Chapter 1

Catanduanes State University COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Course Code: AC2
Course Title: Engineering Utilities 2
COMPILATION OF LESSONS
CHAPTER 1
BUILDING PLUMBING SYSTEM
Compiled by:
ENGR. KAREN A. BAÑAS

Instructor III
AC2 – Engineering Utilities 2 Page 1 of 48

Disclaimer
This learning material is used in compliance with the flexible teaching-learning approach
espoused by CHED in response to the pandemic that has globally affected educational institutions.
Authors and publishers of the contents are well acknowledged. As such the college and its faculty do
not claim ownership of all sourced information. This learning material will solely be used for
instructional purposes not for commercialization.
CatSU College of Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Learning Outcomes
2. Concepts/Module Map
3. Introduction
4. Definition of Terms
5. Lesson 1 – Basic Principles of Sanitary/Plumbing System
6. Lesson 2 – Plumbing Materials, Fittings, Fixtures
7. Lesson 3 – Building Water System and Design
8. Lesson 4 – Domestic Water Heating
9. Lesson 5 – Sanitary Drainage System
10. Lesson 6 – OSST/Alternative Water System
11. Lesson 7 – Plumbing/Water System Review
12. Activity
13. References

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the topic, the students shall be able to:
1. Name, describe and distinguish between sources of potable water

2. Name, describe and distinguish between key types of and components in a plumbing
supply/distribution system.
3. Identify, describe and distinguish between types of and uses for water heaters.
4. Name and explain basic properties of fluid flow of a building plumbing system.
5. Calculate maximum probable flow rate of a building plumbing system.
6. Calculate pressure drop in lines of a building plumbing system.
7. Compute the minimum required size of distribution lines of a building plumbing system.
8. Name, describe and distinguish between methods of waste disposal in buildings.
9. Identify, describe and distinguish between key components of a drain, waste and vent (DWV)
system.
10. Compute the minimum required size of drainage and vent lines of a building plumbing system.
11. Interpret plumbing supply and DWV system design and detailing.
CONCEPTS/MODULE MAP
BUILDING
PLUMBING
SYSTEM
Basic Principles of Plumbing Building Water

Sanitary/Plumbing Materials, Fittings, System and Design
System Fixtures
Domestic Water Sanitary Drainage OSST/Alternative Plumbing / Water

Heating System Water System Systems Review

INTRODUCTION
Plumbing is defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to
convey and supply water in buildings, and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquids,
gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the
health and sanitation of life and property.
In prehistoric times of a thousand years ago, man left traces of plumbing works. These
primitive water supply and waste disposal methods, offered proof that even early man realizes the
importance of plumbing. Indeed, these crude devices were considered as the forerunners of modern
day plumbing.
The concept and importance of plumbing however, became more defined and appreciated
only during the Greco-Roman civilization. The Romans who considered daily bathing as a must,
elevated bathing to the level of a daily ritual. Their almost fanatical demand for a constant supply of
clean water, found its expression in the ingenuity of the now famous Roman Aqueduct, awater system
that continuously challenge the skill of the present crops of Engineers.
The word Plumber is a title given to a person who is skilled in the field of sanitation. It was
derived from the ancient Roman word Plumbarius which was taken from the Latin word Plumbum.
Plumbarius refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient Rome.
Pkumbun on the other hand, meant lead. A metal used as plumbing materials by the Romans,
preferred for its twin propertied of malleability and resistant to acid.
Before the decades of the 40’s, household plumbing installation was considered as a luxury
item available only to the upper crust of the society. Majority of the population, aside from not being
able to afford plumbing installation in their homes, where still unaware of the importance of sanitation
facilities in the form of an efficient water supply and waste disposal system. Most of the households,
particularly in the rural areas, were adopting the indigenous and ingenious methods of water supply
and waste disposal, unmindful of the ill effects brought about by poor sanitation
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Air Gap - is the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the
lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to the tank, plumbing fixture, or other
device and the flood level rim of the receptacle.
2. Back Flow- is the flow of water or other liquid mixture or substances into the distributing
pipes of a potable water from any source, other than its intended source.
3. Back Siphonage- refers to the back flow of used contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply due to a negative pressure in such a pipe.

4. Battery of Fixture- refers to any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures which
discharges into a common horizontal waste pipe or soil branch.
5. Bib- is synonymous with faucet, cock, tap, plug, etc. The word faucet is preferred.
6. Blind Flange- A flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no opening for the passage of
water.
7. Blow off- A controlled outlet on a pipeline used to discharge water.
8. Branch- Is any part of piping system other than the main riser or stack.
9. Branch Interval- Is the length of a soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a storey
height, but in no case less than 2.40 meters within which the horizontal branches from one
floor or storey of a building are connected to the stack.
10. Branch vent- Is a vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack or stack
vent.
11. Calking- Is plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are pounded into the
place or opening.

12. Circuit vent- Is a branch vent that serves two or more traps, and extends from the front of the
last fixture connection of a horizontal branch to the vent stack.
13. Continuous vent- is a vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain to which the vent
connects.
14. Combination Fixtures- Is a fixture combining one sink and tray or a two or three
compartment sink or tray in one vent.
15. Combination Waste and Vent System- Is a specially designed system of waste piping
embodying the horizontal wet venting of one or more sinks of floor drains by means of a
common waste and vent pipe adequately sized to provide free movement of air above the
flow line of the drain.
16. Common vent- Is a drain from two or three fixture connected to a single trap. It is also called
a dual vent
17. Cross Connection- is any physical connection between two otherwise separate piping
system, one contains potable water, and other from unknown or questionable safety,
whereby, water may flow from one system to the other direction of flow depending on the
pressure differential between the two systems.

18. Dead End- Is the extended portion of a pipe that is closed at one end permitting the
stagnation of water or air therein.
19. Developed Length- The length along the center of the pipe and fitting.
20. Diameter- Diameter of a pipe or tube refers to the nominal internal diameter (ID) of such pipe,
except brass and copper tube where the term refers to the outside diameter (OD) of the pipe.
21. Drainage System- Drainage system includes, all piping within the public or private premises
that conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid waste to a legal point of disposal. It does not
include the mains of public sewer system private or public sewerage treatment or disposal
plant.
22. Dry vent- A vent that does not carry water or water borne wastes.
23. Effective Opening- Is the minimum cross sectional area at the point of water supply
discharge, measured or expressed in terms of diameter of a circle. If the opening is not a
circle, the diameter of a circle that is equivalent to the cross sectional area. (This is applicable
to air gap)
24. Existing Work- shall apply to that portion of a plumbing system that has been installed and
approved prior to the contemplated addition, alteration or correction.
25. Fixture Branch- Is a pipe connecting several fixtures.
26. Fixture Drain- Is the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of that drain with any other
drain pipe.

27. Fixture Supply- Is a water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
28. Fixture Units- Is a quantity in terms of which the load producing effects on the plumbing
system of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed on some arbitrarily chosen scale.
29. Fixture Unit Flow Rate- Is the total discharge flow in gallons per minute of a simple fixtures
divided by 7.5 gallons that provides the flow rate of that particular plumbing fixture as a unit of
flow. Fixtures are rated as multiple of this unit of flow.
30. Flood Level- Is device located inside the tank for the purpose of maintaining water level for
effective flushing of the water closet.
31. Ferrule- a metallic sleeve called or otherwise joined to a opening in pipe into which a plug is
screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe.
32. Flush Valve- Is the device located at the bottom of the tank for flushing water closets and
similar fixtures.
33. Flashometer Valve- is a device which discharges a predetermined quantity of water to the
fixture for flushing purposes activated by direct water pressure.

