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Coordinates: 44°N 21°E
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(Redirected from Srbija)
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Serbia (disambiguation), Srbija
(disambiguation) and Serbian republic.
Not to be confused with Sorbia or Siberia.

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Republic of Serbia
Република Србија (Serbian)
Republika Srbija (Serbian)
Flag of Serbia
Flag
Coat of arms of Serbia
Coat of arms
Anthem: Боже правде
Bože pravde
(English: "God of Justice")
Duration: 1 minute and 44 seconds.1:44

Show globe
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Location of Serbia (green) and the disputed territory of Kosovo (light green) in
Europe (dark grey)
Capital
and largest city
Belgrade
44°48′N 20°28′E
Official languages Serbian[a]
Ethnic groups (2022; excluding Kosovo)
84.4% Serbs
2.6% Hungarians
2.2% Bosniaks
1.2% Roma
9.6% other / unanswered[1]
Religion (2022; excluding Kosovo)
86.6% Christianity
81.1% Serbian Orthodoxy
3.9% Catholicism
1.6% other Christian
4.2% Islam
1.1% no religion
8.0% other / unanswered[1]
Demonym(s) Serbian
Government Unitary parliamentary republic
• President
Aleksandar Vučić
• Prime Minister
Ana Brnabić
• President of the National Assembly
Vladimir Orlić
Legislature National Assembly
Establishment history
• Principality
780
• Kingdom
1217
• Empire
1346
• Ottoman conquest
1459–1804
• Serbian Revolution
1804–1835
• Independence recognized
1878
• Kingdom of Serbia
1882
• Yugoslavia
1918
• Serbia and Montenegro
1992
• Independence restored
2006
Area
• Including Kosovo[failed verification]
88,361[b] km2 (34,116 sq mi) (111th)
• Excluding Kosovo
77,474 km2 (29,913 sq mi)[3]
Population
• 2022 census
Neutral decrease 6,647,003 (excluding Kosovo)[4] (107th)
• Density
85.8/km2 (222.2/sq mi) (130th)
GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $173.075 billion[c][5] (80th)
• Per capita
Increase $26,074[5] (68th)
GDP (nominal) 2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $75.015 billion[c][5] (88th)
• Per capita
Increase $11,301[5] (80th)
Gini (2019) Positive decrease 33.3[6]
medium
HDI (2021) Increase 0.802[7]
very high · 63rd
Currency Serbian dinar (RSD)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Date format dd.mm.yyyy
Driving side right
Calling code +381
ISO 3166 code RS
Internet TLD
.rs.срб
Serbia,[d] officially the Republic of Serbia,[e] is a landlocked country at the
crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe,[8][9] located in the Balkans and the
Pannonian Plain. It shares land borders with Hungary to the north, Romania to the
northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia and
Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest. Serbia claims
a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia has about
6.6 million inhabitants, excluding Kosovo. Its capital Belgrade is also the largest
city.

Continuously inhabited since the Paleolithic Age, the territory of modern-day

Serbia faced Slavic migrations in the 6th century, establishing several regional
states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the
Byzantine, Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms. The Serbian Kingdom obtained
recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217, reaching its territorial
apex in 1346 as the Serbian Empire. By the mid-16th century, the Ottomans annexed
the entirety of modern-day Serbia; their rule was at times interrupted by the
Habsburg Empire, which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the
17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina. In the early 19th century,
the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region's first
constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory.[10] In 1918, in
the aftermath of World War I, the Kingdom of Serbia united with the former Habsburg
crownland of Vojvodina; later in the same year it joined with other South Slavic
nations in the foundation of Yugoslavia, which existed in various political
formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. During the breakup of Yugoslavia,
Serbia formed a union with Montenegro,[11] which was peacefully dissolved in 2006,
restoring Serbia's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since 1918.
[12] In 2008, representatives of the Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared
independence, with mixed responses from the international community while Serbia
continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory.

Serbia is an upper-middle income economy, ranked "very high" in the Human

Development Index domain. It is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic,
member of the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, CEFTA, and is acceding to the WTO. Since
2014, the country has been negotiating its EU accession, with the possibility of
joining the European Union by 2030.[13] Serbia formally adheres to the policy of
military neutrality. The country provides universal health care and free primary
and secondary education to its citizens.

Etymology
See also: Names of the Serbs and Serbia and Origin hypotheses of the Serbs
The origin of the name Serbia is unclear. Historically, authors have mentioned the
Serbs (Serbian: Srbi / Срби) and the Sorbs of Eastern Germany (Upper Sorbian:
Serbja; Lower Sorbian: Serby) in a variety of ways: Cervetiis (Servetiis), gentis
(S)urbiorum, Suurbi, Sorabi, Soraborum, Sorabos, Surpe, Sorabici, Sorabiet, Sarbin,
Swrbjn, Servians, Sorbi, Sirbia, Sribia, Zirbia, Zribia, Suurbelant, Surbia,
Serbulia / Sorbulia among others.[14][15][16] These authors used these names to
refer to Serbs and Sorbs in areas where their historical and current presence is
not disputable (notably in the Balkans and Lusatia). However, there are also
sources that mention the same or similar names in other parts of the World (most
notably in the Asiatic Sarmatia in the Caucasus).

There exist two prevailing theories on the origin of the ethnonym *Sŕbъ (plur.
*Sŕby), one from a Proto-Slavic language with an appellative meaning of a "family
kinship" and "alliance", while another from an Iranian-Sarmatian language with
various meanings.[15][17] In his work, De Administrando Imperio, Constantine VII
Porphyrogenitus suggests that the Serbs originated from White Serbia near Francia.
According to the recorded tradition the White Serbs split in two, with the half
that became known as the Serbs coming down to settle Byzantine land.

From 1815 to 1882, the official name for Serbia was the Principality of Serbia.
From 1882 to 1918, it was renamed to the Kingdom of Serbia, later from 1945 to
1963, the official name for Serbia was the People's Republic of Serbia. This was
again renamed the Socialist Republic of Serbia from 1963 to 1990. Since 1990, the
official name of the country has been the Republic of Serbia.

History
Main article: History of Serbia
Further information: Timeline of Serbian history
Prehistory and antiquity
Main articles: Prehistoric sites in Serbia and Serbia in the Roman era

Lepenski Vir idol, 7000 BC

Vinča culture figurine, 4000–4500 BC

Archaeological evidence of Paleolithic settlements on the territory of present-day
Serbia is scarce. A fragment of a human jaw was found in Sićevo (Mala Balanica) and
is believed to be up to 525,000–397,000 years old.[18]

Approximately around 6,500 years BC, during the Neolithic, the Starčevo and Vinča
cultures existed in the region of modern-day Belgrade. They dominated much of
Southeast Europe (as well as parts of Central Europe and Anatolia). Several
important archaeological sites from this era, including Lepenski Vir and Vinča-Belo
Brdo, still exist near the banks of the Danube.[19][20]

During the Iron Age, local tribes of Triballi, Dardani, and Autariatae were
encountered by the Ancient Greeks during their cultural and political expansion
into the region, from the 5th up to the 2nd century BC. The Celtic tribe of
Scordisci settled throughout the area in the 3rd century BC. It formed a tribal
state, building several fortifications, including their capital at Singidunum
(present-day Belgrade) and Naissos (present-day Niš).

The Romans conquered much of the territory in the 2nd century BC. In 167 BC, the
Roman province of Illyricum was established; the remainder was conquered around 75
BC, forming the Roman province of Moesia Superior; the modern-day Srem region was
conquered in 9 BC; and Bačka and Banat in 106 AD after the Dacian Wars. As a result
of this, contemporary Serbia extends fully or partially over several former Roman
provinces, including Moesia, Pannonia, Praevalitana, Dalmatia, Dacia, and
Macedonia.

The chief towns of Upper Moesia (and broader) were: Singidunum (Belgrade),
Viminacium (now Old Kostolac), Remesiana (now Bela Palanka), Naissos (Niš), and
Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica), the latter of which served as a Roman capital
during the Tetrarchy.[21] Seventeen Roman Emperors were born in the area of modern-
day Serbia, second only to contemporary Italy.[22] The most famous of these was
Constantine the Great, the first Christian Emperor, who issued an edict ordering
religious tolerance throughout the Empire.

Remnants of the Felix Romuliana Imperial Palace, 298 AD, a UNESCO World Heritage
Site; as many as 18 Roman emperors were born in modern-day Serbia[23][24]
When the Roman Empire was divided in 395, most of Serbia remained under the
Byzantine Empire. At the same time, its northwestern parts were included in the
Western Roman Empire. By the 6th century, South Slavs migrated into the European
provinces of the Byzantine Empire in large numbers.[25] They merged with the local
Romanised population that was gradually assimilated.[26][27][28]
Middle Ages
Main articles: Sorbs (tribe) and Serbia in the Middle Ages
White Serbs, an early Slavic tribe from White Serbia eventually settled in an area
between the Sava river and the Dinaric Alps.[29][30][31] By the beginning of the
9th century, Serbia achieved a level of statehood.[32] Christianization of Serbia
was a gradual process, finalized by the middle of the 9th century.[33] In the mid-
10th-century, the Serbian state stretched between the Adriatic Sea, the Neretva,
the Sava, the Morava, and Skadar. During the 11th and 12th century, Serbian state
frequently fought with the neighbouring Byzantine Empire.[34] Between 1166 and
1371, Serbia was ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty (whose legacy is especially
cherished), under whom the state was elevated to a kingdom in 1217,[35] and an
empire in 1346,[36] under Stefan Dušan. Serbian Orthodox Church was organized as an
autocephalous archbishopric in 1219,[37] through the effort of Sava, the country's
patron saint, and in 1346 it was raised to the Patriarchate. Monuments of the
Nemanjić period survive in many monasteries (several being World Heritage sites)
and fortifications.

The Coronation of the Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan, known as Dušan the Mighty, in
Skopje, as Emperor of Serbs and Greeks in 1346
During these centuries the Serbian state (and influence) expanded significantly.
The northern part (modern Vojvodina), was ruled by the Kingdom of Hungary. The
period after 1371, known as the Fall of the Serbian Empire saw the once-powerful
state fragmented into several principalities, culminating in the Battle of Kosovo
(1389) against the rising Ottoman Empire.[38] By the end of the 14th century, the
Turks had conquered and ruled the territories south of the Šar Mountains. At the
same time, the political center of Serbia shifted northwards, when the capital of
the newly established Serbian Despotate was transferred to Belgrade in 1403,[39]
before moving to Smederevo in 1430.[40] The Despotate was then under the double
vassalage of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.[41] The fall of Smederevo on June 20,
1459, which marked the full conquest of the Serbian Despotate by the Ottomans, also
symbolically signified the end of the Serbian state.[42]

Ottoman and Habsburg rule

Main articles: Ottoman Serbia and Great Migrations of the Serbs

The Battle of Kosovo (1389) is particularly important to Serbian history, tradition

and national identity[43]
In all Serbian lands conquered by the Ottomans, the native nobility was eliminated
and the peasantry was enserfed to Ottoman rulers, while much of the clergy fled or
were confined to the isolated monasteries. Under the Ottoman system, Serbs, as well
as Christians, were considered an inferior class of people and subjected to heavy
taxes, and a portion of the Serbian population experienced Islamization. Many Serbs
were recruited during the devshirme system, a form of slavery in the Ottoman
Empire, in which boys from Balkan Christian families were forcibly converted to
Islam and trained for infantry units of the Ottoman army known as the Janissaries.
[44][45][46][47] The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was extinguished in 1463,[48] but
reestablished in 1557,[49][50][51] providing for limited continuation of Serbian
cultural traditions within the Ottoman Empire, under the Millet system.[52][53]

After the loss of statehood to the Ottoman Empire, Serbian resistance continued in
northern regions (modern Vojvodina), under titular despots (until 1537), and
popular leaders like Jovan Nenad (1526–1527). From 1521 to 1552, Ottomans conquered
Belgrade and regions of Syrmia, Bačka, and Banat.[54] Continuing wars and various
rebellions constantly challenged Ottoman rule. One of the most significant was the
Banat Uprising in 1594 and 1595, which was part of the Long War (1593–1606) between
the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.[55][56] The area of modern Vojvodina endured a
century-long Ottoman occupation before being ceded to the Habsburg monarchy,
partially by the Treaty of Karlovci (1699),[57] and fully by the Treaty of
Požarevac (1718).[58]

Migration of the Serbs, by Paja Jovanović (c. 1896), depicting the Great Migration
of 1690, led by the patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević
During the Habsburg-Ottoman war (1683–1699), much of Serbia switched from Ottoman
rule to Habsburg control from 1688 to 1690, including the cities of Belgrade,
Čačak, Užice and Niš, as well as the area of present-day Kosovo.[59] However, the
Ottoman army reconquered a large part of Serbia in the winter of 1689/1690, leading
to a brutal massacre of the civilian population by uncontrolled Albanian and Tatar
units. As a result of the persecutions, several tens of thousands of Serbs, led by
the patriarch, Arsenije III Crnojević, fled northwards across the Sava river, to
settle in Hungary,[60] an event known as the Great Migration of 1690.[61] In August
1690, following several petitions, the Emperor Leopold I formally granted Serbs
from the Habsburg monarchy a first set of “privileges”,[62][63] primarily to
guarantee them freedom of religion.[64] As a consequence, the ecclesiastical centre
of the Serbs also moved northwards, to the Metropolitanate of Karlovci,[65] and the
Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was once-again abolished by the Ottomans in 1766.[66]
[67]

In 1718–39, the Habsburg monarchy occupied much of Central Serbia and established
the Kingdom of Serbia as crownland.[58] Those gains were lost by the Treaty of
Belgrade in 1739, when the Ottomans retook the region.[68] Apart from territory of
modern Vojvodina which remained under the Habsburg Empire, central regions of
Serbia were occupied once again by the Habsburgs in 1788–1792.

