million women worldwide. In India, it is classified as a major public health
problem as it is estimated that 52% of nonpregnant women of reproductive age are anemic [1]. Although
the primary cause of anemia is iron-deficiency, it is seldom present in isolation. More frequently it coexists
with a number of other causes, such as malaria, parasitic infection, nutritional deficiencies, and
haemoglobinopathies.

According to the World Health Organization’s 2009 Global health risks’ report [2], iron-deficiency anemia
accounted for 400,000 deaths and 1.5% of the global Disability Adjusted Life Years in 2004. This cost is
disproportional borne by developing nations as 60% of the morbidity and 95% of the mortality related
anemia are derived from the poorest nations of the world.

Anemia also has important consequences for the future generations, as iron-deficiency anemia increases
the risk for preterm labour, low birth weight, infant mortality. These risks are more prevalent in females
specially in low socioeconomic status.

The National Family Health Survey 2019-21 (NFHS-5)[3], provides information on population, health, and
nutrition for India and each state/union territory (UT). NFHS-5 suggestive of prevalence of anemia among
female aged 15-49 is about 54% in Madhya Pradesh.

Union Government of India in 2018 launched The Anemia Mukt Bharat- intensified Iron-plus initiative aims
to strengthen the existing mechanisms and foster newer strategies for tackling anemia. Its focusses on SIX
target beneficiary groups, through SIX interventions and SIX institutional mechanisms to achieve the
envisaged target under POSHAN Abhiyan[4].

15
Introduction To Yarn Industry and Its Production Process

1.1 India’s textiles sector is one of the oldest industries in the Indian economy, dating back to several
centuries.

The industry is extremely varied, with hand-spun and hand-woven textiles sectors at one end of the
spectrum, while the capital-intensive sophisticated mills sector on the other end. The decentralized
power looms/ hosiery and knitting sector forms the largest component in the textiles sector. The close
linkage of textiles industry to agriculture (for raw materials such as cotton) and the ancient culture and
traditions of the country in terms of textiles makes it unique in comparison to other industries in the
country. India’s textiles industry has a capacity to produce wide variety of products suitable for different
market segments, both within India and across the world.

Market Size

1.2 India’s Textiles industry has around 4.5 crore employed workers including 35.22 lakh handloom
workers across the country. The industry contributed 7% to the industry output (by value) in 2018-19.
The Indian textiles and apparel industry contributed 2% to the GDP, 12% to export earnings and held 5%
of the global trade in textiles and apparel in 2018-19.

Achievements

1.3 Following are the achievements of the Government in the past four years:

In June 2021, KVIC recorded a 7.71% growth in gross annual turnover to Rs. 95,741.74 crore (US$ 12.85
billion) from Rs. 88,887 crore (US$ 11.93 billion) in FY20.

In CY2020, Cotton Corporation of India made a record procurement of ~ 151 lakh bales under MSP
operations, which is ~ 290% higher than 38.43 lakh bales procured during the corresponding period last
year.

I-ATUFS, a web-based claims monitoring and tracking mechanism was launched on April 21, 2016. 381
new block level clusters were sanctioned.

Under the Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP), 59 textile parks were sanctioned, out of which, 22
have been completed.

Employment increased to 45 million in FY19 from 8.03 in FY15.

Exports of readymade garments (of all textiles) was worth US$ 1.19 billion as of December 2020.

16
Yarn Manufacturing Process [5]

Yarn
• Yarn is defined as a linear assemblage of the fibers twisted together.
• Yarn properties are parameters to describe the yarn, such as fineness or titer, elongation,
hairiness, tenacity, twist, and volume.
• The process of making the yarn from a textile fiber is called Spinning.
• The so-called “spun yarns” are yarns made from staple fibers (for example cotton and cut
man-made fibers).
• All other yarns are made from man-made fibers.
• Plied yarns consist of two or more parallel oriented yarns; twisted yarns consist of at least
two twisted yarns.