34. Grade- Is the slope or fall of pipe in reference to a fraction of an inch per foot length of pipe.
35. Group Vent- A branch vent that performs its function for two or more traps.
36. Horizontal Pipe- means any pipe or fitting which makes an angle of more than 45 degree
with the vertical.
37. Invert- Is the lowest portion of the inside of any pipe or conduit that is not vertical.
38. Liquid Waste- Is the discharge from any fixture, appliance or appurtenance in connection
with a plumbing system which does not receive fecal matter.
39. Local Vent Pipe- Is a pipe on the fixture side of the trap through which vapor or foul air is
removed from a room or fixture.
40. Looped Vent- Is the same as Circuit Vent except that it loops back and connects with a stack
vent instead of a vent stack.
41. Lateral- In plumbing, it is a secondary pipe. In sewage, a common sewer to which no other
common sewer is tributary. It receives sewage only from building sewer.
42. Main- The main of any system of continuous piping is the principal artery of the system to
which branches maybe connected.
43. Main Sewer- Is a sewer line or system directly controlled by public authority.
44. Main Vent- Is the principal artery of the venting system to which branches maybe connected.

45. Plumbing Fixtures- are installed receptacles, devices, or appliances which are supplied with
water, or which receives or discharges liquid or liquid borne waste, with or without discharge
into drainage system which maybe directly or indirectly connected.
46. Plumbing System- The plumbing system includes the water supply distribution pipes,
plumbing fixtures and traps; soil, waste and vent pipes; house drain and house sewers
including their respective connection, devices and appurtenances within the property lines of
premises; and water treating or water using equipment.
47. Relief Vent- A relief vent’s primary function is to provide circulation of air between drainage
and vent system.
48. Re-vent Pipe- A re-vent pipe (sometimes called individual vent) is that part of the vent pipe
line which connects directly with an individual waste or group of wastes, underneath or back
of the fixtures, and extend either to the main or branch vent pipe.
49. Riser- is a water supply pipe which extend vertically one full storey or more to convey water
to branches or fixtures.
50. Rough-in- Is the installation of all parts of the plumbing system which can be completed prior
to the installation of fixtures. This include drainage, water supply, vent, piping and the
necessary fixture supports.
51. Return Bend- An open return bend usually read inside threats, but applied also to 180
degrees bend in pipe.

52. Public Sewer- Is a common sewer directly controlled by public authorities where all abutters
have equal rights of connections.
53. Sanitary Sewage- The sewage containing human excrement and liquid household waste. It
is also called domestic sewage.
54. Sanitary Sewer- A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or without industrial
wastes and without the admixture of surface water, storm water or drainage.
55. Secondary Branch- Any branch in a building drain other than the primary branch.
56. Sewerage of Sewage Work- Is a comprehensive term including all construction or collection,
transportation, pumping, treatment and final disposition of sewage.
57. Siamese Connection- Is a Y connection used on fire lines so that two lines of hose maybe
connected to a hydrant or to the same nozzle.
58. Standpipe- A vertical pipe usually used for the storage of water, frequently under pressure.
59. Side Vent- Is a vent connecting to the drain pipe through a fitting at an angle not greater than
45 degrees or to the vertical.

60. Soil Pipe- Is any pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixture having similar
functions, with or without the discharge from other fixtures, to the building drains (house drain)
or building sewer (house sewer).
61. Stack- Is the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipe.
62. Stack Group- Is a term applied to the location of fixtures in relation to the stack so that by
means of proper fittings, vents may be reduced to a minimum.
63. Stack Vent- a stack vent is the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal
drain connected to the stack. It is sometimes called waste vent or soil vent.
64. Stack Venting- Is a method of venting of fixture or fixtures through the soil or waste stack.
65. Subsoil Drain- are underground drain pipes that receive sub-surface or seepage water only
and convey it to a place of disposal.

66. Sump- A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid waste are drained.
67. Trap- Is a fitting or device so designed as to provide when properly vented a liquid seal that
will prevent the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage through it.
68. Trap Seal- Is the maximum vertical depth of liquid that trap will retain, measured between the
crown weir and tap of the dip of the trap.
69. Vent Stack- Is a vertical pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing circulation of air
to different parts of the drainage system.
70. Vent System- Is a pipe or pipes installed to provide a flow or circulation of air within the
plumbing system to protect trap seals siphoning and back pressure.
71. Vertical Pipe- is a pipe installed in a vertical position or at an angle of not more than 45
degrees with the vertical.
72. Waste Pipe- Is a pipe that conveys liquid waste from fixture that is free of fecal matter.
73. Water Distributing Pipe- Water distributing pipe in a building or premises, is a pipe that
conveys water from the water service pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets.
74. Water Service Pipe- Is the pipe from the water main or other source of water supply to the
building served.
75. Water Supply System- The water supply of a building or premises consists of the water
service pipe, the water distributing pipes, and the necessary connecting pipe, fitting, control
valves, and all appurtenance in or adjacent to the building or premises.
76. Wet Vent- is a vent that receives the discharge from wastes other than water closet.

Lesson 1 – BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SANITARY/PLUMBING SYSTEM
Plumbing in the Philippines
WATER SUPPLY. In the absence of an efficient water supply, water was provided through abundant
rain fall, wells, springs, rivers, or creeks, conveyed through improvised bamboo pipes, or carried
either man himself, or through animal drawn carts, or sleds and were stored in an earthen jars,
wooden or bamboo containers, etc.
WASTE DISPOSAL. Due to the outbreak of epidemics brought by the worsening unsanitary
condition, the government introduced programs to address the situation, massive education on proper
sanitation was initiated. Water supply systems were constructed in some urban areas. Model toilets
were built. Low cost concrete water seal closet was introduced to the rural residents backed up by the
local ordinances, requiring every residence to have a sanitary comfort room with proper sewage
disposal system known as, Septic Tank.
Objectives of Plumbing
Plumbing has Two Main Objectives

1. To supply water to different parts of the building.
2. To remove and discharge human wastes and other substances out of the building into public
sewer or septic tank.
Conditions for an Effective Water Supply in Building
1. To provide sufficient amount of water to supply each fixture.
2. To prevent back flow of used water into the water supply system.
The Drainage System should Accomplished the following:

1. Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leakage and stoppage of drains.
2. To prevent the entry of house vermin and obnoxious gases into the house from piping the
system.
Mandatory Requirements for a Drainage System

1. All pipes joints must be well fitted tightly connected with each other to prevent leakage of gas
and liquid.
2. The drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward gravity flow of water
towards the septic tank.
3. The drainage pipe should be provided with adequate cleanout, accessible for repair in case of
stoppage.
4. The drainage system must be provided with ventilation pipe that will convey gases to the
atmosphere where it can do no harm to human health.
5. Except for water closet, each fixture shall be provided with suitable trap that will prevent back
flow gases.
6. The drainage system must be vented to avoid back flow of water seal.
Plumbing Design Unlimited
The design layout of a plumbing system is governed by set of rules promulgated by the
National Plumbing Code. The Code does not imposed a fixed standard design of piping layout of the
placing and location of the various plumbing fixtures. And to think the unlimited design of these
fixtures goes with the different types of plumbing system.