Revolution and independence

Main articles: Serbian Revolution, Principality of Serbia, and Kingdom of Serbia
The Serbian Revolution for independence from the Ottoman Empire lasted eleven
years, from 1804 until 1815.[69][70][71][72] The revolution comprised two separate
uprisings which gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire (1830) that eventually
evolved towards full independence (1878). During the First Serbian Uprising (1804–
1813), led by vožd Karađorđe Petrović, Serbia was independent for almost a decade
before the Ottoman army was able to reoccupy the country.[73] Shortly after this,
the Second Serbian Uprising began in 1815. Led by Miloš Obrenović, it ended with a
compromise between Serbian revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities.[74] Likewise,
Serbia was one of the first nations in the Balkans to abolish feudalism.[75] The
Akkerman Convention in 1826, the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 and finally, the
Hatt-i Sharif, recognised the suzerainty of Serbia. The First Serbian Constitution
was adopted on 15 February 1835 (the anniversary of the outbreak of the First
Serbian Uprising), making the country one of the first to adopt a democratic
constitution in Europe.[76][77] 15 February is now commemorated as Statehood Day, a
public holiday.[78]

Karađorđe Petrović and Miloš Obrenović, leaders of the Serbian Revolution

Following the clashes between the Ottoman army and Serbs in Belgrade in 1862,[79]
and under pressure from the Great Powers, by 1867 the last Turkish soldiers left
the Principality, making the country de facto independent.[80] By enacting a new
constitution in 1869,[81] without consulting the Porte, Serbian diplomats confirmed
the de facto independence of the country. In 1876, Serbia declared war on the
Ottoman Empire, siding with the ongoing Christian uprisings in Bosnia-Herzegovina
and Bulgaria.[82][83]

The formal independence of the country was internationally recognised at the

Congress of Berlin in 1878, which ended the Russo-Turkish War; this treaty,
however, prohibited Serbia from uniting with other Serbian regions by placing
Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austro-Hungarian occupation, alongside the occupation
of the region of Raška.[84] From 1815 to 1903, the Principality of Serbia was ruled
by the House of Obrenović, save for the rule of Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević
between 1842 and 1858. In 1882, Principality of Serbia became the Kingdom of
Serbia, ruled by King Milan I.[85] The House of Karađorđević, descendants of the
revolutionary leader Karađorđe Petrović, assumed power in 1903 following the May
Overthrow.[86] In the north, the 1848 revolution in Austria led to the
establishment of the autonomous territory of Serbian Vojvodina; by 1849, the region
was transformed into the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar.[87]

The Balkan Wars and World War I

Main articles: Balkan Wars and Serbian Campaign of World War I
In the course of the First Balkan War in 1912, the Balkan League defeated the
Ottoman Empire and captured its European territories, which enabled territorial
expansion of the Kingdom of Serbia into regions of Raška, Kosovo, Metohija, and
Vardarian Macedonia. The Second Balkan War soon ensued when Bulgaria turned on its
former allies, but was defeated, resulting in the Treaty of Bucharest. In two
years, Serbia enlarged its territory by 80% and its population by 50%,[88] it also
suffered high casualties on the eve of World War I, with more than 36,000 dead.[89]
Austria-Hungary became wary of the rising regional power on its borders and its
potential to become an anchor for unification of Serbs and other South Slavs, and
the relationship between the two countries became tense.

The Great Serbian Retreat in 1915 led by Peter I of Serbia; as part of the Entente
Powers during WW I, Serbia lost about 850,000 people, a quarter of its pre-war
population[90]
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 in
Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Young Bosnia organisation, led to
Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia, on 28 July 1914.[91] Local war escalated
when Germany declared war on Russia and invaded France and Belgium, thus drawing
Great Britain into the conflict that became the First World War. Serbia won the
first major battles of World War I, including the Battle of Cer,[92] and the Battle
of Kolubara, marking the first Allied victories against the Central Powers in World
War I.[93]

Despite initial success, it was eventually overpowered by the Central Powers in

1915 and Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia followed. Most of its army and some
people retreated through Albania to Greece and Corfu, suffering immense losses on
the way. Serbia was occupied by the Central Powers. After the Central Powers
military situation on other fronts worsened, the remains of the Serb army returned
east and led a final breakthrough through enemy lines on 15 September 1918,
liberating Serbia and defeating Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary.[94] Serbia, with its
campaign, was a major Balkan Entente Power[95] which contributed significantly to
the Allied victory in the Balkans in November 1918, especially by helping France
force Bulgaria's capitulation.[96]

Serbia's casualties accounted for 8% of the total Entente military deaths; 58%
(243,600) soldiers of the Serbian army perished in the war.[97] The total number of
casualties is placed around 700,000,[98] more than 16% of Serbia's prewar size,[99]
and a majority (57%) of its overall male population.[100][101][102] Serbia suffered
the biggest casualty rate in World War I.[103]

Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Main articles: Creation of Yugoslavia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The beginnings of the idea of the first common South Slavic state were the signing
of a declaration on the island of Corfu in 1917.[104] The Corfu Declaration was a
formal agreement between the government-in-exile of the Kingdom of Serbia and the
Yugoslav Committee (anti-Habsburg South Slav émigrés) that pledged to unify Kingdom
of Serbia and Kingdom of Montenegro with Austria-Hungary's South Slav autonomous
crown lands: Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Kingdom of Dalmatia, Slovenia, Vojvodina
(then part of the Kingdom of Hungary) and Bosnia and Herzegovina in a post-war
Yugoslav state. It was signed on 20 July 1917 on Corfu.

On November 25, 1918 in Novi Sad, the Great People's Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci
and other Slavs in Banat, Bačka and Baranja, the Serbian Crown Lands in Austria-
Hungary, (today's Vojvodina) declared unification with the Kingdom of Serbia
As the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, the territory of Syrmia united with
Serbia on 24 November 1918.[88] Just a day later, on 25 November 1918, the Great
People's Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs in Banat, Bačka and Baranja
declared the unification of these regions (Banat, Bačka, and Baranja) with the
Kingdom of Serbia.[105]

On 26 November 1918, the Podgorica Assembly deposed the House of Petrović-Njegoš

and united Montenegro with Serbia.[106] On 1 December 1918, in Belgrade, Serbian
Prince Regent Alexander Karađorđević proclaimed the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats,
and Slovenes, under King Peter I of Serbia.[107][108]

King Peter was succeeded by his son, Alexander, in August 1921. Serb centralists
and Croat autonomists clashed in the parliament, and most governments were fragile
and short-lived. Nikola Pašić, a conservative prime minister, headed or dominated
most governments until his death. King Alexander established a dictatorship in 1929
with the aim of establishing the Yugoslav ideology and single Yugoslav nation,
changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia and changed the internal divisions
from the 33 oblasts to nine new banovinas. The effect of Alexander's dictatorship
was to further alienate the non-Serbs living in Yugoslavia from the idea of unity.
[109]

Alexander was assassinated in Marseille, during an official visit in 1934 by Vlado

Chernozemski, member of the IMRO. Alexander was succeeded by his eleven-year-old
son Peter II and a regency council was headed by his cousin, Prince Paul. In August
1939 the Cvetković–Maček Agreement established an autonomous Banate of Croatia as a
solution to Croatian concerns.

World War II
Main articles: World War II in Yugoslavia, The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia,
and Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
In 1941, in spite of Yugoslav attempts to remain neutral in the war, the Axis
powers invaded Yugoslavia. The territory of modern Serbia was divided between
Hungary, Bulgaria, the Independent State of Croatia, Greater Albania and
Montenegro, while the remaining part of the occupied Serbia was placed under the
military administration of Nazi Germany, with Serbian puppet governments led by
Milan Aćimović and Milan Nedić assisted by Dimitrije Ljotić's fascist organization
Yugoslav National Movement (Zbor).

A monument commemorating the victims of the Nazi German established Sajmište

concentration camp, a part of the Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia and Genocide
of Serbs
The Yugoslav territory was the scene of a civil war between royalist Chetniks
commanded by Draža Mihailović and communist partisans commanded by Josip Broz Tito.
Axis auxiliary units of the Serbian Volunteer Corps and the Serbian State Guard
fought against both of these forces. The siege of Kraljevo was a major battle of
the uprising in Serbia, led by Chetnik forces against the Nazis. Several days after
the battle began the German forces committed a massacre of approximately 2,000
civilians in an event known as the Kraljevo massacre, in a reprisal for the attack.

Draginac and Loznica massacre of 2,950 villagers in Western Serbia in 1941 was the
first large execution of civilians in occupied Serbia by Germans, with Kragujevac
massacre and Novi Sad Raid of Jews and Serbs by Hungarian fascists being the most
notorious, with over 3,000 victims in each case.[110][111] After one year of
occupation, around 16,000 Serbian Jews were murdered in the area, or around 90% of
its pre-war Jewish population during The Holocaust in Serbia. Many concentration
camps were established across the area. Banjica concentration camp was the largest
concentration camp and jointly run by the German army and Nedić's regime,[112] with
primary victims being Serbian Jews, Roma, and Serb political prisoners.[113]

During this period, hundreds of thousands of ethnic Serbs fled the Axis puppet
state known as the Independent State of Croatia and sought refuge in German-
occupied Serbia, seeking to escape the large-scale persecution and Genocide of
Serbs, Jews, and Roma being committed by the Ustaše regime.[114] The number of Serb
victims was approximately 300,000 to 350,000.[115][116][117]

According to Tito himself, Serbs made up the vast majority of anti-fascist fighters
and Yugoslav Partisans for the whole course of World War II.[118] The Republic of
Užice was a short-lived liberated territory established by the Partisans and the
first liberated territory in World War II Europe, organised as a military mini-
state that existed in the autumn of 1941 in the west of occupied Serbia. By late
1944, the Belgrade Offensive swung in favour of the partisans in the civil war; the
partisans subsequently gained control of Yugoslavia.[119] Following the Belgrade
Offensive, the Syrmian Front was the last major military action of World War II in
Serbia. A study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths in
Yugoslavia at 1,027,000, including 273,000 in Serbia.[120]

Socialist Yugoslavia
Main articles: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Communist purges in Serbia
in 1944–45, Tito–Stalin split, and Non-Aligned Movement
The victory of the Communist Partisans resulted in the abolition of the monarchy
and a subsequent constitutional referendum. A one-party state was soon established
in Yugoslavia by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.

The principle of non-alignment was the core of Yugoslav and later Serbian
diplomacy. The First Non-Aligned Movement Summit Conference took place in Belgrade
in September 1961
It is claimed between 60,000 and 70,000 people died in Serbia during the 1944–45
communist takeover and purge.[121] All opposition was suppressed and people deemed
to be promoting opposition to socialism or promoting separatism were imprisoned or
executed for sedition. Serbia became a constituent republic within the Federal
People's Republic of Yugoslavia known as the People's Republic of Serbia, and had a
republic-branch of the federal communist party, the League of Communists of Serbia.

Serbia's most powerful and influential politician in Tito-era Yugoslavia was

Aleksandar Ranković, one of the "big four" Yugoslav leaders, alongside Tito, Edvard
Kardelj, and Milovan Đilas. Ranković was later removed from the office because of
the disagreements regarding Kosovo's nomenklatura and the unity of Serbia.
Ranković's dismissal was highly unpopular among Serbs. Pro-decentralisation
reformers in Yugoslavia succeeded in the late 1960s in attaining substantial
decentralisation of powers, creating substantial autonomy in Kosovo and Vojvodina,
and recognising a distinctive "Muslim" nationality. As a result of these reforms,
there was a massive overhaul of Kosovo's nomenklatura and police, that shifted from
being Serb-dominated to ethnic Albanian-dominated through firing Serbs on a large
scale. Further concessions were made to the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo in response
to unrest, including the creation of the University of Pristina as an Albanian
language institution. These changes created widespread fear among Serbs of being
treated as second-class citizens.[122]
Belgrade, the capital of FPR Yugoslavia and PR Serbia, hosted the first Non-Aligned
Movement Summit in September 1961, as well as the first major gathering of the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) with the aim of
implementing the Helsinki Accords from October 1977 to March 1978.[123][124] The
1972 smallpox outbreak in SAP Kosovo and other parts of SR Serbia was the last
major outbreak of smallpox in Europe since World War II.[125]

Breakup of Yugoslavia and political transition

Slobodan Milošević was a prominent political figure in the former Yugoslavia; his
leadership was controversial, with critics stating his government continued to be
authoritarian despite constitutional changes
Main articles: Breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro, Republic of Serbia
(1992–2006), and History of Serbia § Independent Serbia (2006–present)
In 1989, Slobodan Milošević rose to power in Serbia. Milošević promised a reduction
of powers for the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, where his allies
subsequently took over power, during the Anti-bureaucratic revolution.[126] This
ignited tensions between the communist leadership of the other republics of
Yugoslavia and awoke ethnic nationalism across Yugoslavia that eventually resulted
in its breakup, with Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia
declaring independence during 1991 and 1992.[127][better source needed] Serbia and
Montenegro remained together as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY).[11]
However, according to the Badinter Commission, the country was not legally
considered a continuation of the former SFRY, but a new state.