17
Bale Opening or Breaking
• The cotton tufts are opened in this process.
• As the cotton arrives in an extremely compressed condition the first operation is to loosen
the matted fibers
• The cotton fiber is loosen by means of rotating spiked rollers of the bale opener.

Fig: Bale opener

Mixing
• This is a process of mixing the same/different category of fibers to get desired properties
and cost effectiveness.
• Mixing is done after the study of the essential properties of fiber like staple length, tensile
strength, fineness, uniformity etc.

18
Blow Room

• In this process the cleaning and opening of the cotton is done by beaters and openers.
• The foreign materials like dust particles, seeds of cotton and other impurities are partially
removed in this process.
• The cotton tufts are opened and cleaned in this process and the cotton lap is made out.

Fig: Blow room

19
Carding

• Carding is the heart of spinning in this process the minute impurities like small seed
particles, immature fibers etc. are removed.
• The straightening and aligning of fibers are done in this process.
• In carding the Blow room lap is attenuated to the card sliver.

Fig: Carding machine

20
Draw Frame
• Through drafting fibbers get paralleled
• Up to Eight Carded Slivers are fed into the Draw Frame and they are
stretched/Straightened and made into a single sliver.
• Also fiber blending can be done at this stage.

Fig: Draw frame

21
Simplex (Roving Frame)
• Further drafting is done here to get the fibers more aligned/paralleled.
• The Sliver from Draw-Frame is thicker and will be difficult to be fed into the Ring-frame as
is, hence here the Slivers are stretched and were made thinner by Drafting and mild
twisting (so as to strengthen the Roving).
• The End-Product from the Simplex is called as Roving.

Fig: Simplex machine

22
Ring Frame (Spinning)
• The roving is fed into the Ring-frame and is made into yarn by further Drafting & Twisting.
• To draft the roving until the required fineness is achieved
• To impart strength to the fiber, by inserting twist.
• Depending upon the yarn count required, the drafting and twisting can be adjusted.

Fig: Ring Frame machine

23
Autoconer (Winding)
• Winding is the creation of large yarn packages that can be easily unwound.
• Winding makes easier and economical use of yarn on subsequent machines.
• All yarns made on ring frame are wound in the form of large cones on Autocone winding
machine.
• Yarn faults are also removed on this machine with the help of yarn clearer.

Young workers join the workforce typically when they are just above 18 years or even up to 25 years.
These unskilled workers generally employed to do manual work or repetitive work or to assist a
semiskilled /skilled worker in doing the work. They gradually acquire skills by experience on the job.

24
1. Aims and Objectives:

• To assess prevalence of anaemia among female workers of yarn industry.

• To find some determinants of anemia in female like BMI, Age etc.
• To suggest strategies for prevention of Anemia in female workers.
• As part of requirement for AFIH

25
1.4 Review of Literature

Anemia is defined as a low number of red blood cells. In a routine blood test, anemia is reported
as a low hemoglobin or hematocrit. Hemoglobin is the main protein in your red blood cells. It
carries oxygen, and delivers it throughout your body. If you have anemia, your hemoglobin level
will be low too. If it is low enough, your tissues or organs may not get enough oxygen. Symptoms
of anemia -- like fatigue or shortness of breath -- happen because your organs aren't getting what
they need to work the way they should.
Anemia is the most common blood condition in the India. It affects almost 60% of the population.
Women, young children, and people with long-term diseases are more likely to have anemia.
Important things to remember are:

• Certain forms of anemia are passed down through your genes, and infants may have it from
birth.
• Women are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because of blood loss from their periods and
higher blood supply demands during pregnancy.
• Older adults have a greater risk of anemia because they are more likely to have kidney
disease or other chronic medical conditions.

There are many types of anemia. Most common is Iron deficiency anemia. All have different
causes and treatments.

Who Classification of Anemia [6] for Non-Pregnant Females.

Mild: Hb 11 to 11.9gm/dL of blood.

Moderated: Hb 8 to 10.9 gm/dL of blood.

Severe: Hb Less than 8 gm/dL of blood.