While we subscribed to the health and safety requirements prescribed by the National
Plumbing Code, unlimited designs are to be expected from various designers. The routing of the
entire plumbing, the location of the outlets and cleanouts plus other related installations are subject to
considerable freedom
The Drainage System
Waste is classified into two types:

1. Solid Waste is being discharged by water closet and
2. Liquid Waste are coming from various fixtures.
Types of Wastes are also Conveyed and Disposed of by two types of drainage piping.
1. Soil Pipe- pipes that convey waste from coming from water closet.
2. Waste Pipe- any pipe that conveys waste from various fixtures other than water closet.
The Drainage Installation is Sometimes Referred to:

D- For drainage of solid waste
W- For waste coming from various fixtures other than water closet
V- Refers to the ventilation of the piping system

Lesson 2 - PLUMBING MATERIALS, FITTINGS, FIXTURES
Plumbing Materials. Materials commonly used in plumbing installations:

1. Cast Iron Soil Pipe
2. Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
3. Asbestos Pipe
4. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
5. Vitrified Clay Pipe
6. Load Pipe
7. Stainless Steel Pipe
8. Plastic Synthetic Pipe
9. Copper Pipe
10. Brass Pipe
11. Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
12. Galvanized Steel Pipe
However, not all of these materials can be used in one plumbing system. The choice of the kind of
pipe to be installed depends upon the following consideration:
1. Quality and durability
2. Resistance to external and internal contact with foreign matters
3. Resistance to acid waste and other chemical elements that will pass into it
4. Cast of material and labor
CAST IRON PIPE

Cast Iron Pipe are of two types, namely;
1. The SV type which is generally used for building installations
2. The XV type classified as extra duty pipe used for underground.
Cast Iron Pipes has four varieties, namely;

1. Standard Pipe
2. Single Hub Pipe
3. Double Hub Pipe
4. Hubless Pipe
ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE

 Made of alloy of cast iron and silicon.
 Commonly installed in chemical laboratories, industries, or other installations where acid
wastes are being discharged.
 Basically brittle and easily cracks.
 Horizontal runs have to be supported at every 1.50 meters interval to prevent damage caused
by sagging which usually occurs at the joints.
 Have the same technical dimensions and design as that of the cast iron pipe.

ASBESTOS PIPE
 Made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement.
 The thickness of the pipe is twice as that of the standard cast iron pipe.
 Could be used as soil, waste or ventilation pipe and downspout.
 Remarkably suited for embedment in concrete structure since both materials have the same
properties.
BITUMINOUS FIBER SEWER PIPE

 The cheapest of all types of pipe.
 Sometimes recommended for house sewer and septic tank installation.
 Light in weight, slightly flexible and could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking
or pulling out its joint.
 However, excessive hot water or chemical flow may soften and damage the pipe.
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE

 One of the oldest material used for sewer lines.
 Made from clay cast into length of 75 cm treated with glazing compound and heated in a large
kiln under a temperature of 1370º C making it impervious to moisture.
 Highly resistant to most acids and is well suited in underground installations working either as
a public sewer, house sewer or storm drain or both.
 Being made of clay, the physical property of this pipe is brittle, thus, it easily cracks when laid
on unstable ground or base.

LEAD PIPES
 Also one of the oldest plumbing material used by the Egyptians, Greeks and Roman
Architects as soil and waste pipe.
 Highly resistant to acid and is very suitable for underground installations.
 Poisonous and injurious to human health, thus, it is never recommended to convey water for
human consumption.
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE

 Made out of a mild steel drawn through a die and welded cast in 6.00 meters long.
 Usual life span is from 15 to 25 years under normal condition.
 Is corroded by alkaline and acid water, the carbonic acid in water attacks the zinc coating of
the pipe and ultimately the steel itself.
 It is also subject to deposits of salt and lime which gradually accumulate and eventually choke
the flow of water.
 Hot water supply line deteriorates faster than cold water supply pipe line. This is because hot
water is more acidic than cold water.

GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE

 Better than the steel pipe for plumbing installation.
 More resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe.
BRASS PIPE
 The most expensive of all types of pipe.
 Made of an alloy or zinc and copper mixed at a proportion of 15% and 85% respectively.
 A superior material for waste and water installation because of its smooth interior surface
aside from its high resistance to acids.
 Fittings are of the recessed type similar in design as those of galvanized steel pipe.
COPPER PIPES
 A durable material which is extremely corrosive resistant.
 Easy to install as compared to other types of pipes.
 Classified into three, depending upon its wall thickness:
1. The K type is the heaviest. It is suitable for underground installation
2. The type L is lighter than K. it is available in both the rigid and flexible form,
commonly used in residential water supply line and for radiant heating
3. The type M is the thinnest and is available only in rigid form. This type of copper pipe
is specially designed for small water supply lines and also for radiant heating
installations.
 Cost a little more than the steel pipe, but its fitting cost less.
 Because of its very smooth interior surface, a one size smaller pipe could be used without
substantial reduction of flow, such as, where a 20 mm diameter steel pipe is required, an
18mm copper pipe is sufficient.

 Special Features of Copper Pipes:

1. It could be used as drains and vent pipe
2. It could be used as cold water supply pipe line
3. Copper pipe is remarkably excellent material for hot water lines
4. It can replace rusted or chocked-up sections of galvanized steel pipe
5. No special tools required to install brass pipe nor threading is necessary
6. It is bent easily. A flexible vertical line can offset existing structure. Underground lines
can be rerouted around an obstruction
7. Measuring is less critical
8. It needs fewer joints and fittings
9. It comes in longer length
10. Copper pipe may be used one size smaller than a steel pipe
PLASTIC OR SYNTHETIC PIPES

 Was recently introduced in the Philippines in the middle 70’s although this type of material
was developed in Germany in 1935
 Last for more than 50 years under normal condition
 Types of plastic or synthetic pipes:
1. Rigid type
2. Flexible type
 The Rigid Type are:

1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
4. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
5. Polypropylene (PP)
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
 The Flexible Types are:

1. Polyethylene (PE)
2. Polybutylene (PB)

 Advantages
1. Plastic pipe is more resistant to rust and corrosion.
2. Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no pipe tastes.
3. The extreme smooth interior surface prevents the buildup of scale, rust, and foreign
material that often impedes flow through metallic pipes.
4. There is no turbulence of water and therefore, has a minimum resistance to flow.
5. PVC pipe and fittings weighs about 1/5 of the metal pipe. They are easily and quickly
installed through solvent cementing.
6. Plastic pipes are cast in longer length and easy to cut as well as to install.
7. The Polyethylene (PE) pipe is flexible material that weighs about 1/8 as much as the
steel pipe. For instance, a 100 meters 25 mm diameter coil plastic pipe could be
easily carried by one individual compared with metal pipes having the same length
and diameter which could be hardly carried by 5 persons.
8. PVC pipe can be connected to existing metal pipe using a threaded adapter.
9. PVC is virtually acid proof to any chemical used in recommended strengths around
the home.
10. No special tools are needed for installing PVC except a rule to measure and a saw to
cut.
11. The best reason at all – YOU CAN DO IT YOURSELF.
ABS Pipe
CPVC Pipe
UPVC Pipe PB Pipe PE Pipe
 The Model Codes that Approved the Use of Plastic Pipe for Plumbing Systems are:
 The National Standard Plumbing Code
 Building Officials and Code Administrations International
 National Associations of Plumbing, Heating, Cooling, Contractors
 Southern Standard Plumbing Code