Fueled by ethnic tensions, the Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001) erupted, with the most
severe conflicts taking place in Croatia and Bosnia, where the large ethnic Serb
communities opposed independence from Yugoslavia. The FRY remained outside the
conflicts, but provided logistic, military and financial support to Serb forces in
the wars. In response, the UN imposed sanctions against Yugoslavia which led to
political isolation and the collapse of the economy (GDP decreased from $24 billion
in 1990 to under $10 billion in 1993). Serbia was in the 2000s sued on the charges
of alleged genocide by neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia but in both
cases the main charges against Serbia were dismissed.[128][129]

Multi-party democracy was introduced in Serbia in 1990, officially dismantling the

one-party system. Despite constitutional changes, Milošević maintained strong
political influence over the state media and security apparatus.[130][131] When the
ruling Socialist Party of Serbia refused to accept its defeat in municipal
elections in 1996, Serbians engaged in large protests against the government.

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and territories of Serb breakaway states

Republika Srpska and Republika Srpska Krajina during the Yugoslav wars
In 1998, continued clashes between the Albanian guerilla Kosovo Liberation Army and
Yugoslav security forces led to the short Kosovo War (1998–99), in which NATO
intervened, leading to the withdrawal of Serbian forces and the establishment of UN
administration in the province.[132] After the Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to
highest number of refugees and internally displaced persons in Europe.[133][134]
[135]

After presidential elections in September 2000, opposition parties accused

Milošević of electoral fraud, with the government claiming that his main
challenger, Vojislav Koštunica, did not gain the majority of votes needed to avoid
a run-off against Milošević.[136][137] A campaign of civil resistance followed, led
by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), a broad coalition of anti-Milošević
parties. This culminated on 5 October when half a million people from all over the
country congregated in Belgrade, compelling Milošević to concede defeat.[138] The
fall of Milošević ended Yugoslavia's international isolation. Milošević was sent to
the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The DOS announced
that FR Yugoslavia would seek to join the European Union. In 2003, the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed Serbia and Montenegro;[139] the EU opened
negotiations with the country for the Stabilisation and Association Agreement.

Serbian and other refugee children of the Kosovo War; the war ended with NATO
bombing which remains a controversial topic
Serbia's political climate remained tense and in 2003, the Prime Minister Zoran
Đinđić was assassinated as result of a plot originating from circles of organised
crime and former security officials. In 2004 unrest in Kosovo took place, leaving
19 people dead and a number of Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries destroyed
or damaged.[140][141]

Contemporary period
Main article: History of Serbia § Republic of Serbia (2006–present)
On 21 May 2006, Montenegro held a referendum to determine whether to end its union
with Serbia. The results showed 55.4% of voters in favour of independence, which
was just above the 55% required by the referendum. This was followed on 5 June 2006
by Serbia's declaration of independence, marking the final dissolution of the State
Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and the re-emergence of Serbia as an independent
state, for the first time since 1918. On the same occasion, the National Assembly
of Serbia declared Serbia to be the legal successor to the former state union.[142]

The Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on 17

February 2008. Serbia immediately condemned the declaration and continues to deny
any statehood to Kosovo. The declaration has sparked varied responses from the
international community, some welcoming it, while others condemned the unilateral
move.[143] Status-neutral talks between Serbia and Kosovo-Albanian authorities are
held in Brussels, mediated by the EU.

Serbia officially applied for membership in the European Union on 22 December 2009,
[144] and received candidate status on 1 March 2012, following a delay in December
2011.[145][146] Following a positive recommendation of the European Commission and
European Council in June 2013, negotiations to join the EU commenced in January
2014.[147]

Since Aleksandar Vučić and his Serbian Progressive Party came to power in 2012,
[148][149] Serbia has suffered from democratic backsliding into authoritarianism,
[150][151][152] followed by a decline in media freedom and civil liberties.[153]
[154] After the COVID-19 pandemic spread to Serbia in March 2020, a state of
emergency was declared and a curfew was introduced for the first time in Serbia
since World War II.[155] In January and February 2021, Serbia carried the second-
fastest vaccine rollout in Europe.[156][157][158] In April 2022, President
Aleksandar Vučić was re-elected.[159] Serbia drew western criticism for not joining
EU sanctions against Russia and maintaining bilateral relations after the 2022
Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, Serbia condemned Russia at the United Nations
General Assembly and Human Rights Council.[160]

Geography
Main article: Geography of Serbia

Topographic map of Serbia including Kosovo

A landlocked country situated at the crossroads between Central[161][162] and
Southeastern Europe, Serbia is located in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian
Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41° and 47° N, and longitudes 18° and 23° E.
The country covers a total of 88,499 km2 (34,170 sq mi) (including Kosovo), which
places it at 113th place in the world; with Kosovo excluded, the total area is
77,474 km2 (29,913 sq mi),[3][163] which would make it 117th. Its total border
length amounts to 2,027 km (1,260 mi): Albania 115 km (71 mi), Bosnia and
Herzegovina 302 km (188 mi), Bulgaria 318 km (198 mi), Croatia 241 km (150 mi),
Hungary 151 km (94 mi), North Macedonia 221 km (137 mi), Montenegro 203 km (126 mi)
and Romania 476 km (296 mi).[3] All of Kosovo's border with Albania (115 km (71
mi)), North Macedonia (159 km (99 mi)) and Montenegro (79 km (49 mi))[164] are
under control of the Kosovo border police.[165] Serbia treats the 352 km (219 mi)
long border between Kosovo and rest of Serbia as an "administrative line"; it is
under shared control of Kosovo border police and Serbian police forces, and there
are 11 crossing points.[166] The Pannonian Plain covers the northern third of the
country (Vojvodina and Mačva[167]) while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into
the Wallachian Plain. The terrain of the central part of the country, with the
region of Šumadija at its heart, consists chiefly of hills traversed by rivers.
Mountains dominate the southern third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west
and the southwest, following the flow of the rivers Drina and Ibar. The Carpathian
Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in a north–south direction in eastern
Serbia.[168]

Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to the Rilo-Rhodope
Mountain system. Elevation ranges from the Midžor peak of the Balkan Mountains at
2,169 metres (7,116 feet) (the highest peak in Serbia, excluding Kosovo) to the
lowest point of just 17 metres (56 feet) near the Danube river at Prahovo.[169] The
largest lake is Đerdap Lake (163 square kilometres (63 sq mi)) and the longest
river passing through Serbia is the Danube (587.35 kilometres (364.96 mi)).

Climate
Main article: Climate of Serbia

Köppen climate classification map of Serbia including Kosovo

The climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and the
Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. With mean January temperatures around 0 °C
(32 °F), and mean July temperatures of 22 °C (72 °F), it can be classified as a
warm-humid continental or humid subtropical climate.[170] In the north, the climate
is more continental, with cold winters, and hot, humid summers along with well-
distributed rainfall patterns. In the south, summers and autumns are drier, and
winters are relatively cold, with heavy inland snowfall in the mountains.

Differences in elevation, proximity to the Adriatic Sea and large river basins, as
well as exposure to the winds account for climate variations.[171] Southern Serbia
is subject to Mediterranean influences.[172] The Dinaric Alps and other mountain
ranges contribute to the cooling of most of the warm air masses. Winters are quite
harsh in the Pešter plateau, because of the mountains which encircle it.[173] One
of the climatic features of Serbia is Košava, a cold and very squally southeastern
wind which starts in the Carpathian Mountains and follows the Danube northwest
through the Iron Gate where it gains a jet effect and continues to Belgrade and can
spread as far south as Niš.[174]

The average annual air temperature for the period 1961–1990 for the area with an
elevation of up to 300 m (984 ft) is 10.9 °C (51.6 °F). The areas with an elevation
of 300 to 500 m (984 to 1,640 ft) have an average annual temperature of around 10.0
°C (50.0 °F), and over 1,000 m (3,281 ft) of elevation around 6.0 °C (42.8 °F).
[175] The lowest recorded temperature in Serbia was −39.5 °C (−39.1 °F) on 13
January 1985, Karajukića Bunari in Pešter, and the highest was 44.9 °C (112.8 °F),
on 24 July 2007, recorded in Smederevska Palanka.[176]

Serbia is one of few European countries with very high risk exposure to natural
hazards (earthquakes, storms, floods, droughts).[177] It is estimated that
potential floods, particularly in areas of Central Serbia, threaten over 500 larger
settlements and an area of 16,000 square kilometres.[178] The most disastrous were
the floods in May 2014, when 57 people died and a damage of over a 1.5 billion euro
was inflicted.[179]

Hydrology

The Iron Gates gorge on the river Danube in Đerdap National Park
For a more comprehensive list, see List of rivers of Serbia and List of lakes of
Serbia.
Almost all of Serbia's rivers drain to the Black Sea, by way of the Danube river.
The Danube, the second largest European river, passes through Serbia with 588
kilometres[180] (21% of its overall length) and represents the major source of
fresh water.[181][182] It is joined by its biggest tributaries, the Great Morava
(longest river entirely in Serbia with 493 km (306 mi) of length[183]), Sava and
Tisza rivers.[184] One notable exception is the Pčinja which flows into the Aegean.
Drina river forms the natural border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, and
represents the main kayaking and rafting attraction in both countries.

Due to configuration of the terrain, natural lakes are sparse and small; most of
them are located in the lowlands of Vojvodina, like the aeolian lake Palić or
numerous oxbow lakes along river flows (like Zasavica and Carska Bara). However,
there are numerous artificial lakes, mostly due to hydroelectric dams, the biggest
being Đerdap (Iron Gates) on the Danube with 163 km2 (63 sq mi) on the Serbian
side[185] (a total area of 253 km2 (98 sq mi) is shared with Romania); Perućac on
the Drina, and Vlasina. The largest waterfall, Jelovarnik, located in Kopaonik, is
71 m high.[186] Abundance of relatively unpolluted surface waters and numerous
underground natural and mineral water sources of high water quality presents a
chance for export and economy improvement; however, more extensive exploitation and
production of bottled water began only recently.

Environment

Picea omorika is a species of coniferous tree endemic to Tara National Park in

western Serbia

The Uvac Special Nature Reserve is one of the last remaining habitats of the
griffon vulture in Europe
See also: List of protected natural resources in Serbia and Environmental issues in
Serbia
Serbia is a country of rich ecosystem and species diversity—covering only 1.9% of
the whole European territory, Serbia is home to 39% of European vascular flora, 51%
of European fish fauna, 40% of European reptiles and amphibian fauna, 74% of
European bird fauna, and 67% European mammal fauna.[187] Its abundance of mountains
and rivers make it an ideal environment for a variety of animals, many of which are
protected including wolves, lynx, bears, foxes, and stags. There are 17 snake
species living all over the country, 8 of them are venomous.[188]

Mountain of Tara in western Serbia is one of the last regions in Europe where bears
can still live in absolute freedom.[189][better source needed] Serbia is home to
about 380 species of birds. In Carska Bara, there are over 300 bird species on just
a few square kilometres.[190] Uvac Gorge is considered one of the last habitats of
the Griffon vulture in Europe.[191] In area around the city of Kikinda, in the
northernmost part of the country, some 145 endangered long-eared owls are noted,
making it the world's biggest settlement of these species.[192] The country is
considerably rich with threatened species of bats and butterflies as well.[193]

There are 380 protected areas of Serbia, encompassing 4,947 square kilometres or
6.4% of the country. The "Spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia" states that the
total protected area should be increased to 12% by 2021.[187] Those protected areas
include 5 national parks (Đerdap, Tara, Kopaonik, Fruška Gora and Šar Mountain), 15
nature parks, 15 "landscapes of outstanding features", 61 nature reserves, and 281
natural monuments.[186] With 29.1% of its territory covered by forest, Serbia is
considered to be a middle-forested country, compared on a global scale to world
forest coverage at 30%, and European average of 35%. The total forest area in
Serbia is 2,252,000 ha (1,194,000 ha or 53% are state-owned, and 1,058,387 ha or
47% are privately owned) or 0.3 ha per inhabitant.[194] It had a 2019 Forest
Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.29/10, ranking it 105th globally out of
172 countries.[195] The most common trees are oak, beech, pines, and firs.

