CARL GUSTAV JUNG
 was born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, a town on
Lake Constance in Switzerland.
 Jung’s father, Johann Paul Jung, was a minister in
the Swiss Reformed
 Church, and his mother, Emilie Preiswerk Jung,
was the daughter of a theologian.
 2 siblings, an older brother, and a younger sister
Middle child, Jung’s early life was that of an only
child.
 Family: medicine and spiritual
 ANALYTICAL THEORY Rests on the assumption
that occult phenomena can and do influence the
lives of everyone. Jung believed that each of us is
motivated not only by repressed experiences but
also by certain emotionally toned experiences
inherited from our ancestors.
 THE LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE
Conscious
Personal unconscious
Collective unconscious
 CONSCIOUS images are those that are sensed by
the ego, The Ego is not the whole personality, but
must be completed by the more comprehensive
self, the center of personality that is largely
unconscious.
 PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS Embraces all
repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived,
experiences of one particular individual. It
contains repressed infantile memories and
impulses, forgotten, events, and experiences
originally perceived below the threshold of our
consciousness. Our personal unconscious is
formed by our individual experiences and is
therefore unique to each of us.
 A COMPLEX is an emotionally toned
conglomeration of associated ideas. Complexes
are largely personal, but they may also be partly
derived from humanity’s collective experience.
 COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS has roots in the
ancestral past of the entire species. It represents
Jung’s most controversial, and perhaps his most
distinctive, concept. It represents Jung’s most
controversial, and perhaps his most distinctive,
concept. Distant ancestors’ experiences with
universal concepts such as God, mother,
water, earth, and so forth have been
transmitted through the generations so that
people in every clime and time have been
influenced by their primitive ancestors’
primordial experiences
 ARCHETYPES are ancient or archaic images that
derive from the collective unconscious. both
archetypes and instincts are unconsciously
determined, and both can help shape
personality. The archetype itself cannot be
directly represented, but when activated, it
expresses itself through several modes, primarily
dreams, fantasies and delusions
 PERSONA, The side of personality that people
show to the world The term is well chosen
because it refers to the mask worn by actors in
the early theater. Each of us should project a
particular role, one that society dictates to each
of us. If we identify too closely with our persona,
we remain unconscious of our individuality and
are blocked from attaining self-realization.
 THE SHADOW, the archetype of darkness and
repression, represents those qualities we do not
wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from
ourselves and others. Jung contended that to be
whole, we must continually strive to know our
shadow and that this quest is our first test of
courage
 ANIMA Jung believed that all humans are
psychologically bisexual and possess both a
masculine and a feminine side. The feminine side
of men originates in the collective unconscious as
an archetype and remains extremely resistant to
consciousness, The anima represents irrational
moods and feelings
 ANIMUS The masculine archetype in women
The animus is symbolic of thinking and
reasoning. In every female-male relationship,
the woman runs a risk of
projecting her distant ancestors’ experiences
with fathers, brothers, lovers, and sons onto
the unsuspecting man. If a woman is
dominated by her animus, no logical or
emotional appeal can shake her from her
prefabricated beliefs (Jung,
1951/1959a).
 GREAT MOTHER Everyone, man or woman,
possesses a great mother archetype. This
 preexisting concept of a mother is always
associated with both positive and negative
feelings. She is capable of producing and
sustaining life (fertility and nourishment), but she
may also devour or neglect her offspring
(destruction). The great mother also
represents power and destruction, she is
sometimes symbolized as a godmother, the
Mother of God, Mother Nature, Mother Earth,
or a Witch
 THE WISE-OLD MAN, an archetype of wisdom
and meaning, symbolizes humans’ preexisting
knowledge of the mysteries of life. The wise old
man archetype is personified in dreams as father,
grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor,
or priest. The wise old man is also symbolized by
life itself.
 THE HERO ARCHETYPE is represented in
mythology and legends as a powerful
person, sometimes part god, who fights
against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil
in the form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or
demons. the hero is symbolically overcoming
the darkness of prehuman unconsciousness.
 THE SELF is symbolized by a person’s ideas of
perfection, completion, and wholeness, but its
ultimate symbol is the mandala
 MANDALA which is depicted as a circle within a
square, a square within a circle, or any other
concentric figure. It represents the strivings of
the collective unconscious for unity, balance, and
wholeness. self includes both the conscious and
unconscious mind, and it unites
 the opposing elements of the psyche—male and
female, good and evil, light and dark forces.