 Southern Building Code Congress

 Uniform Standard Plumbing Code
 International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
Fittings. Various types of pipe fittings are available in plumbing systems for different purposes and
functions. A pipe fitting is used in plumbing system to join multiple pipes of same size or different
sizes, to regulate the flow or to measure the flow. They are made up of different materials like copper,
iron, brass, PVC etc.
Different pipe fittings and their functions:

1. Elbow
2. Reducer
3. Tee type
4. Cross type
5. Coupling
6. Unions
7. Adaptors
8. Olet
9. Plug
10. Cap
11. Valve
Elbow Pipe Fittings

Elbows are used to change the direction of flow between two pipes. Elbows are generally
available with an angle of 22.5o, 45o and 90o. If pipes are of same diameter then normal elbows are
used otherwise Reducer elbows are used. Elbows are made of different materials. These are
generally coming with female threads and we can fix them by butt or socket welding also.
Reducer Pipe Fittings

Reducer is a pipe fitting component which reduces the flow size from larger to smaller by
reducing size of pipe. Usually there are two types of reducers are available. One is concentric reducer
which is like cone shaped with gradual decreasing around the pipe but in this case accumulation of air
may possible and it results in cavitation. Other one is eccentric reducer which is having one edge
parallel to connecting pipe due to which air accumulation is not possible.

Tee type Pipe Fitting

Tee type fitting is a component of plumbing system which is in T-shape. It is having one inlet
and two outlets, outlets are arranged at 90o to the main line connection (inlet). It can also be used to
combine the flow from two inlets to one outlet. They are also available in different materials and
different sizes. If the 3 sides of T-fitting are similar in size then it is called as Equal tee otherwise it is
called as Unequal tee.
Cross type
Cross type fittings contains 4 opening in 4 directions. These are connected when there are 4
pipes are meeting at a point. These fittings generate more amount of stress on pipe as the
temperature changes, because they are located at the center of four connection points. Cross fittings
are generally used for fire sprinkler systems.
Coupling
A coupling is used to connect the pipes of same diameter. Coupling are also useful if the pipe
is broken or leakage occurs. Generally there are two types of couplings are available. Compression
coupling and slip coupling. Compression coupling is regular coupling which is connected between two
pipes and it prevents leakage by the arrangement of gaskets or rubber seals on both sides, otherwise
glue is provided. Slip coupling is easier to install and it contains two pipes which are arranged as one
into other, inner pipe can slide up to some length. So, we can fix long length damaged pipe by slip
coupling.

Unions
Union is a type of fitting, which functions as similar to coupling. But coupling cannot be
removed after fixing but in this case we can remove the union whenever we needed. Unions consists
nut, male and female ended threads. So, this is also useful for maintaining purpose of pipe.
Adaptors
If the pipes are not having special ends or plain ends then adaptors make them threaded
either male or female whichever is needed. Adopters are generally used for copper and PVC pipes.
Male adapters contain male threads and female adapters contains female threads. One end of
adapter is plain which is glued or welded or soldered to the plain pipe end.
Olet
Olets are used when there is standard sizes of fittings are not suitable for our requirement.
Sometimes the inlet pipe size is larger compared to outlet pipes in t-sections then also Olets are used.
There are many types of olets are available. Some important types of olets are:
 Butt-Weldolet
 Socket weld Olet
 Threaded olet
 Elbow olet
 Nipple olet
 Lateral olet
 Sweepolet
 Flange olet

Plug
Plug is a component of plumbing component which is generally used to close pipe opening
during inspections and repairs. Plug are generally contains male threads.
Cap
Cap is a type of pipe fitting which function is same as plug but the only difference is plug
contain male threads and cap contain female threads which is screws on the male thread of pipe.
These are available in different materials like rubber, copper, steel, plastic etc.
Valves in Pipe Fittings

Valves are components of plumbing system which are used to stop or regulate flow of fluid in
its path. Different types of valves are available depending up on their applications.
Some important types of valves and its applications are listed below.
 Gate valve, plug valve and Ball valve – used for isolation only
 Globe valve – used for throttling
 Check valve – used for preventing reverse flow (non-return)
 Butterfly valve – used for isolation as well as throttling
 Diaphragm valve – used for isolation as well as throttling

Plumbing Fixtures. It comes in varieties of style and accessories designed to match with the room
for cosmetic reasons. Concomitant with this, it is imperative to buy plumbing fixtures of the best
quality. Best quality carries with it the name or brand of reputable manufacturers. Quality fixtures are
especially designed and built to take a lot of abuse, and yet, expected to last for years.
Quality is associated with cost. But cost of this particular construction item is always
considered a good investment. Comparatively, cheaper fixtures wear out faster than those that cost
higher but last for years.
WATER CLOSET
By definition, water closet is a plumbing fixture used to convey organic body waste to the
plumbing system. Water closet is classified according to:
1. Design
2. Quality
3. Shape
4. Color
With respect to design, water closet comes in various types;

1. The Pail Flush type
2. The Squat type
3. Wash Down type
4. The Reverse type
5. The Siphon Jet
6. The Siphon Vortex
7. Direct Flush Valve type
With the respect to quality, the water closet must posses the following characteristics:
1. Flush down quietly
2. Flush down the liquid and waste completely
3. Must function efficiently
4. Must retain large amount of standing water surface inside the bowl to prevent fouling and
contamination
With respect to shape, water closets are classified into two types;
1. Round type – intended for installation on a limited space
2. Elongated type – more comfortable but occupies a larger space

With respect to color, various kinds of pastel and bright colors are available for the designers and
users freedom of choice.
The pail flush type

The pail flush type water closet is the cheapest, the smallest, and the simplest form of water
closet. Some called this type as mini-closet, intended for instillation in a very limited space and
budget.
The Squat Type

It is another simple type of water closet without water tank installed flat on the floor. This is
commonly seen installed in a public toilet for ladies.
The wash down type

The wash down type water closet has the following characteristic:
1. It flushes through a simple wash down action.
2. It discharge waste into a trap-way located at the front of the bowl.
3. It is more subject to clogging than the other types.
4. It is recognize by the bulging shape in front.
5. It has small amount of standing water with large exposed surface at the inside front of the bowl. It is
susceptible to fouling, staining and contamination.

6. It cost less but least efficient and the noisiest of all types.
The reverse trap

1. It flushes through a siphon action created in the trap-way located at the rear of the bowl.
2. It retain large amount of surface water as compared with the wash down type, fouling and staining
of the interior bowl is unlikely to occur.
3. It is efficient but moderately noisy. The trap-way is round and less likely to be clogged.
4. This type of water closet is little more expensive than the wash down type.
The siphon jet

1.It is costlier than the wash down and the reverse trap type, but it is more efficient in service.
2. It also retain larger amount if water that mostly cover the bowl interior.
3. It has larger trap-way making it less likely to clog and the flushing action is silent than the other
types.
4. It is very sanitary and very easier to clean.
The siphon vortex

It is also considered as sanitary and efficient in service.
Characteristic:
1. Although it is acceptably expensive type of water closet bowl, yet, proven to be less noisy and
very efficient in itd performance.
2. The flushing action of it is through a whirlpool motion of water inside the bowl.
3. It also retain a large amount of standing water.
4. Considering the large amount of standing water retained inside the bowl, it is very sanitary
and easy to clean.