Air pollution is a significant problem in Bor area, due to work of large copper
mining and smelting complex, and Pančevo where oil and petrochemical industry is
based.[196] Some cities suffer from water supply problems, due to mismanagement and
low investments in the past, as well as water pollution (like the pollution of the
Ibar River from the Trepča zinc-lead combinate,[197] affecting the city of
Kraljevo, or the presence of natural arsenic in underground waters in Zrenjanin).
[198]

Poor waste management has been identified as one of the most important
environmental problems in Serbia and the recycling is a fledgling activity, with
only 15% of its waste being turned back for reuse.[199] The 1999 NATO bombing
caused serious damage to the environment, with several thousand tonnes of toxic
chemicals stored in targeted factories and refineries released into the soil and
water basins.[200]

Politics
Main article: Politics of Serbia

House of the National Assembly

Serbia is a parliamentary republic, with the government divided into legislative,
executive, and judiciary branches. Serbia had one of the first modern constitutions
in Europe, the 1835 Constitution (known as the Sretenje Constitution), which was at
the time considered among the most progressive and liberal constitutions in Europe.
[201][202][better source needed] Since then it has adopted 10 different
constitutions.[203] The current constitution was adopted in 2006 in the aftermath
of the Montenegro independence referendum which by consequence renewed the
independence of Serbia itself.[204] The Constitutional Court rules on matters
regarding the Constitution. The President of the Republic (Predsednik Republike) is
the head of state, is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and is limited by
the Constitution to a maximum of two terms. In addition to being the commander in
chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the
prime minister with the consent of the parliament, and has some influence on
foreign policy.[205] Aleksandar Vučić of the Serbian Progressive Party is the
current president following the 2017 presidential election.[206] Seat of the
presidency is Novi Dvor.

The Government (Vlada) is composed of the prime minister and cabinet ministers. The
Government is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the
laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies. The current prime minister is
Ana Brnabić, nominated by the Serbian Progressive Party.[207]

The National Assembly (Narodna skupština) is a unicameral legislative body. The

National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule
presidential elections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers,
declare war, and ratify international treaties and agreements.[208] It is composed
of 250 proportionally elected members who serve four-year terms. Following the 2020
parliamentary election, the largest political parties in the National Assembly are
the populist Serbian Progressive Party and Socialist Party of Serbia, that with its
partners, hold more than a supermajority number of seats.[209]

In 2021, Serbia was the 5th country in Europe by the number of women holding high-
ranking public functions.[210][better source needed]

Law and criminal justice

Main articles: Law of Serbia and Crime in Serbia

Court House or Palata pravde in Zrenjanin, administrative centre and largest city
of the Central Banat District, north Serbia
Serbia is the fourth modern-day European country, after France, Austria and the
Netherlands, to have a codified legal system.[211]

The country has a three-tiered judicial system, made up of the Supreme Court of
Cassation as the court of the last resort, Courts of Appeal as the appellate
instance, and Basic and High courts as the general jurisdictions at first instance.
[212][213]

Courts of special jurisdictions are the Administrative Court, commercial courts

(including the Commercial Court of Appeal at second instance) and misdemeanor
courts (including High Misdemeanor Court at second instance).[214] The judiciary is
overseen by the Ministry of Justice. Serbia has a typical civil law legal system.

Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Serbian Police, which is subordinate

to the Ministry of the Interior. Serbian Police fields 27,363 uniformed officers.
[215] National security and counterintelligence are the responsibility of the
Security Intelligence Agency (BIA).[216]

Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Serbia
See also: Accession of Serbia to the European Union and Political status of Kosovo

States which recognize the Province of Kosovo as an integral part of Serbia

States which recognize Kosovo as an independent country
States that recognized Kosovo and later withdrew that recognition
Serbia has established diplomatic relations with 191 UN member states, the Holy
See, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the European Union.[217] Foreign
relations are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia has a
network of 65 embassies and 23 consulates internationally.[218] There are 69
foreign embassies, 5 consulates and 4 liaison offices in Serbia.[219][220] Serbian
foreign policy is focused on achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member
state of the European Union (EU). Serbia started the process of joining the EU by
signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement on 29 April 2008 and
officially applied for membership in the European Union on 22 December 2009.[221]
It received a full candidate status on 1 March 2012 and started accession talks on
21 January 2014.[222][223] The European Commission considers accession possible by
2025.[224]

On 17 February 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia. In

protest, Serbia initially recalled its ambassadors from countries that recognised
Kosovo's independence.[225] The resolution of 26 December 2007 by the National
Assembly stated that both the Kosovo declaration of independence and recognition
thereof by any state would be gross violation of international law.[226]

Serbia began cooperation and dialogue with NATO in 2006, when the country joined
the Partnership for Peace programme and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The
country's military neutrality was formally proclaimed by a resolution adopted by
Serbia's parliament in December 2007, which makes joining any military alliance
contingent on a popular referendum,[227][228] a stance acknowledged by NATO.[229]
[230][231] On the other hand, Serbia's relations with Russia are habitually
described by mass media as a "centuries-old religious, ethnic and political
alliance"[232] and Russia is said to have sought to solidify its relationship with
Serbia since the imposition of sanctions against Russia in 2014.[233] During the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Serbia voted to condemn the invasion, supporting
the adoption of the United Nations draft resolution demanding Russia to withdraw
its military forces from Ukraine.[234] However, Serbia is one of the only countries
in Europe not to sanction Russia after the invasion.[235]

Military
Main articles: Serbian Armed Forces and Military history of Serbia
Branches of the Serbian Armed Forces

Special forces brigade

4th Army Brigade
Serbian Air Force and Air Defence
Eurocopter EC145
The Serbian Armed Forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defence, and are
composed of the Army and the Air Force. Although a landlocked country, Serbia
operates a River Flotilla which patrols on the Danube, Sava and Tisa rivers. The
Serbian Chief of the General Staff reports to the Defence Minister. The Chief of
Staff is appointed by the president, who is the commander-in-chief.[205] As of
2019, Serbian defence budget amounts to $804 million.[236]

Traditionally having relied on a large number of conscripts, Serbian Armed Forces

went through a period of downsizing, restructuring and professionalisation.
Conscription was abolished in 2011.[237] Serbian Armed Forces have 28,000 active
troops,[238] supplemented by the "active reserve" which numbers 20,000 members and
"passive reserve" with about 170,000.[239][240]

Serbia participates in the NATO Individual Partnership Action Plan programme,[229]

but has no intention of joining NATO, due to significant popular rejection, largely
a legacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999.[241] It is an observer member
of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) as of 2013.[242] The country
also signed the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. The Serbian Armed Forces
take part in several multinational peacekeeping missions, including deployments in
Lebanon, Cyprus, Ivory Coast, and Liberia.[243]

Serbia is a major producer and exporter of military equipment in the region.

Defence exports totaled around $600 million in 2018.[244] The defence industry has
seen significant growth over the years and it continues to grow on a yearly basis.
[245][246]

Serbia is one of the countries with the largest number of firearms in the civilian
population in the world.[247]

Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Serbia

Banovina Palace Complex, Provincial government and the assembly of AP Vojvodina,

northern province of Serbia
Serbia is a unitary state[248] composed of municipalities/cities, districts, and
two autonomous provinces. In Serbia, excluding Kosovo, there are 145 municipalities
(opštine) and 29 cities (gradovi), which form the basic units of local self-
government.[249] Apart from municipalities/cities, there are 24 districts (okruzi,
10 most populated listed below), with the City of Belgrade constituting an
additional district. Except for Belgrade, which has an elected local government,
districts are regional centres of state authority, but have no powers of their own;
they present purely administrative divisions.[249] The Constitution of Serbia
recognizes two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina in the north, and the disputed
territory of Kosovo and Metohija in the south,[249] while the remaining area of
Central Serbia never had its own regional authority. Following the Kosovo War, UN
peacekeepers entered Kosovo and Metohija, as per UNSC Resolution 1244. The
government of Serbia does not recognise Kosovo's February 2008 declaration of
independence, considering it illegal and illegitimate.[250]

Bor
Braničevo
Belgrade
Zaječar
West Bačka
Zlatibor
Jablanica
South Banat
South Bačka
Kolubara
Kosovo
Kosovska Mitrovica
Kosovo-Pomoravlje
Mačva
Moravica
Nišava
Peć
Pirot
Podunavlje
Pomoravlje
Prizren
Pčinja
Rasina
Raška
North Banat
North Bačka
Central Banat
Srem
Toplica
Šumadija
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Serbia and Serbians
As of 2022 census, Serbia (excluding Kosovo) has a total population of 6,647,003
and the overall population density is medium as it stands at 85.8 inhabitants per
square kilometre.[4] The census was not conducted in Kosovo which held its own
census that numbered their total population at 1,739,825,[251] excluding Serb-
inhabited North Kosovo, as Serbs from that area (about 50,000) boycotted the
census.[citation needed] Serbia has been enduring a demographic crisis since the
beginning of the 1990s, with a death rate that has continuously exceeded its birth
rate.[252][253] It is estimated that 300,000 people left Serbia during the 1990s,
20% of whom had a higher education.[254][255] Serbia subsequently has one of the
oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 43.3 years,[256] and its
population is shrinking at one of the fastest rates in the world.[257] A fifth of
all households consist of only one person, and just one-fourth of four and more
persons.[258] Average life expectancy in Serbia at birth is 76.1 years.[259]

During the 1990s, Serbia had the largest refugee population in Europe.[260]
Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Serbia formed between 7% and
7.5% of its population at the time – about half a million refugees sought refuge in
the country following the series of Yugoslav wars, mainly from Croatia (and to a
lesser extent from Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the IDPs from Kosovo.[261]

Serbs with 5,360,239 are the largest ethnic group in Serbia, representing 81% of
the total population (excluding Kosovo). Serbia is one of the European countries
with the highest number of registered national minorities, while the province of
Vojvodina is recognizable for its multi-ethnic and multi-cultural identity.[262]
[263][264] Despite a decline in recent years, with a population of 184,442,
Hungarians are still the largest ethnic minority in Serbia, concentrated
predominantly in northern Vojvodina and representing 2.8% of the country's
population (10.5% in Vojvodina). Romani population stands at 131,936 according to
the 2022 census but unofficial estimates place their actual number between 400,000
and 500,000.[265] Bosniaks with 153,801 and Muslims by nationality with 13,011 are
concentrated in Raška (Sandžak), in the southwest. Other minority groups include
Albanians, Croats and Bunjevci, Slovaks, Yugoslavs, Montenegrins, Romanians and
Vlachs, Macedonians and Bulgarians. Chinese, estimated at 15,000, are the only
significant non-European immigrant minority.[266][267] Most recently, tens of
thousands of Russians and Ukrainians have immigrated to Serbia following the
Russian Invasion of Ukraine.[268]

The majority of the population, or 59.4%, reside in urban areas and some 16.1% in
Belgrade alone. Belgrade is the only city with more than a million inhabitants and
there are four more with over 100,000 inhabitants.[269]

Largest cities or towns in Serbia

[269]
Rank Name District Pop. Rank Name District Pop.
Novi Sad
Novi Sad 1 Belgrade City of Belgrade 1,197,714 11 Kraljevo Raška
District 61,490 Niš
Niš
Kragujevac
Kragujevac
2 Novi Sad South Bačka 306,702 12 Smederevo Podunavlje District
59,261
3 Niš Nišava District 260,237 13 Leskovac Jablanica District
58,338
4 Kragujevac Šumadija District 146,315 14 Valjevo Kolubara District
56,059
5 Subotica North Bačka 94,228 15 Vranje Pčinja District 55,214
6 Pančevo South Banat 86,408 16 Užice Zlatibor District 54,965
7 Novi Pazar Raška District 71,462 17 Požarevac Braničevo District
51,271
8 Čačak Moravica District 69,598 18 Šabac Mačva District 51,163
9 Kruševac Rasina District 68,119 19 Sombor West Bačka 41,814
10 Zrenjanin Central Banat 67,129 20 Sremska Mitrovica Srem
District 40,144
Religion
Main articles: Religion in Serbia and Serbian Orthodox Church

The Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade, it is one of the largest Orthodox churches in
the world[270]
The Constitution of Serbia defines it as a secular state with guaranteed religious
freedom. Orthodox Christians with 6,079,396 comprise 84.5% of country's population.
The Serbian Orthodox Church is the largest and traditional church of the country,
adherents of which are overwhelmingly Serbs. Other Orthodox Christian communities
in Serbia include Montenegrins, Romanians, Vlachs, Macedonians and Bulgarians.

