**Physiology 293: Human Physiology**

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**I. Introduction to Human Physiology**

1. **Overview of Physiology**
- Definition and Scope
- Levels of Organization in the Human Body
- Homeostasis and its Importance

2. **Cellular Physiology**
- Cell Structure and Function
- Cell Membrane Transport
- Cell Signaling and Communication

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**II. Nervous System**

1. **Neurophysiology**
- Structure and Function of Neurons
- Action Potentials and Nerve Impulses
- Synaptic Transmission

2. **Central Nervous System (CNS)**

- Brain Anatomy and Functions
- Spinal Cord and Reflexes
- Sensory and Motor Pathways

3. **Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)**

- Autonomic Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System
- Peripheral Nerve Disorders

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**III. Muscular System**

1. **Muscle Structure and Types**

- Skeletal Muscle Structure
- Muscle Contraction Mechanisms
- Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
2. **Neuromuscular Junction**
- Motor Unit and Muscle Contraction
- Role of Calcium and ATP
- Muscle Fatigue and Recovery

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**IV. Cardiovascular System**

1. **Heart Anatomy and Function**

- Cardiac Cycle
- Regulation of Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
- Blood Pressure and Circulation

2. **Vascular System**
- Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
- Blood Composition and Hemostasis
- Cardiovascular Disorders

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**V. Respiratory System**

1. **Respiratory Anatomy**
- Structure of the Respiratory Tract
- Mechanics of Breathing
- Gas Exchange in the Lungs

2. **Gas Transport and Exchange**

- Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Control of Respiration
- Respiratory Disorders

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**VI. Endocrine System**

1. **Hormones and Glands**

- Types of Hormones
- Endocrine Gland Functions
- Hormone Regulation and Feedback

2. **Major Endocrine Organs**

- Pituitary, Thyroid, and Adrenal Glands
 - Pancreas and Insulin Regulation
- Reproductive Hormones

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**VII. Digestive System**

1. **Gastrointestinal Tract**
- Digestive Organs and Processes
- Nutrient Absorption
- Gut Microbiota

2. **Metabolism and Energy Balance**

- Metabolic Pathways
- Regulation of Blood Glucose
- Obesity and Metabolic Disorders

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**VIII. Renal Physiology**

1. **Kidney Structure and Function**

- Nephron Anatomy
- Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
- Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

2. **Urinary System**
- Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra
- Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance
- Kidney Disorders

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**IX. Reproductive System**

1. **Male and Female Reproductive Anatomy**

- Reproductive Organs and Hormones
- Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy
- Fertilization and Development

2. **Reproductive Health**
- Contraception and Family Planning
- Reproductive Disorders
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies
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**Note:** This note packet is designed to provide an overview of the key topics in Human
Physiology (Physiology 293). In-depth study, laboratory work, and practical applications are
essential for a comprehensive understanding of the physiological mechanisms and their
relevance to human health and well-being.