The Direct Flush Valve Type

It is installed in places where water supply is sufficient and pressurized. The DFV water closet
eliminates the use of toilet water tank. It is preferred in commercial, hospitals, industrial and
institutional comfort rooms for efficiency of service and ease of cleaning.
LAVATORIES
Lavatory is a bowl or basin used for washing face and hands. The basin of a lavatory may be
of the following form:
1. Rounded
2. Square
3. Oval
4. Rectangular
5. Trapezoidal
6. Triangular

The materials could be either:

1. PORCELAIN 2. FORMED STEEL
3. ENAMELED CAST IRON 4. UNDER COUNTER
BATHTUB
The lightest bathtub introduce in the market is the Fiberglass tubs. Although it is not as
durable as the porcelain, it is also easier to clean and maintain.
BIDET
Bidet is much more closely related to a shower than to a toilet although it appears more likely
as a toilet bowl. It is also serve as a foot bath or for any function that a lower set of bowl might
perform. It is connected to a water supply and drain installation in the same manner as a bathtub or
shower stall.

URINALS
KITCHEN SINK
Kitchen Sink are made from either:
1. Cast Iron Enamel 2. Stainless Steel
3. Formed Steel Coated with Porcelain Enamel

Kitchen Sink Configurations are:

1. Single Well 2. Double Well
3. Triple Well 4. Corner Sink
5. Shadow or Deep Well
Lesson 3 - BUILDING WATER SYSTEM AND DESIGN
The water supply system must be designed to achieve appropriate water pressure and flow,
and to avoid contamination to potable water.
As well as avoiding contamination and achieving the right pressure and flow, the system must
be suitable for the temperature of water carried. A well-designed and installed system will also be
durable, minimise noise from water flow and from problems such as water hammer, and support
efficient use of water.
All water supply systems use a combination of pipes (of different dimensions and materials),
valves and outlets to deliver water to building users. Some water supply systems also use storage
tanks and pumps. Designing a water supply system involves getting all of these elements right so that
clean water is delivered to the user at the appropriate rate and temperature.

Water pressure
If the aim is to provide for building users’ needs while also using water efficiently, the right
water pressure is crucial. If water pressure is too low, this will be inconvenient for building users – for
example, because showers have poor water flow, and baths take a long time to fill. If pressure is too
high, this will lead to wastage of water, as well as high wear and tear on the system.
Typically, new buildings in areas with mains water supply will have mains pressure systems.
Existing buildings, and buildings that are not connected to mains water, may have low pressure
systems or unequal pressure systems (with different pressures for hot and cold water supply).
As an example of the difference in water usage, a low pressure hot water system shower flow
may average about 7 litres per minute, while a mains pressure shower may average around 12–20
litres per minute.
Mains pressure systems require pressure limiting and pressure reducing valves to control
water pressure and temperature. Typically, pressure limiting or pressure reducing valves will be used
to control pressure in mains-supplied hot water systems or where high pressure may lead to problems
such as burst pipes.
Low pressure systems require few valves or controls. In low or unequal pressure systems,
pressure can be increased to adequate levels by storing water in a header tank (typically in the ceiling
space) so that gravity can be used to create water pressure. If a tank is being used, see the BRANZ
publications Water and Plumbing for details of installation requirements.
Pressure can also be raised to adequate levels using a pressurising pump, in which case it
may be necessary to use pressure limiting and pressure reducing valves.
Water flow rate

The Building Code requires that sanitary fixtures and appliances have adequate water supply
at an adequate flow rate.
As with water pressure, flow rates are crucial. A flow rate that is too high will result in water
being wasted, whereas a flow rate that is too low will mean that sanitary fixtures and appliances don’t
work properly.
Flow rate is affected by:
 Water pressure
 Pipe diameters – The smaller the internal diameter of the pipe, the lower the pressure and
flow rate. (Note that pipes are generally referred to by their inside nominal diameter (DN), but
it is actually the internal diameter that counts; a pipe rated as DN 15 may have an actual
inside diameter ranging between 10–18 mm.)
 Water temperature – higher temperatures will tend to raise pressure and flow rates (note: also
see materials below).
A flow regulator can be used to maintain a constant flow, independent of water pressure. As an
example, if someone is in the shower and the kitchen tap is turned on full, the temperature and flow
are likely to remain more stable if a flow regulator is used.
Limiting the flow for a tap or appliance to a reasonable rate helps balance the available pressure
throughout the system. Regulating flow allows a simpler design and minimum pipe sizes as peak flow
rates can be specified accurately and can also reduce noise, splashing taps, and water hammer.

Manufacturers’ recommendations must be referred to for pressure and flow information when
selecting tempering valves and outlets (taps, mixers and shower heads).
Flow rate can also be controlled by specifying low-flow outlets.
Flow rate and pipe size Acceptable Solutions

Building Code Acceptable Solution G12/AS1 sets out flow rates and pipe sizes. Pipes must
be sized to achieve flow rates set out in accordance with Table 3 (see table below), or the pipes must
be sized in accordance with Table 4.
When calculating pipe size, the speed of the water (velocity) moving through the pipes must
not exceed 3.0 m/s.
System layout
In the design process, the layout of the plumbing system will largely follow room layout.
Nonetheless, there are many things to consider which relate to Code compliance, building users’
comfort, and sustainability.
When planning a water supply layout, the following must be considered:
 Pipe runs and lengths – Keep pipe runs as short as possible. Pass pipes close to fixtures to
minimise the number of branches and unnecessary elbows, tees and joints. Having longer
pipe runs and more fixtures will reduce flow rate, increase heat losses, and increase use of
materials
 Point of entry into the building – This should be into a utility space such as garage/laundry
and include an accessible isolating valve, line strainer and pressure limiting valve (if required)
 Water heating system – Locate centrally to reduce the length of pipe runs to fixtures because
longer pipe runs require more water to be drawn off before hot water is discharged. Install a
separate point-of-use water heater for fixtures that are more than 10 m from the main water
heater
 Noise prevention – Avoid running pipes over or near bedrooms and living areas.

