EXTREME

WEATHER
CONDITIONS
Extreme Weather
Conditions
- Characterized by extreme
values of a certain weather
variable
- Rarely occurring
- Associated with disasters
(owing to the extreme and rare
nature of EWCs)
 How do hurricanes,
typhoons, and cyclones
differ?

By their origin
Cyclones are weather
systems characterized
by:
• A low atmospheric
pressure at the
center, called the eye
• Inward, spiraling
winds
• Intense rain and wind
Basic Ingredients
Tropical Cyclones (TC)
Are associated with winds which:
• Are strong and destructive
• Become stronger towards the eye; but
become nearly still inside
• Spin CCW if TC is in the northern
hemisphere (CW if in the southern
hemisphere)
• Are warm and most and tend to rise
towards the eye
Coriolis Effect
Tropical Cyclones (TC)
• Generally bring extreme rain
• The warm and most winds that they
bring tend to rise as they circle the
eye. This vertical movement feeds the
cycle of evaporation, condensation,
and precipitation.
• This cycle also produces the rain
clouds visible as spirals in satellite
images.
In the Philippines…
About 19 to 20 typhoons per year enter
PAR and bring strong winds and heavy
rainfall.
- Yolanda (Haiyan) sustained winds of
at most 315 km/hr, equivalent to a
Category 5
- Pepeng (Parma) has accumulated
1854 mm of rainfall in Baguio City
Storm Surge
- The temporary increase in the sea
level above the local tide elevation
- Daluyong ng bagyo

𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒈𝒆 + 𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Storm Surge
- As a TC moves over the sea, its
circling winds push and pile up
seawater, raising the sea level –
wind surge
- The eye of the TC tends to suck the
sea surface upward, raising sea
level – pressure surge
Factors that intensify storm
surges
- A larger TC disturbs a larger area of
the sea
- A more intense TC with stronger
winds
- The speed at which a TC
approached a coast (both can be
devastating)
Yolanda’s storm surge
- More than 6000 died and ~1800 were
reported missing. The most devastated
were the islands of Samar and Leyte, where
the storm surges reached more than 6
meters in height.
- While most of the damage occurred within
200 meters from the coast, the maximum
extent reached more than 2 kilometers
inland.
Summary
● Extreme weather conditions are
atmospheric conditions (temperature,
pressure, rainfall, winds, etc.) which are:

○ of extreme values, either very high or

very low
○ generally rare
○ associated with disasters
Summary
Tropical cyclones
○ weather system characterized by low
pressure centers, and inward, spiraling
winds
○ form above the warm tropical oceans near
the equator, travel westward, and later curve
northward/southward depending on which
hemisphere they are formed
○ have different names, depending on where
these are formed
Summary
○ Winds spin clockwise/counterclockwise
depending on which hemisphere they are
formed.
○ bring extreme weather conditions,
particularly intense winds and rains, which
can result to disastrous floods, landslides,
and storm surges
○ The Philippines ranks high among other
countries in terms of the frequency and
intensity of TCs that affect it.
Summary
Storm surges
○ temporary increase in sea level,
measured from the local tide elevation, and
due to the intense winds and low pressures
of TCs
○ storm surges can cause disasters by
flooding coastal areas
○ strongly influenced by the size, intensity,
and approach velocity of TCs
 ANNOUNCEMENT:
• For this quarter’s Alternative Assessment,
write an informative report on one El Niño and
La Niña event experienced in the Philippines.
• Briefly discuss what these two phenomenon
are, when did they occur, what areas were
affected, and the resulting damages.
• Maximum of 2 pages, include
references/sources at the end of the report.
 WHAT YOU NEED TO DO
TODAY:
1. Review Lesson 13
on Khub.
2. Research on the
Alternative
Assessment.