These opposing elements are often represented
by the yang and yin whereas the self is usually
symbolized by the mandala. This latter motif
stands for unity, totality, and order—that is, self-
realization. To actualize or fully experience the
self, people must overcome their fear of the
unconscious; prevent their persona from
dominating their personality; recognize the dark
side of themselves (their shadow); and then
muster even greater courage to face their anima
or animus.
psychological types that grow out of a union of two
basic attitudes—introversion and extraversion—and
four separate functions—thinking, feeling, sensing,
and intuiting.
 ATTITUDES Jung (1921/1971) defined an
attitude as a predisposition to act or react in
a characteristic direction. He insisted that
each person has both an introverted and an
extraverted attitude, although one may be
conscious while the other is unconscious.
 INTROVERSION is the turning inward of
psychic energy with an orientation toward
the subjective. Introverts are tuned in to
their inner world with all its biases, fantasies,
dreams, and individualized perceptions.
These people perceive the external world, of
course, but they do so selectively and with
their own subjective view
 EXTRAVERSION is the attitude distinguished
by the turning outward of psychic energy so
that a person is oriented toward the
objective and away from the subjective.
Extraverts are more influenced by their
surroundings than by their inner world. They
tend to focus on the objective attitude while
suppressing the subjective.
 The four functions—sensing, thinking,
feeling, and intuiting—
 THINKING Logical intellectual activity that
produces a chain of ideas is called thinking.
The thinking type can be either extraverted
or introverted, depending on a person’s basic
attitude.
 FEELING to describe the process of
evaluating an idea or event. Feeling is the
evaluation of every conscious activity, even
those valued as
indifferent.
 SENSING The function that receives physical
stimuli and transmits them to perceptual
consciousness is called sensation. These
perceptions are not dependent on logical
thinking or feeling but exist as absolute,
elementary facts within each persona
 INTUITING Intuition involves perception
beyond the workings of consciousness.
Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is
more creative, often adding or subtracting
elements from conscious sensation.


 THE ANARCHIC PHASE is characterized by
chaotic and sporadic consciousness. “Islands
of consciousness” may exist, but there is little
or no connection among these islands.
 THE MONARCHIC PHASE of childhood is
characterized by the development of the ego
and by the beginning of logical and verbal
thinking. During this time children see
themselves objectively and often refer to
themselves in the third person.
 DUALSTIC The ego as perceiver arises during
the dualistic phase of childhood when the ego
is divided into the objective and subjective.
Children now refer to themselves in the first
person and are aware of their existence as
separate individuals. During the dualistic
period, the islands of consciousness become
continuous land, inhabited by an ego-complex
that recognizes itself as both object and
subject
 YOUTH The period from puberty until middle
life is called youth. Young people strive to gain
psychic and physical independence from their
parents, find a mate, raise a family, and make
a place in the world.
 This desire to live in the past is called the
conservative principle.
 A middle-aged or elderly person who attempts
to hold on to youthful values faces a crippled
second half of life, handicapped in the
capacity to achieve self-realization and
impaired in the ability to establish new goals
and seek new meaning to life (Jung,
1931/1960a)
 MIDDLE-LIFE STAGE Jung believed that middle
life begins at approximately age 35 or 40, by
which time the sun has passed its zenith and
begins its downward descent. If middle-aged
people retain the social and moral values of
their early life, they become rigid and fanatical
in trying to hold on to their physical
attractiveness and agility. middle-aged people
with increasing anxieties, middle life is also a
period of tremendous potential.
 People who have lived youth by neither
childish nor middle-aged values are well
prepared to advance to middle life and to live
fully during that stage. They are capable of
giving up the extraverted goals of youth and
moving in
 OLD AGE If people fear life during the early
years, then they will almost certainly fear
death during the later ones. Fear of death is
often taken as normal, but Jung believed that
death is the goal of life and that life can be
fulfilling only when death is seen in this light.
 SELF-REALIZATION Psychological rebirth, also
called self-realization or individuation, is the
process of becoming an individual or whole
person (Jung,1939/1959, 1945/1953). Self-
realization is extremely rare and is achieved
only by people who are able to assimilate
their unconscious into their total personality.
This process is almost never achieved before
middle life and then only by men and women
who are able to remove the ego as the
dominant concern of personality and replace
it with the self.
METHOD’S OF INVESTIGATION
 WORD ASSOCIATION TEST
 DREAM ANALYSIS