Backflow
Backflow is the unplanned reversal of flow of water (or water and contaminants) into the water
supply system. The system must be designed and used to prevent contamination from backflow. See
backflow prevention for more.
Mains connection
Where the water source is a mains supply, the network utility operator is responsible for the
water supplied to the property boundary. The property owner is then responsible for providing the
pipework to bring the water into the building.
An isolating valve must be fitted at the point of connection to allow for maintenance and repair
of the building’s water supply system if required.
Pipe materials and specifications

The pipes used in a building must not contaminate potable water supply, and must be suitable
for the water pressure, flow rate and temperature of water they will be carrying. This will be influenced
by the materials used and also by other factors such as the wall thickness.
Other considerations are durability, ease of installation, cost, and sustainability. Common
materials for domestic water supply include copper, polybutylene (PB), polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP-3 or PP Type 3), and cross-linked polyethylene (PEX).
Lesson 4 - DOMESTIC WATER HEATING
Domestic water heating is the process of warming water for personal use, and it can consume
a large amount of energy. In Canadian homes, water heating can consume 15-25 percent of energy
used in a home depending on the house type, number of inhabitants, and the lifestyle of those who
live there. It's important to note that water heating is often more than all of the electrical needs of the
household, see graph below.Canadians use - on average - 75 liters of hot water each day for dish
washing, clothes washing, cleaning, and personal hygiene. This water volume is fairly high, and
heating it can result in high energy bills.Old water heaters can be replaced, recycled or re-purposed
for more information please see Think Tank Home.
The energy source for water heaters tends to be the same as what people use for space
heating, although this is not always true. Possible energy sources include electricity, natural gas,
propane, and oil. Each source has its own benefits and drawbacks. For example, electric heaters
require no venting but cannot operate during a power failure and use a lot more primary energy than
natural gas. Natural gas fueled heaters require adequate airflow and ventilation but heat up more
quickly and use less primary energy. Propane has similar benefits to natural gas, but the fuel is more
expensive and requires scheduled delivery.
`Costs can be reduced by choosing a more energy efficient water heater, reducing the amount of hot
water used, or installing a drain water heat recovery device to reduce the heating load. These devices
are simply pipes that take the heat from the used warm water flowing down the drains and transfers it
to preheat water entering the hot water tank.[4] As well, when buying a water heater it is important to
consider the "second price tag", or the cost of operating the product over its lifetime. Sometimes it is
more cost effective to purchase a more expensive, more energy efficient model as it will save the user
money in the long run.

Water Heating Methods

In general, all water heaters use some sort of fuel for energy. This energy is then used to
raise the temperature of cold water from the water system before use. A wide variety of water heaters
is available, and some of the more common ones are listed below. They can be used independently,
but are sometimes combined into systems.
 Storage Tank Water Heaters
Storage tank water heaters, such as the one in Figure 2, are the most commonly used type of
water heater for homes. In these systems, heated water is held in a tank so that a certain quantity of
hot water is available at any time. When a tap is opened for hot water, the water flows from the tank
out the tap. Unheated water then flows into the tank to replace the used water.[4] Thermostats are
used on the burner to maintain the temperature of the water. These water heaters are equipped with a
temperature and pressure relief valve to ensure safety.
These heaters can be inefficient, but can be made more energy efficient if standby losses are
minimized or improving how much of the heat from combustion is transferred to the water by
minimizing heat losses from the vents or chimneys of the heaters.

 Tankless Water Heaters

Tankless water heaters, as their name suggests, are heaters that heat flowing water and thus do
not require a storage tank. The water is heated only when needed, this increases efficiency by
eliminating standby losses. Most electric on-demand water heaters cannot supply all the water
needed for a house, so they are rarely used for that application. However, several tankless gas-fired
heaters can delivery enough water to supply most houses. Gas-fired versions of these heaters are
generally mounted on an outside wall so that flue gases can be vented more simply.
 Heat Pump Water Heaters

Heat pump water heaters or HPWHs use electricity and take heat from the air and move it to the
water instead of converting electricity directly to heat. Air from the room containing the heater has the
heat removed from it and transferred to a tank of water. One problem with these heaters is that in
addition to removing heat from the air, they also remove humidity which can become
uncomfortable.[4] In the summer, however, the removal of heat from the home from these systems
can be beneficial. In the winter they can increase the need for the use of a space heater.
Ground source heat pumps can be used to provide water heating in addition to space heating and
cooling. They use the temperature of the Earth or groundwater as a heat source.
 Solar Water Heaters

The Sun's energy can also be used to heat water in solar domestic hot water systems. Generally
these are not used on their own, and instead are selected to provide about 60% of the hot water
requirements of the home.[4] These systems make use of solar collectors, a circulating pump, as well
as storage tanks. These are usually used to preheat water, using a conventional heater after.
Lesson 5 - SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Types of Sewage Disposal System

1. The Cesspool
2. The Privy
3. The Septic Tank
4. The Public Sewer Line
The Cesspool
 A hole in the ground curbed with stone bricks, concrete hollow blocks, or other materials laid
in such a manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach into the soil.
 The organic wastes accumulate and finally disposed of by disintegration process.
 Considered as obsolete.

The Privy
 A concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter constructed for the collection of raw sewage.
 The organic wastes accumulate and finally disposed of by disintegration process.
 It is objectionable because of the danger of contaminating the source of water supply.
 Considered as obsolete.
The Septic Tank

 an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, or plastic through which domestic
wastewater (sewage) flows for basic treatment.
 Raw sewage consists of water, and settleable solid called organic materials that can be
precipitated in a septic tank in a very short time.
The Public Sewer Line

 A public sewage system, operated and maintained by the government consisting of a sewage
treatment plant that conveys the raw sewage from buildings and houses to a disposal system.
Combination Public Sewer Line

• The oldest type of public sewer that conveys both storm water and sanitary wastes.
• This type of public sewer is already obsolete and no longer allowed by sanitary official
Sanitary Sewer
• A sanitary sewer or foul sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting
sewage from houses and commercial buildings (but not stormwater) to treatment facilities or
disposal. Sanitary sewers are part of an overall system called a sewage system or sewerage.

Sanitary Sewer: Intercepting Sewer

• A sanitary sewer that conveys sanitary waste to dispersal plant.
• Commonly made of concrete pipe that varies in sizes from 0.60 to 1.00 meters in diameter.
• The pipes are laid underground to a minimum depth of about 3 meters , depending upon the
natural contour of the ground.
Sanitary Sewer: Tributary Sewer

• Classified as an intercepting sewer branch,
• The pipe is made of either vitrified clay or concrete pipe laid in an open trench.
• Generally smaller in diameter installed not more than 3 meters below the street grade and
terminate into the intercepting sewer,
The Storm Drain

 Another kind of public sewer line that carries storm water.
 It terminates in natural drain such as canals, lakes or rivers.
Manhole
• Classified as a device of the main and storm sewer.
• Serves as an access for inspection, cleaning and repair.
• It is constructed out of bricks, stone, adobe or concrete at an interval distance from 70 to 150
meters.
• Diameter varies from 90 to 120 centimeters.
• Provided with iron rungs that serves as a ladder.
• Comes with a well-fitted cover on top, leveled with the road surface.
The Septic Tank
 A receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste discharged from the house sewer.
 Main function is to liquefy and precipitate solid waste purifying odorous materials.
 Sewage that was discharged into the tank is retained,
 60%-70% of the suspended solid is removed largely by sedimentation to form a semi-liquid
substance called sludge.
Sedimentation- is the process of allowing particles in suspension in water to settle out of the
suspension under the effect of gravity.

 Sludge accumulates at the bottom of the septic tank.