26
Methodology

Type of study: Cross-sectional survey was done.

Study area: Yarn Industry Trident Limited, Budhni MP.

Study Period: 10 January to 21 January 2021.

Ethical clearance

The study was conducted with due permissions from Director Regional Labour Institute Faridabad
and competent authority of the Trident Limited. The data was de identified to maintain
confidentiality of the subjects.

Selection of cases

The number of female workers in yarn industry of this area is about 3,000. The prevalence was
found to be 54% in NFHS (5). With margin of error of 10%, Confidence level of 95%. And
population size of 3000, Sample size was estimated to be 100.

After obtaining informed consent from the workers, information about the socio-demographic
characteristics was recorded in the pretested proforma. For hemoglobin estimation, Sahli type
Haemoglobinometer is used. Trained lab-technician is deployed to withdraw blood and its
processing in sahli haemoglobinometer and Hb is recorded of each worker. The number of female
workers in the study was N= 100. The mean age of workers was found to be 25.37 years. Data was
then collated in Microsoft Excel. It was represented with pi and bar chart. Age of worker and type
of injury and date of injury data was analyzed for epidemiological significance. Chi square test
was done for qualitative variables.

27
Inclusion and Exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria:

• All Non-pregnant females of 18 to 49 years are included.

• All females should be working in yarn industry.
• All must willingly give consent for participation.
•

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant females are excluded.

• Worker with chronic illness is excluded.
• All workers not willing to participate are excluded.

Study Tools

Predesigned and Pretested Schedule:

Study is conducted between 10th of Jan 2021 to 20th of Jan 2021. Five day schedule is prepared to
enroll worker in study, For their Informed consent and Blood sampling for Hemoglobin estimation.

Medical Instrument:

• Sahlis Hemoglobinometer
• Height scale
• Weight machine

28
Table 1. showing the demographic profile of female yarn workers and their Hb levels

Demographic Profile of Yarn Female Workers

Marital Height Weight Any
S. NO. Age Sex Address BMI Diet Hb%
Status (CM) (Kg) Illness
1 23 F Rewa UM 160 40 15.6 Veg 11.2 NA
2 24 F Damoh UM 151 47 20.6 Veg 12.5 NA
3 19 F Betul UM 156 59 24.2 Veg 12.1 NA
4 22 F Hoshangabad UM 152 42 18.1 Veg 12.8 NA
5 26 F Hoshangabad UM 156 50 20.5 Veg 12.2 NA
6 24 F Budhni UM 152 46 19.9 Nveg 10.0 NA
7 22 F Hoshangabad UM 152 36 15.5 Veg 11.2 NA
8 27 F Hoshangabad MA 152 52 22.5 Veg 10.2 NA
9 20 F Budhni UM 150 40 17.7 Nveg 11.5 NA
10 20 F Budhni UM 152 40 17.3 Veg 10.0 NA
11 29 F Budhni UM 163 50 18.8 Veg 12.2 NA
12 25 F Hoshangabad UM 150 40 17.7 Veg 12.5 NA
13 24 F Hoshangabad UM 160 45 17.5 Veg 10.0 NA
14 25 F Budhni UM 156 50 20.5 Nveg 12.3 NA
15 24 F Budhni MA 156 50 20.5 Veg 12.5 NA
16 22 F Hoshangabad UM 155 40 16.6 Nveg 12.1 NA
17 25 F Budhni UM 158 50 20.0 Nveg 12.2 NA
18 22 F Hoshangabad UM 154 45 18.9 Veg 10.0 NA
19 27 F Budhni UM 168 60 21.2 Veg 11.2 NA
20 22 F Budhni UM 154 40 16.8 Veg 12.5 NA
21 25 F Budhni UM 165 48 17.6 Veg 12.5 NA
22 23 F Budhni UM 155 50 20.8 Veg 12.1 NA
23 26 F Budhni UM 157 45 18.2 Veg 12.5 NA
24 24 F Budhni UM 148 53 24.2 Veg 11.2 NA
25 25 F Budhni UM 157 40 16.2 Veg 11.5 NA
26 21 F Budhni UM 150 42 18.6 Veg 11.0 NA
27 20 F Budhni UM 161 47 18.1 Veg 11.4 NA
28 23 F Budhni UM 145 40 19.0 Veg 11.0 NA
29 26 F Budhni UM 157 44 17.8 Veg 11.5 NA
30 28 F Hoshangabad MA 158 66 26.5 Veg 12.0 NA
31 27 F Budhni UM 156 57 23.4 Veg 11.2 NA
32 23 F Hoshangabad UM 158 48 19.2 Veg 11.0 NA
33 21 F Budhni UM 160 50 19.5 Veg 12.0 NA
34 22 F Budhni UM 152 50 21.6 Veg 11.0 NA
35 41 F Hoshangabad MA 155 52 21.6 Nveg 11.5 NA