In 2011, Roman Catholics numbered 356,957 in Serbia, or roughly 6% of the

population, mostly in northern Vojvodina which is home to ethnic minority groups
such as Hungarians, Croats, and Bunjevci, as well as to some Slovaks and Czechs.
[271]
Protestantism accounts for about 1% of the country's population, chiefly
Lutheranism among Slovaks in Vojvodina as well as Calvinism among Reformed
Hungarians. Greek Catholic Church is adhered by around 25,000 citizens (0.37% of
the population), mostly Rusyns in Vojvodina.[272]

Muslims, with 222,282 or 3% of the population, form the third largest religious
group. Islam has a strong historic following in the southern regions of Serbia,
primarily in southern Raška. Bosniaks are the largest Islamic community in Serbia,
followed by Albanians; estimates are that around a third of the country's Roma
people are Muslim.[citation needed]

In 2011, there were only 578 Jews in Serbia,[273] compared to over 30,000 prior to
World War II. Atheists numbered 80,053, or 1.1% of the population, and an
additional 4,070 declared themselves to be agnostics.[273]

Language
Main articles: Languages of Serbia and Serbian language

The standard Serbian language uses both the Cyrillic and the Latin script; Serbian
is a rare example of synchronic digraphia, a situation where all literate members
of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them
The official language is Serbian, native to 88% of the population.[273] Serbian is
the only European language with active digraphia, using both Cyrillic and Latin
alphabets. Serbian Cyrillic is designated in the Constitution as the "official
script" and was devised in 1814 by Serbian philologist Vuk Karadžić, who based it
on phonemic principles.[274] A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of Serbians favour
the Latin alphabet, 36% favour the Cyrillic one and 17% have no preference.[275]

Standard Serbian is mutually intelligible with recognised minority languages of

Bosnian and Croatian, as all three are based on the most widespread Shtokavian
dialect from Eastern Herzegovina.[276] Other recognised minority languages are:
Hungarian, Slovak, Albanian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Rusyn, and Macedonian. All these
languages are in official use in municipalities or cities where the ethnic minority
exceeds 15% of the total population.[277] In Vojvodina, the provincial
administration co-officially uses, besides Serbian, five other languages (Slovak,
Hungarian, Croatian, Romanian and Rusyn).

Healthcare
Main article: Healthcare in Serbia
The healthcare system in Serbia is organized and managed by the three primary
institutions: The Ministry of Health, The Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr
Milan Jovanović Batut" and the Military Medical Academy. The right to healthcare
protections is defined as a constitutional right in Serbia.[278] The Serbian public
health system is based on the principles of equity and solidarity, organized on the
model of compulsory health insurance contributions.[279] Private health care is not
integrated into the public health system, but certain services may be included by
contracting.[279]

The newly opened wing of the University Clinical Centre of Serbia has 3,150 beds,
considered to be the highest number in Europe, and among the highest in the world
The Ministry of Health determines the healthcare policy and adopts standards for
the work of the healthcare service. The Ministry is also in charge of the health
care system, health insurance, preservation and improvement of health of citizens,
health inspection, supervision over the work of the healthcare service and other
tasks in the field of health care.

The Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut" is responsible
for medical statistics, epidemiology and hygiene. This central, tertiary
institution manages and coordinates a dense network of municipal and regional
Centers of Public Health, spread across the entire country, that provide services
in the domain of epidemiology and hygiene on the primary and secondary level.[280]
The Republic Health Insurance Institute finances the functioning of health care at
all levels.[281]

One of the most important health institutions in Serbia is the Military Medical
Academy in Belgrade.[282] It takes care of about 30,000 patients a year (military
and civilian insured). The Academy performs around 30,000 surgical interventions
and more than 500,000 specialist examinations.[283]

The Clinical Centre of Serbia spreads over 34 hectares in Belgrade and consists of
about 50 buildings, while also has 3,150 beds considered to be the highest number
in Europe,[284] and among highest in the world.[285][better source needed]

Other important health institutions include: KBC Dr Dragiša Mišović, Cardiovascular

institute Detinje,[286] Clinical Centre of Kragujevac, Clinical Centre of Niš,
Clinical Center of Vojvodina and others.

Medical specialists from Serbia have performed a number of operations which have
been described as "pioneer works".[287][288]

Economy

NIS headquarters in Novi Sad

Main article: Economy of Serbia
Serbia has an emerging market economy in upper-middle income range.[289] According
to the International Monetary Fund, Serbian nominal GDP in 2022 is officially
estimated at $65.697 billion or $9,561 per capita while purchasing power parity GDP
stood at $153.076 billion or $22,278 per capita.[290] The economy is dominated by
services which accounts for 67.9% of GDP, followed by industry with 26.1% of GDP,
and agriculture at 6% of GDP.[291] The official currency of Serbia is Serbian dinar
(ISO code: RSD), and the central bank is National Bank of Serbia. The Belgrade
Stock Exchange is the only stock exchange in the country, with market
capitalisation of $8.65 billion and BELEX15 as the main index representing the 15
most liquid stocks.[292] The country is ranked 52nd on the Social Progress
Index[293] as well as 51st on the Global Peace Index.[294]

The economy has been affected by the global economic crisis. After almost a decade
of strong economic growth (average of 4.45% per year), Serbia entered the recession
in 2009 with negative growth of −3% and again in 2012 and 2014 with −1% and −1.8%,
respectively.[295] As the government was fighting effects of crisis the public debt
has more than doubled: from pre-crisis level of just under 30% to about 70% of GDP
and trending downwards recently to around 50%.[296][297] Labour force stands at 3.2
million, with 56% employed in services sector, 28.1% in industry and 15.9% in the
agriculture.[298] The average monthly net salary in May 2019 stood at 47,575 dinars
or $525.[299] The unemployment remains an acute problem, with rate of 12.7% as of
2018.[298]

Since 2000, Serbia has attracted over $40 billion in foreign direct investment
(FDI).[300] Blue-chip corporations making investments include: Fiat Chrysler
Automobiles, Siemens, Bosch, Philip Morris, Michelin, Coca-Cola, Carlsberg and
others.[301] In the energy sector, Russian energy giants, Gazprom and Lukoil have
made large investments.[302] In metallurgy sector, Chinese steel and copper giants,
Hesteel and Zijin Mining have acquired key complexes.[303]

Serbia has an unfavourable trade balance: imports exceed exports by 25%. Serbia's
exports, however, recorded a steady growth in last couple of years reaching $19.2
billion in 2018.[304] The country has free trade agreements with the EFTA and
CEFTA, a preferential trade regime with the European Union, a Generalised System of
Preferences with the United States, and individual free trade agreements with
Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Turkey.[305]

Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture in Serbia

Serbia is one of the largest providers of frozen fruit to the EU and a big producer
of fruits like raspberries, blackberries, apples and plums[306][307]
Serbia has very favourable natural conditions (land and climate) for varied
agricultural production. It has 5,056,000 ha of agricultural land (0.7 ha per
capita), out of which 3,294,000 ha is arable land (0.45 ha per capita).[308] In
2016, Serbia exported agricultural and food products worth $3.2 billion, and the
export-import ratio was 178%.[309] Agricultural exports constitute more than one-
fifth of all Serbia's sales on the world market. Serbia is one of the largest
provider of frozen fruit to the EU (largest to the French market, and 2nd largest
to the German market).[310]

Agricultural production is most prominent in Vojvodina on the fertile Pannonian

Plain. Other agricultural regions include Mačva, Pomoravlje, Tamnava, Rasina, and
Jablanica.[311]

In the structure of the agricultural production, 70% is from the crop field
production and 30% is from the livestock production.[311] Serbia is world's second
largest producer of plums (582,485 tonnes; second to China), second largest of
raspberries (89,602 tonnes, second to Poland), it is also a significant producer of
maize (6.48 million tonnes, ranked 32nd in the world) and wheat (2.07 million
tonnes, ranked 35th in the world).[186][312] Other important agricultural products
are: sunflower, sugar beet, soybean, potato, apple, pork meat, beef, poultry and
dairy.[313]

There are 56,000 ha of vineyards in Serbia, producing about 230 million litres of
wine annually.[186][308] The most famous viticulture regions are located in
Vojvodina and Šumadija.[314]

Industry
See also: Automotive industry in Serbia

Serbia Product Exports map 2019

The Fiat 500L is manufactured in the FCA plant in Kragujevac

The industry was the economic sector hardest hit by the UN sanctions and trade
embargo and NATO bombing during the 1990s and transition to market economy during
the 2000s.[315] The industrial output saw dramatic downsizing: in 2013 it was
expected to be only a half of that of 1989.[316] Main industrial sectors include:
automotive, mining, non-ferrous metals, food-processing, electronics,
pharmaceuticals, clothes. Serbia has 14 free economic zones as of September 2017,
[317] in which many foreign direct investments are realised.

Automotive industry (with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles as a forebear) is dominated by

cluster located in Kragujevac and its vicinity, and contributes to export with
about $2 billion.[318] Country is a leading steel producer in the wider region of
Southeast Europe and had production of nearly 2 million tonnes of raw steel in
2018, coming entirely from Smederevo steel mill, owned by the Chinese Hesteel.[319]
Serbia's mining industry is comparatively strong: Serbia is the 18th largest
producer of coal (7th in Europe) extracted from large deposits in Kolubara and
Kostolac basins; it is also world's 23rd largest (3rd in Europe) producer of copper
which is extracted by Zijin Bor Copper, a large copper mining company, acquired by
Chinese Zijin Mining in 2018; significant gold extraction is developed around
Majdanpek. Serbia notably manufactures intel smartphones named Tesla smartphones.
[320]

Food industry is well known both regionally and internationally and is one of the
strong points of the economy.[321] Some of the international brand-names
established production in Serbia: PepsiCo and Nestlé in food-processing sector;
Coca-Cola (Belgrade), Heineken (Novi Sad) and Carlsberg (Bačka Palanka) in beverage
industry; Nordzucker in sugar industry.[310] Serbia's electronics industry had its
peak in the 1980s and the industry today is only a third of what it was back then,
but has witnessed a something of revival in last decade with investments of
companies such as Siemens (wind turbines) in Subotica, Panasonic (lighting devices)
in Svilajnac, and Gorenje (electrical home appliances) in Valjevo.[322] The
pharmaceutical industry in Serbia comprises a dozen manufacturers of generic drugs,
of which Hemofarm in Vršac and Galenika in Belgrade, account for 80% of production
volume. Domestic production meets over 60% of the local demand.[323]

Energy
Main article: Energy in Serbia
The energy sector is one of the largest and most important sectors to the country's
economy. Serbia is a net exporter of electricity and importer of key fuels (such as
oil and gas).

Serbia has an abundance of coal, and significant reserves of oil and gas. Serbia's
proven reserves of 5.5 billion tonnes of coal lignite are the fifth largest in the
world (second in Europe, after Germany).[324][325]

The Đerdap 1 Hydroelectric Power Station is the largest dam on the Danube river and
one of the largest hydro power stations in Europe[326]

Alibunar Wind Farm, Alibunar, Vojvodina Province, north east Serbia

Coal is found in two large deposits: Kolubara (4 billion tonnes of reserves) and
Kostolac (1.5 billion tonnes).[324] Despite being small on a world scale, Serbia's
oil and gas resources (77.4 million tonnes of oil equivalent and 48.1 billion cubic
metres, respectively) have a certain regional importance since they are largest in
the region of former Yugoslavia as well as the Balkans (excluding Romania).[327]
Almost 90% of the discovered oil and gas are to be found in Banat and those oil and
gas fields are by size among the largest in the Pannonian basin but are average on
a European scale.[328]

The production of electricity in 2015 in Serbia was 36.5 billion kilowatt-hours

(KWh), while the final electricity consumption amounted to 35.5 billion kilowatt-
hours (KWh).[329] Most of the electricity produced comes from thermal-power plants
(72.7% of all electricity) and to a lesser degree from hydroelectric-power plants
(27.3%).[330] There are 6 lignite-operated thermal-power plants with an installed
power of 3,936 MW; largest of which are 1,502 MW-Nikola Tesla 1 and 1,160 MW-Nikola
Tesla 2, both in Obrenovac.[331] Total installed power of 9 hydroelectric-power
plants is 2,831 MW, largest of which is Đerdap 1 with capacity of 1,026 MW.[332] In
addition to this, there are mazute and gas-operated thermal-power plants with an
installed power of 353 MW.[333] The entire production of electricity is
concentrated in Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS), public electric-utility power
company.

The current oil production in Serbia amounts to over 1.1 million tonnes of oil
equivalent[334] and satisfies some 43% of country's needs while the rest is
imported.[335] National petrol company, Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS), was
acquired in 2008 by Gazprom Neft. The company's refinery in Pančevo (capacity of
4.8 million tonnes) is one of the most modern oil-refineries in Europe; it also
operates network of 334 filling stations in Serbia (74% of domestic market) and
additional 36 stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 31 in Bulgaria, and 28 in
Romania.[336][337] There are 155 kilometres of crude oil pipelines connecting
Pančevo and Novi Sad refineries as a part of trans-national Adria oil pipeline.
[338]

Serbia is heavily dependent on foreign sources of natural gas, with only 17% coming
from domestic production (totalling 491 million cubic metres in 2012) and the rest
is imported, mainly from Russia (via gas pipelines that run through Ukraine and
Hungary).[335] Srbijagas, public company, operates the natural gas transportation
system which comprise 3,177 kilometres (1,974 mi) of trunk and regional natural gas
pipelines and a 450 million cubic metre underground gas storage facility at
Banatski Dvor.[339] In 2021, Balkan Stream gas pipeline opened through Serbia.[340]

Transport
Main article: Transport in Serbia
Serbia has a strategic transportation location since the country's backbone, Morava
Valley, represents the easiest land route from continental Europe to Asia Minor and
the Near East.[341]

Air Serbia's airplane taking off from Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport

Srbija Voz's Soko train on the rail line connecting the two major cities of Serbia,
Belgrade and Novi Sad
Serbian road network carries the bulk of traffic in the country. Total length of
roads is 45,419 km (28,222 mi) of which 962 km (598 mi) are "class-IA state roads"
(i.e. motorways); 4,517 km (2,807 mi) are "class-IB state roads" (national roads);
10,941 km (6,798 mi) are "class-II state roads" (regional roads) and 23,780 km
(14,780 mi) are "municipal roads".[342][343][344] The road network, except for the
most of class-IA roads, are of comparatively lower quality to the Western European
standards because of lack of financial resources for their maintenance in the last
20 years.