 Scum- parts of the solid that is floating above the water.
 The septic tank combines two processes; sedimentation at the top and anaerobic
decomposition at the bottom for the sludge,
*Both the sludge and scum are processed by anaerobic bacteria and transforms them into liquid and
gases. (Digestion)
Decomposition of organic matter from human waste is a bacteriological process caused by:
1. Aerobic Bacteria called aerobes (presence of material oxygen)
*decomposition is not accompanied by foul smell
2. Anaerobic Bacteria called anaerobes (absence of free oxygen)
*putrefaction- decomposition caused by anaerobic bacteria. It has a putrid smell.
3. Facultative Bacteria (functions even with or without oxygen)
*these bacterias thrive naturally in sewage, and will function when the conditions are
favorable in terms of; Food Supply, Temperature, and Moisture.
Gases inside a Septic Tank:

1. Methane Gas (CH4) – a combination of hydrogen and carbon, a principal component of
natural gas.
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)- a combination of carbon and oxygen. It is the simplest oxide of
carbon.
3. Carbon Monoxide(CO)- a by-product of methane, classified as poisonous gas.
4. Hydrogen (H2)- evolves as a moist gas from organic waste.
5. Hydrogen Sulfide(H2S)- is a colorless gas with offensive odor.
6. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)- is colorless gas having an irritating odor.
Construction of a Septic Tank:

Septic Tank can be constructed from either of the following:
1. Reinforced Concrete
2. Plastered concrete hollow blocks
3. Prefabricated asbestos
4. Thin metal and plastic
*the most popular and widely used material used is plastered concrete hollow blocks or reinforced
concrete.

General Conditions in Constructing a Septic Tank:

1. The concrete or masonry septic tank is usually constructed in a rectangular form. The reason
is to retard the even flow of the waste, that is necessary, to avoid disturbing the
decomposition processes inside the tank.
2. The minimum inside dimensions of a septic tank is 90 meters wide by 150 meters long.
3. For effective decomposition of the organic materials inside the septic tank, a 120 centimeters
depth of the liquid content is necessary. It is not impractical though, to construct a tank of
greater depth, provided, that the depth should not be deeper than the natural ground water
table.
4. The inlet and outlet inverts of the septic tank shall be long sanitary tee. The inverts are
installed in the wall of the tank at least 120 centimeters from its bottom floor equally spaced
from both sides.
5. The invert is extended down the liquid of the tank not more than 30 centimeters. This is to
assure smooth delivery of the incoming sewage below the scum line.
6. The bottom of the digestion chamber should be sloped to one low point. The purpose is to
gather the settled organic materials into one mass to favor the propagation of the anaerobic
bacteria.
7. The septic tank, should be provided with a manhole, extended a few centimeters above the
surface of the soil to overcome infiltration of surface water. This manhole will serve the
purpose of cleaning, inspection and repair of the tank.
8. Septic tank for large plumbing installations are provided with suspended compartment
attached to the ceiling slab of the tank. The baffle plate is extended down the bottom of the
tank about 40 centimeters below the scum line. Each compartment of the tank separated by
baffle plate is provided with manhole.
9. The septic tank should be constructed near the surface of the ground, because the correction
of the waste depends upon the extent of oxidation and the existence of anaerobic bacteria.
Another kind of bacteria that split and digest the effluent is the aerobic bacteria. A kind of
bacteria that survive only in the subsoil not more than 150 centimeters below the surface.
Oxidation of the effluent deeper than 150 cm would become extremely difficult.
Size of The Septic Tank

1. For a family of 6 persons, the minimum tank capacity should be approximately 1.3 cubic
meters with a minimum size of 90 centimeters wide by 150 centimeters long and 120
centimeters depth.
2. A very large tank is not advisable, because the bacterial activities would be retarded. The
size of the tank is proportionally based on the number of persons expected to be served. In
other words, the volume of the tank has a rational proportion with the volume of incoming
waste for bacterial activities to be in favorable condition.
3. For residential installation, the practice is to allow 5 to 6 cubic feet of tank volume per
person. Thus, a septic tank that will serve a family of 12 persons must have a liquid capacity
of 6 x 12= 72 cubic feet or 538 gallons. (1 cubic feet = 748 gallons)

Sample Problems:
1. Determine the size of a septic tank to serve 200 persons in a commercial building.
SOLUTION:
200 persons x 0.057= 11.4 cubic m (refer to the table)
*Assume 1.2 meters width of the tank per 100 persons. For 200 individuals:
200 x 1.2 = 2.40 meters width
*The maximum depth of a septic tank liquid is 1.50 meters. Solve for the L of the septic tank:
L x Width x depth= Volume L= __11.4__
2.4 x 1.5
L= 3.20 meters
L= Volume
W x depth
L x Width x depth= Volume L= __11.4__

2.4 x 1.5
L= 3.20 meters
*L is only for the digestion chamber. Divide by 2 then add the result to the value of L to include
leaching well.
__L__+L= __3.20__ + 3.20
2 2
Total Length= 4.80 meters
Ans: 2.40 m wide by 4.80 m long

2. A motel with a toilet and bath, and kitchen facilities will serve a maximum of 100 persons.
Determine the capacity and dimensions of the septic tank.
SOLUTION:
*Refer to the table 4-2.
Waster per person per day is 50 gallons multiplied by 100 person is 5,000 gallon a day
Using the formula: V= 1.125+ 0.75Q where; V is liquid volume of the tank in gallons, Q is the daily
sewage flow in gallons.
Substitute:
V= 1.125 + 0.75(5,000 gallons)
V= 3,751 gal.
Using the formula: V= 1.125+ 0.75Q where; V is liquid volume of the tank in gallons, Q is the daily
sewage flow in gallons.
Substitute:
V= 1.125 + 0.75(5,000 gallons)
V= 3,751 gal.
1 cubic meter= 264 gal.
3751 gal. = 14.2 cubic meters capacity of septic tank
To find the dimensions of the tank if the maximum depth is 1.5 meters and the width
Is assumed to be 3.00 meters;
L=___14.2cubic meters__
3.00m x 1.50 m
L=3.50 meters
Location of Septic Tank

1. The septic tank may be located closer to the building it will serve, providing a minimum
distance of 2.00 meters from the outside wall.
2. As much as possible, the septic tank should not be located closer to the doors or windows.
3. Septic tank should be at least 15 meters away from any source of water supply. The farther
the better.
Requirements for a Satisfactory Disposal of Human Waste

1. There should be no contamination of ground surface that may enter into the spring of wells.
2. There should be no contamination of surface water.
3. The surface soil should not be contaminated
4. Excreta should not be accessible to animals, flies, cockroaches, vermin and the like.
5. There should be no odor and unsightly conditions.
6. The methods used should be simple and economical in terms of construction operation.
Safety Precautions
• Use a sturdy septic tank lid and mark off its location.
• Don’t lean over the tank opening.
• Don't ignite flames near the septic tank.
• Don't enter or retrieve someone from a tank.

• Never work alone around a septic tank.

• Watch out for unsanitary conditions.
Sewage Treatment
 process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater, containing mainly household
sewage plus some industrial wastewater.
 The sludge has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or application
to land.
Lesson 6 - OSST/ALTERNATIVE WATER
ON-SITE INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE TREATMENT (OSST)
On-Site Sewage Treatment
Individual sewage treatment systems are used in areas not served by a community
wastewater treatment plant. In the United States, about one-fifth of the building stock relies on on-site
individual sewage treatment systems to treat wastewater.
On-site sewage treatment (OSST) systems, traditionally called septic systems, usually consist
of the building sewer, which leads from the building into a septic tank and then into a distribution box
that feeds the fluid (effluent) into a drainage field or disposal field. Complex systems may contain a
mound drain field system, an aerobic treatment unit, a gray water system tank, a grease interceptor, a
dosing tank, and a solids or effluent pump. An OSST system can be installed beyond the building
sewer on land of the owner or on another nearby site to which the owner has the legal right to install a
system. OSST systems treat wastewater from rural and suburban homes, mo bile home
developments, apartments, schools, retail facilities, and businesses that don’t have access to a
community waste water treatment and disposal system.
Primary Treatment Equipment
Wastewater from a building is first treated in primary treatment equipment such as tanks or
filters. In the primary treatment process, anaerobic digestion and settlement of solids in waste water
takes place. Types of primary treatment equipment used in OSST systems include the following.
1. Septic Tank
2. Aerobic Tank
Aerobic tanks are a substitute for a septic tank. They consist of a trash tank, an
aeration chamber, and a settling chamber. Some systems require a trash tank to be installed
external to and in front of the unit. Premanufactured aerobic tanks use wastewater treatment
processes similar to municipal wastewater treatment processes. The clarified effluent is then
usually discharged into a drainage field.
Aerobic tanks work more effectively than septic tanks and thus can be smaller in size.
To remain effective, aerobic treatment components require regular maintenance and
continuous monitoring. Additionally, an aerobic tank must be used on a regular basis to
maintain the aerobic unit's microbe digestion process. Treatment bacteria survive on a
constant flow so aerobic systems should not be used for weekend vacation homes and similar
non-regular uses.

