HES 006 Anatomy and Physiology

STIMULI – cause of a response

- provides basis for understanding disease
- help distinguish useful/harmful treatments
ANATOMY – study of body structure or foundation (and microscopic organization, development processes,
relationship of the parts)
*ana – up; tome – cutting (“cut apart”/dissect)
EX. Bone – bone cells (osteocytes) – osteoid (matrix, unmineralized), hydroxyapatite (Ca/P; Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)
2 BASIC APPROACHES TO ANATOMY STUDY
a. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY – study of the body by systems
B. REGIONAL ANATOMY – study of the body organization by areas
*each region, all systems are studied simultaneously
2 GENERAL WAYS TO EXAMINE INTERNAL STRUCTURE
a. SURFACE ANATOMY – study of external features (ex. bony projections)
b. ANATOMICAL IMAGING – involves use of technologies to create pictures of internal structures
- to diagnose disease (ex. x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging – MRI)
PHYSIOLOGY – deals with functions/processes of living things (body)
- recognizes structures as dynamic, NOT fixed/unchanging
2 MAJOR GOALS OF PHYSIOLOGY
•To understand and predict body’s responses to stimuli.
•To understand how the body maintains internal conditions within narrow range of values in the presence of
continuously changing internal and external environments.
*HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY – study of a specific organism (human)
*CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
subdivisions that emphasize specific organization levels
*SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
6 LEVELS OR ORGANIZATION IN THE BODY
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL - atoms combine to form molecules
*structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by chemical makeup
*molecule’s structure determine function (ex. collagen molecules – strong and rope-like; fibers – flexibility and
skin structural strength)
2. CELL LEVEL
*cells – basic structural and functional units of organisms
*combined molecules -> organelles (little organs) -> small structures that make up some cells (nucleus,
mitochondria)
3. TISSUE LEVEL – similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
**4 PRIMARY TISSUE TYPES: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
4. ORGAN LEVEL – different tissues combine to form organs
*organ - composed of 2/more tissues types that perform common functions together
5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL - organs make up organ system
*organ system – group of organs classified as a unit due to common function
*coordinated activity of organ systems is necessary for function due to interrelation
6. ORGANISM LEVEL – organ systems make up organism
*organism – any living thing considered as a whole, one cell, or a trillion (ex. bacterium - single cell)
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
a. ORGANIZATION – specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism
*disruption of this = function loss and death
b. METABOLISM – ability to use energy to perform vital functions (growth, movement, reproduction)
•plants -> sunlight (photosynthesis – synthesize sugars)
•humans -> food (energy)
c. RESPONSIVENESS – ability of organism to sense environment changes and adjust to maintain its life
(adaptability)
EX. movement towards food/water or away from danger
adjustments that maintain their internal environment
d. GROWTH – increase in size of all/part of the organism
*can result from an increase in cell number/size/amount surrounding it
**EPIPHYSEAL PLATE – where bone grows in length and eventually closes in due age
e. DEVELOPMENT – includes changes an organism undergoes through time
*development involves growth and differentiation
•DIFFERENTIATION – change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized (form
tissues/organs)
f. REPRODUCTION – formation of new cells/organisms
HOMEOSTASIS – existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite
fluctuations in either internal/external environment
*homeo – same
*stasis – to stop
•VARIABLES – conditions; values can change
•HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS – maintain body temp. near an average normal value or SET POINT
- mostly governed by nervous or endocrine system
- are unable to maintain precisely at set point -> increases/decreases slightly
around the set point -> producing normal range values
*AVERAGE BODY TEMP. – 98.6°F (37°C)
*organ systems help control the internal environment so that it remains constant
*disease disrupt homeostasis
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- maintain homeostasis and most body systems
- “to decrease”
- when any deviation from the set point is made smaller/is resisted
- does not prevent variation but maintains it within normal range
EX. Maintenance of body temperature
3 COMPONENTS
1. RECEPTOR - monitors value of a variable (ex. temperature by detecting stimuli)
2. CONTROL CENTER – determines set point for the variable and receives input about it from receptor
3. EFFECTOR – change in variable value when directed by control center (ex. sweat glands)
**STIMULUS – a changed variable because it initiates homeostatic mechanism
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
- “an increase” -> the deviation from set point becomes even greater
-required to re-achieve homeostasis
EX. blood loss -> chemical responsible for clot
birth/uterus stretching -> stimulates uterine muscle contraction
BODY POSITIONS
ANATOMICAL POSITION – person standing upright with face forward and upper limbs hanging to the sides
and palms facing forward
SUPINE – lying face upward
PRONE – lying face downward
DIRECTIONAL TERMS – describe body parts relative to each other
SAGITTAL PLANE – runs vertically through body and separates it to right and left parts
*word sagittal – literally means flight of an arrow (refers to the way how body would be split by an arrow
passing anteriorly and posteriorly)
MEDIAN PLANE – a sagittal plane that passes through midline of body, dividing it into equal right and left
halves
TRANSVERSE PLANE (horizontal plane) – runs parallel to the surface of the ground, dividing the body into
superior and inferior parts
FRONTAL PLANE (coronal plane) – runs vertically from right to left, dividing body into anterior and posterior
parts
LONGITUDINAL SECTION – cut along the length of the organ
TRANSVERSE SECTION (cross section) – cuts completely through an organ (ex. banana cut into round pieces)
OBLIQUE SECTION – cut made diagonally across the long axis
3 LARGE BODY CAVITIES OF THE TRUNK (DO NOT OPEN TO OUTSIDE BODY)
1. THORACIC CAVITY – surrounded by ribs and diaphragm
-separated by from abdominal cavity
- divided into 2 parts by a center structure – MEDIASTINUM -> section that houses
heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and etc.
2. ABDOMINAL CAVITY - bounded by abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen,
pancreas, and kidneys
3. PELVIC CAVITY – small space enclosed by pelvis bones and contains bladder, part of large intestine, and
internal reproductive organs
**Abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and sometimes called – abdominopelvic cavity
SEROUS MEMBRANES – line trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities
- secrete fluid that fills space between parietal and visceral membranes; protect organs
from friction
•Parietal serous membrane – lines the wall of the cavity
•Visceral serous membrane – covers internal organs
•PERICARDIAL CAVITY - surround heart
*Pericarditis- inflammation of pericardium
•PLEURAL CAVITY – surround lungs
*Pleurisy - inflammation of pleura
•PERITONEAL CAVITY - surround certain abdominal and pelvic organs
*Peritonitis – inflammation of peritoneum
*Appendicitis - inflammation of appendix
•MESENTRIES – consist 2 layers of peritoneum fused together , hold abdominal organs in place and provide
passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs
•RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS – found “behind” parietal peritoneum (kidneys, adrenal glands part of
pancreas, parts of intestines, urinary bladder)

“I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRIST WHO STRENGTHENS ME.”

PHILIPPIANS 4:13