29
 Demographic Profile of Yarn Female Workers
Marital Height Weight Any
S. NO. Age Sex Address BMI Diet Hb%
Status (CM) (Kg) Illness
36 28 F Hoshangabad UM 148 55 25.1 Nveg 12.2 NA
37 38 F Budhni MA 155 42 17.5 Veg 12.5 NA
38 33 F Hoshangabad MA 157 38 15.4 Veg 11.0 NA
39 35 F Budhni MA 157 54 21.9 Veg 12.5 NA
40 36 F Hoshangabad MA 152 60 25.9 Nveg 12.8 NA
41 34 F Hoshangabad MA 152 40 17.3 Nveg 11.6 NA
42 35 F Hoshangabad MA 147 38 17.5 Veg 12.0 NA
43 28 F Hoshangabad MA 150 65 28.8 Veg 12.1 NA
44 26 F Budhni UM 167 98 35.2 Veg 12.1 NA
45 30 F Budhni UM 158 40 16.0 Nveg 11.6 NA
46 18 F Budhni UM 152 43 18.6 Veg 12.1 NA
47 22 F Hoshangabad UM 152 52 22.5 Veg 11.3 NA
48 30 F Hoshangabad MA 158 62 24.8 Veg 13.0 NA
49 24 F Hoshangabad UM 158 60 24.4 Veg 11.0 NA
50 25 F Hoshangabad UM 163 48 18.1 Nveg 12.1 NA
51 23 F Hoshangabad UM 155 45 18.7 Veg 12.2 NA
52 21 F Hoshangabad UM 144 35 16.9 Veg 11.3 NA
53 19 F Hoshangabad UM 158 40 16.0 Veg 12.1 NA
54 20 F Hoshangabad UM 163 45 16.9 Veg 12.3 NA
55 23 F Hoshangabad UM 156 42 17.2 Veg 11.0 NA
56 25 F Hoshangabad UM 156 45 18.5 Veg 12.3 NA
57 30 F Hoshangabad MA 160 55 21.4 Veg 11.2 NA
58 22 F Hoshangabad UM 153 60 25.6 Veg 11.8 NA
59 21 F Budhni UM 150 45 20.0 Veg 11.3 NA
60 29 F Budhni UM 165 42 15.4 Veg 12.3 NA
61 25 F Budhni UM 156 46 18.9 Veg 12.6 NA
62 25 F Budhni UM 160 37 14.4 Veg 11.6 NA
63 25 F Budhni UM 152 38 16.4 Veg 11.0 NA
64 23 F Budhni UM 153 54 20.3 Veg 12.3 NA
65 27 F Budhni MA 156 50 20.5 Veg 12.5 NA
66 22 F Budhni UM 154 41 17.2 Veg 12.3 NA
67 27 F Budhni UM 150 44 19.5 Veg 11.3 NA
68 23 F Budhni UM 155 40 17.8 Veg 12.0 NA
69 26 F Budhni UM 152 41 17.7 Veg 11.6 NA
70 30 F Budhni MA 153 48 20.5 Veg 12.1 NA
71 25 F Budhni UM 158 40 16.0 Veg 11.8 NA
72 38 F Budhni UM 148 40 18.2 Veg 11.2 NA
73 23 F Budhni UM 150 40 17.7 Veg 11.0 NA