3. Pump Tank
A pump tank is a watertight container used to temporarily store clarified effluent
before it flows into a drainage field. Wastewater is first treated in an aerobic or septic tank.
The effluent then flows by gravity into the pump tank. When the level of stored effluent
reaches a preset elevation, a float switch turns on the pump. The pump discharges the
effluent to the drainage field several times a day. Excess effluent produced during periods of
high generation of wastewater can be stored in the pump tank temporarily and then
discharged in the drainage field during low generation periods. A remote alarm sounds if the
effluent level in the tank becomes too high. Pump tank materials are typically concrete; plastic
(fiberglass and polyethylene) tanks are also used.
4. Sand Filters
A sand filter is a lined, impermeable container containing a bed of granular material
that provides additional treatment of effluent as it flows from the primary treatment tank to the
drainage field. They are usually placed underground with the top surface covered with grass.
At sites that have near-surface bedrock or a high water table, sand filters are usually
constructed with above ground concrete walls.
There are two types of sand filters: the intermittent sand filter and the recirculating
intermittent sand filter. In an intermittent sand filter, the effluent is dispersed throughout the
upper portion of the granular bed through perforated pipes. The effluent then flows by gravity
through the granular material until it reaches another series of perforated pipes, where it flows
to a pump tank. The effluent is then pumped from the pump tank to the drainage field. A
recirculating intermittent sand filter requires a recirculating pump tank. The pump is used to
mix filtrate with incoming septic tank effluent. The effluent is circulated several times through
the sand filter media before it’s pumped to the drainage field.
5. Trash/Grease Tank
A trash tank is occasionally used in conjunction with an aerobic tank. The trash tank
removes materials that treatment microorganisms are unable to degrade. Several types of
aerobic tanks used for small wastewater flows have the trash tank en closed inside the unit.
Grease tanks are used with septic and aerobic tanks, usually in commercial applications.
6. Cesspool
A cesspool is a covered underground container that receives untreated sewage
directly from a building and discharges it into soil. Openings in the cesspool walls allow
untreated sewage to pass through and seep into the surrounding soil. Because of health
concerns tied to the discharge of raw sewage, use of a cesspool is considered unacceptable
today in most applications in developed countries.
Lesson 7 - PLUMBING/WATER SYSTEM REVIEW
Providing sufficient water of appropriate quality and quantity has been one of the most
important issues in human history. Most ancient civilizations were initiated near water sources. As
populations grew, the challenge to meet user demands also increased.
People began to transport water from other locations to their communities. For example, the
Romans constructed aqueducts to deliver water from distant sources to their communities.

Today, a water supply system consists of infrastructure that collects, treats, stores, and
distributes water between water sources and consumers. Limited new natural water sources,
especially in the southwest region of the USA, and rapidly increasing population has led to the need
for innovative methods to manage a water supply system. For example, reclaimed water has become
an essential water resource for potable and nonpotable uses. Structural system additions including
new conveyance systems and treatment and recharge facilities and operation decisions, such as
allocating flow and implementing conservation practices, are made with the present and future
demands in minds. As additional components and linkages between sources and users are
developed, the complexity of the water supply system and the difficulty in understanding how the
system will react to changes grows.
Many efforts on the development of a water supply system have been made through for
sustainable water supply. However, the complexity of system limited the site specific application at the
first era. As water demands pressures raise increasingly on the existing water supply system, many
studies attempted to develop a general water supply system to assist decision makers to design more
reliable systems for a long range operation period. These attempts also include the optimization of
total system construction and operation cost. Under given situations such as pipeline maintenance,
non-revenue water, advanced metering infrastructure, the ultimate goal of this paper is to ensure
water distribution system challenges are overcome and supply water sources to users reliably in a
more sustainable and timely manner as a long-term plan.
Water Distribution Systems
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality,
quantity and pressure. Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply
water from its source to the point of usage.
Requirements of Good Distribution System
1. Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.

2. It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure
head.
3. It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during firefighting.
4. The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during the repair
of any section of the system.
5. All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre away or above the sewer lines.
6. It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum.
ACTIVITY
To be given on a separate file.

REFERENCES
1. Fajardo, Max Jr. (1995). Plumbing Design & Estimate, 2nd Edition. 5138 Merchandising
2. National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
3. https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-pipe-fittings-in-plumbing/12541/
4. http://www.level.org.nz/water/water-supply/system-layout-and-pipework/
5. https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Domestic_water_heating
6. https://www.industrial-electronics.com/engineering-industrial/ElectrMechani_15-3.html
7. https://www.wateronline.com/doc/water-distribution-system-challenges-and-solutions-
0001

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Catanduanes State University COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Course Code: AC2

Course Title: Engineering Utilities 2

ENGR. KAREN A. BAÑAS

AC2 – Engineering Utilities 2 Page 1 of 48

instructional purposes not for commercialization.

CatSU College of Engineering

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At the end of the topic, the students shall be able to:

1. Name, describe and distinguish between sources of potable water

Basic Principles of Plumbing Building Water

Domestic Water Sanitary Drainage OSST/Alternative Plumbing / Water

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7. Blow off- A controlled outlet on a pipeline used to discharge water.

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25. Fixture Branch- Is a pipe connecting several fixtures.

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Lesson 1 – BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SANITARY/PLUMBING SYSTEM

Plumbing in the Philippines

Plumbing has Two Main Objectives

The Drainage System should Accomplished the following:

Mandatory Requirements for a Drainage System

Plumbing Design Unlimited

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The Drainage System

Waste is classified into two types:

The Drainage Installation is Sometimes Referred to:

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Lesson 2 - PLUMBING MATERIALS, FITTINGS, FIXTURES

Plumbing Materials. Materials commonly used in plumbing installations:

CAST IRON PIPE

Cast Iron Pipes has four varieties, namely;

ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE

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BITUMINOUS FIBER SEWER PIPE

VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE

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GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE

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GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE

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 Special Features of Copper Pipes:

PLASTIC OR SYNTHETIC PIPES

 The Rigid Type are:

 The Flexible Types are:

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UPVC Pipe PB Pipe PE Pipe

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 Southern Building Code Congress

Different pipe fittings and their functions:

Elbow Pipe Fittings

Reducer Pipe Fittings

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Tee type Pipe Fitting

L x Width x depth= Volume L= 11.4