### Human Anatomy Overview

1. **Introduction to Anatomy**
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.
- Human anatomy specifically focuses on the structure of the human body.

2. **Anatomical Planes**
- **Sagittal Plane:** Divides the body into left and right halves.
- **Coronal (Frontal) Plane:** Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
portions.
- **Transverse (Horizontal) Plane:** Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower
(inferior) parts.

3. **Major Body Cavities**

- **Dorsal Cavity:** Contains the brain and spinal cord.
- *Subdivisions:* Cranial cavity (houses the brain) and vertebral canal (houses the spinal
cord).
- **Ventral Cavity:** Contains most of the body's organs.
- *Subdivisions:* Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic cavity
(contains digestive organs, kidneys, and reproductive organs).

4. **Organ Systems**
- **Integumentary System:** Skin, hair, nails; protects and regulates body temperature.
- **Skeletal System:** Bones, cartilage; provides structure and support.
- **Muscular System:** Muscles; enables movement.
- **Nervous System:** Brain, spinal cord, nerves; coordinates body activities.
- **Endocrine System:** Glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid); regulates body functions through
hormones.
- **Cardiovascular System:** Heart, blood vessels; transports oxygen and nutrients.
 - **Lymphatic (Immune) System:** Lymph nodes, spleen; defends against infections.
- **Respiratory System:** Lungs, trachea; facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon
dioxide).
- **Digestive System:** Stomach, intestines; breaks down food for energy.
- **Urinary System:** Kidneys, bladder; filters blood and eliminates waste.
- **Reproductive System:** Male (testes, penis) and female (ovaries, uterus); responsible for
reproduction.

5. **Key Organs and Structures**

- **Brain:** Controls body functions, intelligence, and emotions.
- **Heart:** Pumps blood throughout the body.
- **Lungs:** Facilitate gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
- **Liver:** Detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs.
- **Kidneys:** Filter blood and produce urine.
- **Skin:** Protects underlying tissues and regulates body temperature.
- **Bones:** Provide structure and support; produce blood cells.

6. **Anatomical Terminology**
- **Anterior (ventral):** Toward the front of the body.
- **Posterior (dorsal):** Toward the back of the body.
- **Superior:** Toward the head or upper part of the body.
- **Inferior:** Toward the feet or lower part of the body.
- **Proximal:** Closer to the point of attachment or origin.
- **Distal:** Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

7. **Clinical Applications**
- Understanding anatomy is crucial for medical professionals for diagnosis, treatment, and
surgery.
 - Anomalies in anatomy can lead to various medical conditions and diseases.

### Conclusion
Human anatomy is a foundational subject in biology, essential for understanding how the body
works and for medical sciences. This overview highlights key concepts and structures that form
the basis of the study of human anatomy.