30
 Demographic Profile of Yarn Female Workers
Marital Height Weight Any
S. NO. Age Sex Address BMI Diet Hb%
Status (CM) (Kg) Illness
74 21 F Budhni UM 156 44 18.1 Veg 11.0 NA
75 24 F Hoshangabad UM 145 45 21.4 Veg 11.0 NA
76 24 F Budhni UM 157 55 22.3 Veg 12.2 NA
77 19 F Budhni UM 158 43 17.2 Veg 12.5 NA
78 39 F Hoshangabad MA 160 69 26.9 Nveg 12.8 NA
79 26 F Budhni UM 160 49 19.1 Veg 13.0 NA
80 23 F Budhni UM 158 64 25.7 Veg 12.6 NA
81 24 F Hoshangabad UM 153 38 16.2 Nveg 12.0 NA
82 20 F Hoshangabad UM 148 47 21.4 Nveg 11.0 NA
83 22 F Budhni MA 160 41 16.0 Veg 11.2 NA
84 25 F Budhni UM 154 42 17.7 Veg 11.0 NA
85 24 F Budhni MA 154 52 21.9 Veg 11.3 NA
86 41 F Budhni MA 154 38 16.0 Veg 11.0 NA
87 24 F Budhni MA 168 54 19.1 Veg 11.6 NA
88 36 F Budhni UM 150 50 22.2 Nveg 12.0 NA
89 23 F Budhni UM 148 50 23.2 Nveg 12.2 NA
90 28 F Budhni UM 153 45 19.2 Veg 11.9 NA
91 23 F Budhni MA 156 47 19.3 Veg 12.2 NA
92 25 F Budhni UM 152 54 23.3 Veg 11.3 NA
93 25 F Hoshangabad UM 158 44 17.6 Veg 9.8 NA
94 24 F Budhni MA 158 54 21.6 Veg 12.5 NA
95 21 F Budhni UM 160 43 16.7 Veg 12.0 NA
96 21 F Budhni UM 157 44 17.8 Veg 11.0 NA
97 21 F Budhni UM 152 42 18.1 Veg 12.6 NA
98 22 F Budhni MA 158 47 18.8 Veg 12.0 NA
99 25 F Budhni UM 152 44 19.0 Nveg 11.0 NA
100 26 F Hoshangabad MA 166 49 17.8 Veg 11.7 NA

31
Statistical Analysis

Table 2: Showing distribution Anemia among Female workers

Anemia As Per WHO Classification

S.NO. Type Hb Level No of workers % of workers
1 Normal > 12gm/dL 50 50%
2 Mild 11- 11.9gm/dL 44 44%
3 Moderate 8-10.9gm/dL 6 6%
4 Severe <8gm/dL 0 0%

Chart 1: showing distribution Anemia among Female workers

Distribution of Anemia in female Yarn

workers As Per WHO Classification

6%
0%

50%
44%

1 Normal > 12gm/dL 2 Mild 11- 11.9gm/dL 3 Moderate 8-10.9gm/dL 4 Severe <8gm/dL

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Table 3: Showing Age distribution of Anemia among workers.

Age distribution among female yarn workers

Anemia
S. NO. Age in Yrs Normal
Mild Moderate Severe
1 18 - 25 67 30 5 0

Chart 2: Showing Age distribution of Anemia among workers.

Age 18 - 25
Anemia Moderate
5%
Anemia Severe
0%
Anemia Mild 29%

Normal 66%

Normal Anemia Mild Anemia Moderate Anemia Severe

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Table 4: Showing Age distribution of Anemia among workers.

Age distribution among female yarn workers

Anemia
S. NO. Age in Yrs Normal
Mild Moderate Severe
1 25 -49 33 14 1

Chart 3: Showing Age distribution of Anemia among workers.