Over 300 km (190 mi) of new motorways were constructed in the last decade and
additional 154 km (96 mi) are currently under construction: A5 motorway (from north
of Kruševac to Čačak) and 31 km (19 mi)-long segment of A2 (between Čačak and
Požega).[345][346] Coach transport is very extensive: almost every place in the
country is connected by bus, from largest cities to the villages; in addition there
are international routes (mainly to countries of Western Europe with large Serb
diaspora). Routes, both domestic and international, are served by more than hundred
intercity coach services, biggest of which are Lasta and Niš-Ekspres. As of 2018,
there were 1,999,771 registered passenger cars or 1 passenger car per 3.5
inhabitants.[347]

Motorway network in Serbia (also showing Kosovo)

In service
Under construction
Planned
Serbia has 3,819 km (2,373 mi) of rail tracks, of which 1,279 km (795 mi) are
electrified and 283 km (176 mi) are double-track railroad.[186] The major rail hub
is Belgrade (and to a lesser degree Niš), while the most important railroads
include: Belgrade–Subotica–Budapest (Hungary) (currently upgraded to high-speed
status), Belgrade–Bar (Montenegro), Belgrade–Šid–Zagreb (Croatia)/Belgrade–Niš–
Sofia (Bulgaria) (part of Pan-European Corridor X), and Niš–Thessaloniki (Greece).
Some 75 km (46 mi) of new high-speed rail line between Belgrade and Novi Sad was
opened in 2022 and additional 108 km (67 mi) from Novi Sad to Subotica and border
with Hungary are currently under construction and due to open in 2025. Construction
work for 212 km-long prolongation of the high-speed rail line to the south, to the
city of Niš, is set to commence in 2024 and with its planned completion by the end
of the decade four of country's five largest cities will be connected by the high-
speed rail lines.[348][349][350] Rail services are operated by Srbija Voz
(passenger transport) and Srbija Kargo (freight transport).[351]

There are three airports with regular passenger services reaching over 6 million
passengers in 2022 with Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport serving bulk of it, being a
hub of flagship carrier Air Serbia which flies to 80 destinations in 32 countries
(including intercontinental flights to New York City, Chicago and Tianjin) and
carried 2.75 million passengers in 2022.[352][353]

Serbia has a developed inland water transport since there are 1,716 km (1,066 mi)
of navigable inland waterways (1,043 km, 648 mi of navigable rivers and 673 km, 418
mi of navigable canals), which are almost all located in northern third of the
country.[186] The most important inland waterway is the Danube (part of Pan-
European Corridor VII). Other navigable rivers include Sava, Tisza, Begej and Timiş
Rivers, all of which connect Serbia with Northern and Western Europe through the
Rhine–Main–Danube Canal and North Sea route, to Eastern Europe via the Tisza, Begej
and Danube Black Sea routes, and to Southern Europe via the Sava river. More than 8
million tonnes of cargo were transported on Serbian rivers and canals in 2018 while
the largest river ports are: Novi Sad, Belgrade, Pančevo, Smederevo, Prahovo and
Šabac.[354][355]

Telecommunications
Main article: Telecommunications in Serbia
Fixed telephone lines connect 81% of households in Serbia, and with about 9.1
million users the number of cellphones surpasses the total population of by 28%.
[356] The largest mobile operator is Telekom Srbija with 4.2 million subscribers,
followed by Telenor with 2.8 million users and A1 with about 2 million.[356] Some
58% of households have fixed-line (non-mobile) broadband Internet connection while
67% are provided with pay television services (i.e. 38% cable television, 17% IPTV,
and 10% satellite).[356] Digital television transition has been completed in 2015
with DVB-T2 standard for signal transmission.[357][358]

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Serbia

Clockwise from left: 1. Kopaonik ski resort 2. Studenica Monastery, a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. 3. Golubac Fortress. 4. Subotica, a city built in Art Nouveau style
Serbia is not a mass-tourism destination but nevertheless has a diverse range of
touristic products.[359] In 2019, total of over 3.6 million tourists were recorded
in accommodations, of which half were foreign.[360] Foreign exchange earnings from
tourism were estimated at $1.5 billion.[361]

Tourism is mainly focused on the mountains and spas of the country, which are
mostly visited by domestic tourists, as well as Belgrade and, to a lesser degree,
Novi Sad, which are preferred choices of foreign tourists (almost two-thirds of all
foreign visits are made to these two cities).[362][363] The most famous mountain
resorts are Kopaonik, Stara Planina and Zlatibor. There are also many spas in
Serbia, the biggest of which are Vrnjačka Banja, Soko Banja, and Banja Koviljača.
City-break and conference tourism is developed in Belgrade and Novi Sad.[364] Other
touristic products that Serbia offer are natural wonders like Đavolja varoš,[365]
Christian pilgrimage to the many Orthodox monasteries across the country and the
river cruising along the Danube. There are several internationally popular music
festivals held in Serbia, such as EXIT (with 25–30,000 foreign visitors coming from
60 countries) and the Guča trumpet festival.[366]
Education and science
Main article: Education in Serbia
According to 2011 census, literacy in Serbia stands at 98% of population while
computer literacy is at 49% (complete computer literacy is at 34.2%).[367] Same
census showed the following levels of education: 16.2% of inhabitants have higher
education (10.6% have bachelors or master's degrees, 5.6% have an associate
degree), 49% have a secondary education, 20.7% have an elementary education, and
13.7% have not completed elementary education.[368]

Nikola Tesla was a renowned electrical engineer who pioneered the use of the modern
AC electricity supply system[369][370]

Milutin Milanković was an important climate science theorist who founded the
Milankovitch cycles theory[371][372]
Education in Serbia is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Science.
Education starts in either preschools or elementary schools. Children enroll in
elementary schools at the age of seven. Compulsory education consists of eight
grades of elementary school. Students have the opportunity to attend gymnasiums and
vocational schools for another four years, or to enroll in vocational training for
2 to 3 years.

Following the completion of gymnasiums or vocational schools, students have the

opportunity to attend university.[373] Elementary and secondary education are also
available in languages of recognised minorities in Serbia, where classes are held
in Hungarian, Slovak, Albanian, Romanian, Rusyn, Bulgarian as well as Bosnian and
Croatian languages. Petnica Science Center is a notable institution for
extracurricular science education focusing on gifted students.[374]

The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Belgrade

Matica Srpska, the oldest scientific institution in Serbia, located in Novi Sad
There are 19 universities in Serbia (nine public universities with a total number
of 86 faculties and ten private universities with 51 faculties).[375] In 2018/2019
academic year, 210,480 students attended 19 universities (181,310 at public
universities and some 29,170 at private universities) while 47,169 attended 81
"higher schools".[186][376] Public universities in Serbia are: the University of
Belgrade (oldest, founded in 1808, and largest university with 97,696
undergraduates and graduates[376]), University of Novi Sad (founded in 1960 and
with student body of 42,489),[376] University of Niš (founded in 1965; 20,559
students),[376] University of Kragujevac (founded in 1976; 14,053 students),
University of Priština (located in North Mitrovica), Public University of Novi
Pazar as well as three specialist universities – University of Arts, University of
Defence and University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies. Largest
private universities include Megatrend University and Singidunum University, both
in Belgrade, and Educons University in Novi Sad. The University of Belgrade (placed
in 301–400 bracket on 2013 Shanghai Ranking of World Universities, being best-
placed university in Southeast Europe after those in Athens and Thessaloniki) and
University of Novi Sad are generally considered the best institutions of higher
learning in the country.[377]

Serbia spent 0.9% of GDP on scientific research in 2017, which is slightly below
the European average.[378] Serbia was ranked 53rd in the Global Innovation Index in
2023, up from 57th in 2019.[379][380][381] Since 2018, Serbia is a full member of
CERN.[382][383] Serbia has a long history of excellence in maths and computer
sciences which has created a strong pool of engineering talent, although economic
sanctions during the 1990s and chronic underinvestment in research forced many
scientific professionals to leave the country.[384] Nevertheless, there are several
areas in which Serbia still excels such as growing information technology sector,
which includes software development as well as outsourcing. It generated over $1.2
billion in exports in 2018, both from international investors and a significant
number of dynamic homegrown enterprises.[385] Serbia is one of the countries with
the highest proportion of women in science.[386] Among the scientific institutes
operating in Serbia, the largest are the Mihajlo Pupin Institute and Vinča Nuclear
Institute, both in Belgrade. The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is a learned
society promoting science and arts from its inception in 1841.[387]

Culture
Main article: Serbian culture

The National Museum of Serbia

For centuries straddling the boundaries between East and West, the territory of
Serbia had been divided among the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire;
then between Byzantium and the Kingdom of Hungary; and in the early modern period
between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire. These overlapping influences
have resulted in cultural varieties throughout Serbia; its north leans to the
profile of Central Europe, while the south is characteristic of the wider Balkans
and even the Mediterranean. The Byzantine influence on Serbia was profound, first
through the introduction of Eastern Christianity in the Early Middle Ages. The
Serbian Orthodox Church has many monasteries built in the Serbian Middle Ages.
Serbia was influenced by the Republic of Venice as well, mainly though trade,
literature and romanesque architecture.[388][389]

Serbia has five cultural monuments inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage:
the early medieval capital Stari Ras and the 13th-century monastery Sopoćani; the
12th-century Studenica monastery; the Roman complex of Gamzigrad–Felix Romuliana;
medieval tombstones Stećci; and finally the endangered Medieval Monuments in Kosovo
(the monasteries of Visoki Dečani, Our Lady of Ljeviš, Gračanica and Patriarchal
Monastery of Peć).[390]

There are two literary works on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme: the 12th-
century Miroslav Gospel, and scientist Nikola Tesla's archive. The slava (patron
saint veneration), kolo (traditional folk dance), singing to the accompaniment of
the gusle, Zlakusa pottery and slivovitz (plum brandy)[391] are inscribed on UNESCO
Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. The Ministry of Culture and Information is
tasked with preserving the nation's cultural heritage and overseeing its
development, with further activities undertaken by local governments.

Art and architecture

Main articles: Serbian art and Serbian architecture

Mileševa monastery's White Angel fresco (1235)

Traces of Roman and early Byzantine Empire architectural heritage are found in many
royal cities and palaces in Serbia, such as Sirmium, Felix Romuliana and Justiniana
Prima, since 535 the seat of the Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima.[392]

Serbian monasteries were under the influence of Byzantine Art, particularly after
the fall of Constantinople in 1204 when many Byzantine artists fled to Serbia.[393]
The monasteries include Studenica (built around 1190), which was a model for such
later monasteries as Mileševa, Sopoćani, Žiča, Gračanica and Visoki Dečani.
Numerous monuments and cultural sites were destroyed at various stages of Serbian
history, including destruction in Kosovo. In the late 14th and the 15th centuries,
an autochthonous architectural style known as Morava style evolved in the area
around Morava Valley. A characteristic of this style was the wealthy decoration of
the frontal church walls. Examples of this include Manasija, Ravanica and Kalenić
monasteries.
Frescos include White Angel (Mileševa monastery), Crucifixion (Studenica monastery)
and Dormition of the Virgin (Sopoćani).[394]

The country is dotted with many well-preserved medieval fortifications and castles
such as Smederevo Fortress (largest lowland fortress in Europe),[395] Golubac,
Maglič, Soko grad, Belgrade Fortress, Ostrvica and Ram.

Under Ottoman occupation, Serbian art was virtually non-existent outside the lands
ruled by the Habsburg monarchy. Traditional Serbian art showed Baroque influences
at the end of the 18th century as shown in the works of Nikola Nešković, Teodor
Kračun, Zaharije Orfelin and Jakov Orfelin.[396]

Performance artist Marina Abramović

Serbian painting showed the influence of Biedermeier and Neoclassicism as seen in
works by Konstantin Danil,[397] Arsenije Teodorović and Pavel Đurković.[398] Many
painters followed the artistic trends set in the 19th century Romanticism, notably
Đura Jakšić, Stevan Todorović, Katarina Ivanović and Novak Radonić.[399][400]

Serbian painters of the first half of the 20th century include Paja Jovanović and
Uroš Predić of Realism, Cubist Sava Šumanović, Milena Pavlović-Barili and Nadežda
Petrović of Impressionism, Expressionist Milan Konjović. Painters of the second
half of 20th century include Marko Čelebonović, Petar Lubarda, Milo Milunović,
Ljubomir Popović and Vladimir Veličković.[401]

Anastas Jovanović was one of the earliest photographers in the world. Marina
Abramović is a performance artist. Pirot carpet is a traditional handicraft in
Serbia.[402][403]

There are around 180 museums in Serbia,[404] including the National Museum of
Serbia, founded in 1844, houses one of the largest art collections in the Balkans,
including many foreign pieces.[405] Other art museums include the Museum of
Contemporary Art in Belgrade, the Museum of Vojvodina and the Gallery of Matica
Srpska in Novi Sad.

Literature
Main article: Serbian literature

Miroslav's Gospel (1186) is a 362-page illuminated manuscript on parchment listed

in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register
Serbian uses the Cyrillic alphabet created by the students of the brothers Cyril
and Methodius at the Preslav Literary School in Bulgaria.[406][407] Serbian works
from the early 11th century are written in Glagolitic. Starting in the 12th
century, books were written in Cyrillic. The Miroslav Gospels from 1186 are
considered to be the oldest book of Serbian medieval history and are listed in
UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[408]

Medieval authors include Saint Sava, Jefimija, Stefan Lazarević, Constantine of

Kostenets and others.[409] Under Ottoman occupation, when Serbia was not part of
the European Renaissance, the tradition of oral story-telling through epic poetry
was inspired by the Kosovo battle and folk tales rooted in Slavic mythology.
Serbian epic poetry in those times was seen as the most effective way in preserving
the national identity.[410][411] The oldest known, entirely fictional poems, make
up the Non-historic cycle, which is followed by poems inspired by events before,
during and after the Battle of Kosovo. Some cycles are dedicated to Serbian
legendary hero, Marko Kraljević, others are about hajduks and uskoks, and the last
one is dedicated to the liberation of Serbia in the 19th century. Folk ballads
include The Death of the Mother of the Jugović Family and The Mourning Song of the
Noble Wife of the Asan Aga (1646), translated into European languages by Goethe,
Walter Scott, Pushkin and Mérimée. A tale from Serbian folklore is The Nine Peahens
and the Golden Apples.[412]

Baroque trends in Serbian literature emerged in the late 17th century. Baroque-
influenced authors include Gavril Stefanović Venclović, Jovan Rajić, Zaharije
Orfelin and Andrija Zmajević.[413] Dositej Obradović was a prominent figure of the
Age of Enlightenment, while Jovan Sterija Popović was a Classicist writer whose
works also contained elements of Romanticism.[414] In the era of national revival,
in the first half of the 19th century, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić collected Serbian
folk literature, and reformed the Serbian language and spelling,[415] paving the
way for Serbian Romanticism. The first half of the 19th century was dominated by
Romanticist writers, including Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Branko Radičević, Đura
Jakšić, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj and Laza Kostić, while the second half of the century
was marked by Realist writers such as Milovan Glišić, Laza Lazarević, Simo
Matavulj, Stevan Sremac, Vojislav Ilić, Branislav Nušić, Radoje Domanović and
Borisav Stanković.

The 20th century was dominated by the prose writers Meša Selimović (Death and the
Dervish), Miloš Crnjanski (Migrations), Isidora Sekulić (The Chronicle of a Small
Town Cemetery), Branko Ćopić (Eagles Fly Early), Borislav Pekić (The Time of
Miracles), Danilo Kiš (The Encyclopedia of the Dead), Dobrica Ćosić (The Roots),
Aleksandar Tišma (The Use of Man), Milorad Pavić and others.[416][417] Notable
poets include Milan Rakić, Jovan Dučić, Vladislav Petković Dis, Rastko Petrović,
Stanislav Vinaver, Dušan Matić, Branko Miljković, Vasko Popa, Oskar Davičo, Miodrag
Pavlović, and Stevan Raičković.[418]

Writer Ivo Andrić, Nobel prize winner in 1961 and Dobrica Ćosić, novelist,
essayist, and politician
Pavić is a 21st-century Serbian author whose Dictionary of the Khazars has been
translated into 38 languages.[419] Contemporary authors include David Albahari,
Svetislav Basara, Goran Petrović, Gordana Kuić, Vuk Drašković and Vladislav Bajac.
Serbian comics emerged in the 1930s and the medium remains popular today.

Ivo Andrić (The Bridge on the Drina) is a Serbian author [420] who won the Nobel
Prize in Literature in 1961. Another writer was Desanka Maksimović, who for seven
decades was the leading lady of Yugoslav poetry.[421][422][423][424][425] She is
honoured with statues, postage stamps, and the names of streets across Serbia.[426]
[427][428]

There are 551 public libraries, the largest of which are: the National Library of
Serbia in Belgrade with about 6 million items, and Matica Srpska (the oldest matica
and Serbian cultural institution, founded in 1826) in Novi Sad with nearly 3.5
million volumes.[429][430] In 2010, there were 10,989 books and brochures
published.[186] The book publishing market is dominated by several major publishers
such as Laguna and Vulkan (both of which operate their own bookstore chains) and
the industry's centrepiece event, annual Belgrade Book Fair, is the most visited
cultural event in Serbia with 158,128 visitors in 2013.[431] The highlight of the
literary scene is awarding of NIN Prize, given every January since 1954 for the
best newly published novel in Serbian.[432][433]

Music
Main article: Music of Serbia
Composer and musicologist Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac is considered the founder of
modern Serbian music.[434][435] The Serbian composers of the first generation Petar
Konjović, Stevan Hristić, and Miloje Milojević maintained the national expression
and modernised the romanticism into the direction of impressionism.[436][437] Other
famous classical Serbian composers include Isidor Bajić, Stanislav Binički and
Josif Marinković.[438][439] There are three opera houses in Serbia: Opera of the
National Theatre and Madlenianum Opera, both in Belgrade, and Opera of the Serbian
National Theatre in Novi Sad. Four symphonic orchestra operate in the country:
Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, Niš Symphony Orchestra, Novi Sad Philharmonic
Orchestra and Symphonic Orchestra of Radio Television of Serbia. The Choir of Radio
Television of Serbia is a leading vocal ensemble in the country.[440] The BEMUS is
one of the most prominent classical music festivals in the Southeastern Europe.

Filip Višnjić sings to the gusle by Sreten Stojanović, Kruševac, central Serbia
Traditional Serbian music includes various kinds of bagpipes, flutes, horns,
trumpets, lutes, psalteries, drums and cymbals. The kolo is the traditional
collective folk dance, which has a number of varieties throughout the regions. The
most popular are those from Užice and Morava region. Sung epic poetry has been an
integral part of Serbian and Balkan music for centuries. In the highlands of Serbia
these long poems are typically accompanied on a one-string fiddle called the gusle,
and concern themselves with themes from history and mythology. There are records of
gusle being played at the court of the 13th-century King Stefan Nemanjić.[441]

Pop music artist Željko Joksimović won second place at the 2004 Eurovision Song
Contest and Marija Šerifović won the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest with the song
"Molitva", and Serbia was the host of the 2008 edition of the contest. Pop singers
include Zdravko Čolić, Vlado Georgiev, Aleksandra Radović, Jelena Tomašević and
Nataša Bekvalac, among others.

Serbian rock was part of the former Yugoslav rock scene during the 1960s, 1970s and
1980s. During the 1990s and 2000s, the popularity of rock music declined in Serbia,
[442] and although several major mainstream acts managed to sustain their
popularity, an underground and independent music scene developed.[443] The 2000s
saw a revival of the mainstream scene and the appearance of a large number of
notable acts. Serbian rock acts include Atheist Rap, Bajaga i Instruktori, Đorđe
Balašević, Bjesovi, Block Out, Crni Biseri, Darkwood Dub, Disciplina Kičme, Elipse,
Ekatarina Velika, Električni Orgazam, Eva Braun, Galija, Generacija 5, Goblini,
Idoli, Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša, Kerber, Korni Grupa, Laboratorija Zvuka, Slađana
Milošević, Neverne Bebe, Obojeni Program, Orthodox Celts, Partibrejkers, Pekinška
Patka, Piloti, Riblja Čorba, Ritam Nereda, Rambo Amadeus, S.A.R.S., Siluete, S
Vremena Na Vreme, Šarlo Akrobata, Pop Mašina, Smak, U Škripcu, Van Gogh, YU Grupa,
Zana and others.

Folk music in its original form has been a prominent music style since World War I
following the early success of Sofka Nikolić. The music has been further promoted
by Danica Obrenić, Anđelija Milić, Nada Mamula, and during the 60s and 70s with
performers like Silvana Armenulić, Toma Zdravković, Lepa Lukić, Vasilija Radojčić,
Vida Pavlović and Gordana Stojićević.

Exit Festival in Novi Sad, proclaimed as the Best Major European festival at the EU
Festival Awards[444]
Turbo-folk music is a subgenre that was developed in Serbia in the late 1980s and
the beginning of the 1990s[445] and has since enjoyed an immense popularity[446]
through acts of Dragana Mirković, Zorica Brunclik, Šaban Šaulić, Ana Bekuta, Sinan
Sakić, Vesna Zmijanac, Mile Kitić, Snežana Đurišić, Šemsa Suljaković, and Nada
Topčagić. It is a blend of folk music with pop and dance elements and can be seen
as a result of the urbanisation of folk music. In recent years, turbo-folk has
featured even more pop music elements, and some of the performers have been labeled
as pop-folk. The most famous among them are Ceca (often considered to be the
biggest music star of Serbia[447]), Jelena Karleuša,[448] Aca Lukas, Seka Aleksić,
Dara Bubamara, Indira Radić, Saša Matić, Viki Miljković, Stoja and Lepa Brena,
arguably the most prominent performer of former Yugoslavia.[449]
Balkan Brass, or truba ("trumpet") is a popular genre, especially in Central and
Southern Serbia where Balkan Brass originated. The music has its tradition from the
First Serbian Uprising. The trumpet was used as a military instrument to wake and
gather soldiers and announce battles, and it took on the role of entertainment
during downtime, as soldiers used it to transpose popular folk songs. When the war
ended and the soldiers returned to the rural life, the music entered civilian life
and eventually became a music style, accompanying births, baptisms, weddings, and
funerals. There are two main varieties of this genre, one from Western Serbia and
the other from Southern Serbia, with brass musician Boban Marković being one of the
most respected names in the world of modern brass band bandleaders.[450]

The most popular music festivals are Guča Trumpet Festival, with over 300,000
annual visitors, and EXIT in Novi Sad (won the Best Major Festival award at the
European Festivals Awards for 2013 and 2017.), with 200,000 visitors in 2013.[451]
[452] Other festivals include Nišville Jazz Festival in Niš and Gitarijada rock
festival in Zaječar.

Theatre and cinema

Main article: Cinema of Serbia
Serbia has a well-established theatrical tradition with Joakim Vujić considered the
founder of modern Serbian theatre.[453] Serbia has 38 professional theatres and 11
theatres for children,[454] the most important of which are National Theatre in
Belgrade, Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad, National Theatre in Subotica,
National Theatre in Niš and Knjaževsko-srpski teatar in Kragujevac (the oldest
theatre in Serbia, established in 1835). The Belgrade International Theatre
Festival – BITEF, founded in 1967, is one of the oldest theatre festivals in the
world, and it has become one of the five biggest European festivals.[455][456]
Sterijino pozorje is, on the other hand, a festival showcasing national drama
plays. The most important Serbian playwrights were Jovan Sterija Popović and
Branislav Nušić, while recent renowned names are Dušan Kovačević and Biljana
Srbljanović.[457]

Emir Kusturica won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes twice

Želimir Žilnik won the Golden Bear at the Berlinale

The foundation of Serbian cinema dates back to 1896. The first Serbian feature
film, titled The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Leader Karađorđe, was released in
1911.[458][459]

Serbia's film scene is one of the most dynamic smaller European cinemas. Serbia's
film industry is heavily subsidized by the government, mainly through grants
approved by the Film Centre of Serbia.[460] As of 2019, there were 26 feature films
produced in Serbia, of which 14 were domestic films.[461] There are 23 operating
cinemas in the country, of which 13 are multiplexes (all but two belonging to
either Cineplexx or CineStar chains), with total attendance reaching 4.8 million. A
comparatively high percentage of 20% of total tickets sold were for domestic films.
[462] Modern PFI Studios located in Šimanovci is nowadays Serbia's only major film
studio complex; it consists of 9 sound stages and attracts mainly international
productions, primarily American and West European.[463] The Yugoslav Film Archive
used to be former Yugoslavia's and now is Serbia's national film archive – with
over 100 thousand film prints, it is among the five largest film archives in the
world.[464][465]

Famous Serbian filmmaker Emir Kusturica won two Palmes d'Or for Best Feature Film
at the Cannes Film Festival, for When Father Was Away on Business in 1985 and then
again for Underground in 1995; he has also won a Silver Bear at the Berlin Film
Festival for Arizona Dream and a Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival for Black
Cat, White Cat.[466] Other renowned directors include Dušan Makavejev, Želimir
Žilnik (Golden Berlin Bear winner), Aleksandar Petrović, Živojin Pavlović, Goran
Paskaljević, Goran Marković, Srđan Dragojević, Srdan Golubović and Mila Turajlić
among others. Serbian-American screenwriter Steve Tesich won the Academy Award for
Best Original Screenplay in 1979 for the movie Breaking Away.