Age 25 -49

Anemia Moderate
2%

Anemia Mild 29%

Normal 69%

Normal Anemia Mild Anemia Moderate Anemia Severe

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Table 5: Anemia with respect to BMI of Female yarn worker.

Anemia % Of
S.NO. BMI Total Anemic
Mild Moderate Sever
Workers
1 < 18 msq/Kg 23 3 0 37 62.16
2 18 - 25 msq/Kg 23 3 0 55 47.27
3 > 25 msq/Kg 1 0 0 8 12.50

Chart 4: Anemia with respect to BMI of Female yarn worker.

BMI vs Anemia
25

20

15
BMI

10

0
Mild Moderate Sever
Anemia

< 18 msq/Kg 18 - 25 msq/Kg > 25 msq/Kg

35
Inferential Statistics:

Table 6: Chi Square Test for Age group.

Category Marginal Row

Group
Normal Anemia Total
Age 18 -25 32 (33.5) [0.07] 35 (33.5) [0.07] 67
Age 25 -49 18 (16.5) [0.14] 15 (16.5) [0.14] 33
Marginal Column Totals 50 50 100

The Chi-square statistic is 0.4071. The p-value is 0.523468. Not significant at p < 0.05.

Table 7: Chi Square Test for BMI group.

Category
Group Marginal Row Total
Normal Anemia
BMI < 18 14 (18.5) [1.09] 23 (18.5) [1.09] 37
BMI > 18 36 (31.5) [0.64] 27 (31.5) [0.64] 63
Marginal Column Totals 50 50 100

The Chi-square statistic is 3.4749. The p-value is 0.62306. Not significant at p < 0.05.

Statistical Software and Packages: www.socscistatistics.com and MS Excel.

36
Results:
Above data suggestive of there is no casual relationship between Age and BMI with anemic status
of female yarn workers. Though data is suggestive of lesser prevalence of anemia in higher age
group and female with normal or high BMI score.

Discussion
This study has several limitations. First, it is based on cross-sectional data, and we therefore could
not establish a causal relationship. Second, as only hemoglobin levels were measured among
participants in the survey, we had to estimate the proportion of anemic women likely to be
experiencing iron-deficiency anemia based on published research studies.

Anemia is one of the important causes of weakness, low immunity status among working females.
It may likely to hamper with working stamina of female. Female worker with good level of
hemoglobin may have better strength and less likely to get fatigue.

Summary
Recent estimates of anemia show that 52% of Indian women aged 15–49 years are anemia. Our
findings highlight the important role of dietary factors in mediating the development of anemia. In
particular, vegetarian women in India are significantly more likely to be iron deficient compared
with their omnivorous counterparts. The finding that wealthier females are significantly less likely
to be anemia suggests that poverty reduction is crucial to reduce the incidence of anemia among
Indian women. However, even among the poor, women subsisting on vegetarian diets were
significantly more likely to be anemia. Mass food fortification with iron, targeted iron
supplementation, control of hookworm and malaria, and effective public education about iron-rich
sources of plant-based and animal-based foods are effective strategies for reducing the incidence
and prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia among Indian women.

Recommendation
More comprehensive study is required to find actual status of anemia among female yarn workers.
It is our recommendation that awareness camp should be organized for female yarn workers. Free
distribution of Iron folic acid should be arranged for them. Proper follow up study may be
conducted to find the actual benefit of such efforts.

37
Reference

1. World Health Organization, World-Wide Prevalence of Anemia, 1993 to 2005, World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/765476/#introduction

2. World Health Organization, Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable
to Selected Major Risks, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/765476/#introduction

3. National Family Health Survey

http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5_FCTS/Madhya_Pradesh.pdf.

4. https://anemiamuktbharat.info/

5. Basic Concept of Yarn manufacturing Process

https://textilelearner.net/concept-of-yarn-manufacturing-process/

6. WHO World Wide Prevalance of Anemia

https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241596657

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