Prominent movie stars in Serbia have left a celebrated heritage in the

cinematography of Yugoslavia as well. Notable mentions are Zoran Radmilović, Pavle
Vuisić, Ljubiša Samardžić, Olivera Marković, Mija Aleksić, Miodrag Petrović Čkalja,
Ružica Sokić, Velimir Bata Živojinović, Danilo Bata Stojković, Seka Sablić, Olivera
Katarina, Dragan Nikolić, Mira Stupica, Nikola Simić, Bora Todorović and others.
Milena Dravić was one of the most celebrated actresses in Serbian cinematography,
winning the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980.[467][468]

Media
Main article: Media of Serbia
Freedom of the press and freedom of speech are guaranteed by the constitution of
Serbia.[469] Serbia is ranked 90th out of 180 countries in the 2019 Press Freedom
Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders.[470] The report noted that
media outlets and journalists continue to face partisan and government pressure
over editorial policies. Also, the media are now more heavily dependent on
advertising contracts and government subsidies to survive financially.[471][472]
[473]

According to EBU research in 2018, Serbs on average watch five and a half hours of
television per day, making it the second highest average in Europe.[474] There are
seven nationwide free-to-air television channels, with public broadcaster Radio
Television of Serbia (RTS) operating three (RTS1, RTS2 and RTS3) and private
broadcasters operating four (Pink, Prva, Happy, and O2). In 2019, preferred usage
of these channels was as follows: 19.3% for RTS1, 17.6% for Pink, 10.5% for Prva,
6.9% for Happy, 4.1% for O2, and 1.6% for RTS2.[475] There are 28 regional
television channels and 74 local television channels.[186] Besides terrestrial
channels there are dozens of Serbian television channels available only on cable or
satellite. These include regional news N1, commercial channel Nova S, and regional
sports channels Sport Klub and Arena Sport, among others.

There are 247 radio stations in Serbia.[186] Out of these, six are radio stations
with national coverage, including two of public broadcaster Radio Television of
Serbia (Radio Belgrade 1 and Radio Belgrade 2/Radio Belgrade 3) and four private
ones (Radio S1, Radio S2, Play Radio, and Radio Hit FM). Also, there are 34
regional stations and 207 local stations.[476]

There are 305 newspapers published in Serbia[477] of which 12 are daily newspapers.
Dailies Politika and Danas are Serbia's papers of record, the former being the
oldest newspaper in the Balkans, founded in 1904.[478] Highest circulation
newspapers are tabloids Večernje Novosti, Blic, Kurir, and Informer, all with more
than 100,000 copies sold.[479] There is one daily newspaper devoted to sports
(Sportski žurnal), one business daily (Privredni pregled), two regional newspapers
(Dnevnik published in Novi Sad and Narodne novine from Niš), and one minority-
language daily (Magyar Szo in Hungarian, published in Subotica).

There are 1,351 magazines published in the country.[477] These include: weekly news
magazines NIN, Vreme and Nedeljnik; popular science magazine Politikin Zabavnik;
women's magazine Lepota & Zdravlje; auto magazine SAT revija; and IT magazine Svet
kompjutera. In addition, there is a wide selection of Serbian editions of
international magazines, such as Cosmopolitan, Elle, Men's Health, National
Geographic, Le Monde diplomatique, Playboy, and Hello!, among others.

The main news agencies are Tanjug, Beta and Fonet.

As of 2017, out of 432 web-portals (mainly on the .rs domain)[480] the most visited
are online editions of printed dailies Blic and Kurir, news web-portal B92 and
classifieds KupujemProdajem.[481]

Cuisine
Main article: Serbian cuisine

A Serbian Christmas meal with roast pork, Russian salad and red wine

Gibanica, a Serbian pastry usually made with cottage cheese and eggs
Serbian cuisine is largely heterogeneous in a way characteristic of the Balkans
and, especially, the former Yugoslavia. It features foods characteristic of lands
formerly under Turkish suzerainty as well as cuisine originating from other parts
of Central Europe (especially Austria and Hungary). Food is very important in
Serbian social life, particularly during religious holidays such as Christmas,
Easter and feast days i.e. slava.[482]

Staples of the Serbian diet include bread, meat, fruits, vegetables, and dairy
products. Bread plays an important role in Serbian cuisine and can be found in
religious rituals. A traditional Serbian welcome is to offer bread and salt to
guests. Meat is widely consumed, as is fish. The southern Serbian city of Leskovac
is host to Roštiljijada, a yearly grilled meat barbecue-based festival that is
considered the biggest barbecue festival in the Balkans.[483]

Other Serbian specialties include ćevapčići (grilled and seasoned caseless sausages
made from minced meat), pljeskavica (grilled spiced meat patty made from a mixture
of pork, beef and lamb), gibanica (cheese pie), burek (baked pastry made from a
thin flaky dough that is stuffed with meat, cheese or vegetables), sarma (stuffed
cabbage), punjena paprika (stuffed pepper), moussaka (casserole made from minced
meat, eggs, and potatoes), Karađorđeva šnicla (veal or pork schnitzel that is
stuffed with kajmak), đuveč (meat and vegetable stew), pasulj (bean soup), podvarak
(roast meat with sauerkraut), ajvar (roasted red pepper spread), kajmak (dairy
product similar to clotted cream), čvarci (variant of pork rinds), proja
(cornbread) and kačamak (corn-flour porridge).[484]

Serbians claim their country as the birthplace of rakia (rakija), a highly

alcoholic drink primarily distilled from fruit. Rakia in various forms is found
throughout the Balkans, notably in Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Hungary
and Turkey. Slivovitz (šljivovica), a plum brandy, is a type of rakia which is
considered the national drink of Serbia.[485] In 2021, Serbia's sljivovica was
added to the United Nations Intangible Cultural Heritage List as a "cherished
tradition to be preserved by humanity".[486]

Winemaking traditions in Serbia dates back to Roman times.[487] Serbian wines are
produced in 22 different geographical regions, with white wine dominating the total
amount.[488] Besides rakia and wine, beer is a very popular alcoholic beverage in
the country.[489] Pale lagers are currently and have been the traditional beer
choice for Serbians. Meanwhile, dark lagers, while still being popular, are
produced and consumed in much smaller quantities.[490] The most popular domestic
brands of beer are Jelen, followed by Lav, which are both pale lagers.[491][492]
[493]

As in the rest of the former Yugoslavia, coffee drinking is an important cultural

and social practice and Serbian coffee (a local variant of Turkish coffee) is the
most commonly consumed non-alcoholic beverage in Serbia.[494]

Sports
Main article: Sport in Serbia
Tennis player Novak Djokovic (left), who holds the all-time record of 24 Grand Slam
men's singles titles, including a record ten Australian Open titles; Nikola Jokić
(right), is a two-time NBA MVP, five-time NBA All-Star, 2023 NBA champion and
Finals MVP
Sports play an important role in Serbian society, and the country has a strong
sporting history. The most popular sports in Serbia are football, basketball,
tennis, volleyball, water polo and handball.

Professional sports in Serbia are organised by sporting federations and leagues (in
the case of team sports). One of the particularities of Serbian professional sports
is the existence of many multi-sport clubs (called "sports societies"), the biggest
and most successful of which are Red Star, Partizan, and Beograd in Belgrade;
Vojvodina in Novi Sad; Radnički in Kragujevac; and Spartak in Subotica.

Football is the most popular sport in Serbia, and the Football Association of
Serbia with 146,845 registered players, is the largest sporting association in the
country.[495] Dragan Džajić was officially recognised as "the best Serbian player
of all time" by the Football Association of Serbia, and more recently the likes of
Nemanja Vidić, Dejan Stanković, Branislav Ivanović, Aleksandar Kolarov and Nemanja
Matić play for the elite European clubs, developing the nation's reputation as one
of the world's biggest exporters of footballers.[496][497] The Serbia national
football team lacks relative success although it qualified for three of the last
four FIFA World Cups. The two main football clubs in Serbia are Red Star (winner of
the 1991 European Cup) and Partizan (a finalist at the 1966 European Cup), both
from Belgrade. The rivalry between the two clubs is known as the "Eternal Derby",
and is often cited as one of the most exciting sports rivalries in the world.[498]

Serbia is one of the traditional powerhouses of world basketball,[499][500] as

Serbia men's national basketball team have won two World Championships (in 1998 and
2002), three European Championships (1995, 1997, and 2001) and two Olympic silver
medals (in 1996 and 2016) as well. The women's national basketball team have won
two European Championships (2015, 2021) and an Olympic bronze medal in 2016. A
total of 31 Serbian players have played in the NBA in the last three decades,
including Nikola Jokić (2020–21, 2021–22 NBA MVP, 2023 NBA champion, 2023 NBA
Finals MVP and five-time NBA All-Star), Predrag "Peja" Stojaković (2011 NBA
champion and three-time NBA All-Star), and Vlade Divac (2001 NBA All-Star and
Basketball Hall of Famer).[501] The renowned "Serbian coaching school" produced
many of the most successful European basketball coaches of all time, such as Željko
Obradović (who won a record 9 Euroleague titles as a coach), Dušan Ivković,
Svetislav Pešić, and Igor Kokoškov (the first coach born and raised outside of
North America to be hired as a head coach in the NBA). KK Partizan basketball club
was the 1992 European champion.

The Serbia men's national water polo team is one of the most successful national
teams, having won an Olympic gold medal in 2016 and 2020, three World Championships
(2005, 2009 and 2015), and seven European Championships (2001, 2003, 2006, 2012,
2014, 2016 and 2018).[502] VK Partizan has won a joint-record seven European
champion titles.

The recent success of Serbian tennis players has led to an immense growth in the
popularity of tennis in the country. Novak Djokovic has won an all-time record of
24 Grand Slam singles titles and has held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a
record duration. He became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand
Slam, the third man to hold all four major titles at once, the first ever to do so
on three different surfaces,[503] and the first ever to achieve a triple Career
Grand Slam. Ana Ivanovic (champion of 2008 French Open) and Jelena Janković were
both ranked No. 1 in the WTA rankings. There were two No. 1 ranked-tennis double
players as well: Nenad Zimonjić (three-time men's double and four-time mixed double
Grand Slam champion) and Slobodan Živojinović. The Serbia men's tennis national
team won the 2010 Davis Cup and 2020 ATP Cup, while Serbia women's tennis national
team reached the final at 2012 Fed Cup.[504]

Serbia men's national water polo team held the Olympic Games, World Championship,
European Championship, World Cup and World League titles simultaneously in a period
from 2014 to 2016
Serbia is one of the leading volleyball countries in the world. Its men's national
team won the gold medal at the 2000 Olympics, the European Championship three
times, as well as the 2016 FIVB World League. The women's national volleyball team
are current world Champions, have won European Championship three times (2011, 2017
and 2019), as well as an Olympic silver medal in 2016.

Jasna Šekarić, sport shooter, is one of the athletes with the most appearances at
the Olympic Games. She has won a total of five Olympic medals and three World
Championship gold medals. Other noted Serbian athletes include: swimmers Milorad
Čavić (2009 World championships gold and silver medalist as well as 2008 Olympic
silver medalist on 100-metre butterfly in historic race with American swimmer
Michael Phelps) and Nađa Higl (2009 World champion in 200-metre breaststroke);
track and field athletes Vera Nikolić (former world record holder in 800 metres)
and Ivana Španović (long-jumper; four-time European champion, World indoor champion
and bronze medalist at the 2016 Olympics); wrestler Davor Štefanek (2016 Olympic
gold medalist and 2014 World champion), and taekwondoist Milica Mandić (2012
Olympic gold medalist and 2017 world champion).

Serbia has hosted several major sport competitions, including the 2005 Men's
European Basketball Championship, 2005 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2006
and 2016 Men's European Water Polo Championships, 2009 Summer Universiade, 2012
European Men's Handball Championship, and 2013 World Women's Handball Championship.
The most important annual sporting events held in the country are the Belgrade
Marathon and the Tour de Serbie cycling race.

See also
Index of Serbia-related articles
Outline of Serbia
Notes
Recognised as minority languages:
Hungarian, Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Bulgarian, Rusyn and
Macedonian
The area of Serbia including border disputes with Croatia is 88,499 square
kilometers [2]
Excludes data for Kosovo.
/ˈsɜːrbiə/ ⓘ SUR-bee-ə; Serbian Cyrillic: Србија, romanized: Srbija, pronounced
[sř̩bija] ⓘ
Serbian Cyrillic: Република Србија, romanized: Republika Srbija, pronounced
[repǔblika sř̩bija] ⓘ
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