‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻀﻴﺪ ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﻴﺒﺮ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪@Ahmad_mybar‬‬
‫‪2020 - 2025‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
 ‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫ﻣـﺮاﺟــﻌــﺔ اﻟﻘــﻮاﻧــﯿــﻦ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭ‬

‫‪ : ε‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪..‬‬
‫‪𝐻𝐻0‬‬
‫) ‪ε = 1 – 0.1 ( 2 ξ0 + 2 (n – 1) ξ‬‬ ‫‪H1 = HWL – BRL‬‬
‫𝐵𝐵‬
‫‪H = HWL – NWL‬‬
‫‪ : ξ‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪P = NWL – BRL‬‬
‫)‪ (0.4 – 0.7 – 1‬ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪t = LWL – BRL‬‬
‫‪Z = HWL – LWL‬‬
‫‪ : ξ0‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺟﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺎﺧﺪﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (0.4 – 0.7 – 1‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ `‪: B‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪.1‬‬ ‫𝑄𝑄‬
‫= `‪B‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 0‬ﻭﺳﺘﻨﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫𝑞𝑞‬

‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ q‬ﻭ ‪ Q‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ‪: V0‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ‪: B‬‬
‫𝑄𝑄‬ ‫`‪B = [0.81  0.89] × B‬‬
‫= ‪𝑉𝑉0‬‬
‫‪𝐵𝐵`. 𝐻𝐻1‬‬ ‫‪B=b∙n‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ n‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭ ‪ b‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﺳﻨﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩﻫﻢ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪B`. H1 ≥ 4 B . H‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪V0 < 0.4 m/sec‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ‪: x‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ‪: H‬‬ ‫𝐵𝐵 ‪𝐵𝐵` −‬‬
‫‪𝛼𝛼 . 𝑣𝑣0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝓍𝓍‬ ‫=‬
‫‪H = H0 -‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 − 1‬‬
‫𝑔𝑔‪2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ α = 1‬ﻣﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻃﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺷﺮﻁ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪0.3 H ≤ 𝔁𝔁 ≤ (2.5  3)m‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝐻𝐻‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻨﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ H‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫≤‬ ‫≤‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑏𝑏‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪: H0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑄𝑄‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫� = ‪𝐻𝐻0‬‬ ‫�‬
‫𝑔𝑔‪m . σ . Bc . √2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ m‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ‪ 0.49‬ﻭ ‪g = 9.81 /‬‬
‫‪ : σ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺮ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ=1‬‬ ‫‪ Z>H‬‬
‫‪1 < σ < 0.8‬‬ ‫‪ Z<H‬‬
‫‪ : Bc‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻭﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Bc = B ∙ ε‬‬
‫𝐻𝐻‬
‫‪ε = 1 – 0.1 ( 2 ξ0 + 2 (n – 1) ξ ) 0‬‬
‫𝐵𝐵‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪: h2‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪ hC‬ﺃﻭ ‪: hCO‬‬
‫𝑐𝑐𝑞𝑞‬
‫‪ℎ1‬‬ ‫𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐‪ℎ‬‬‫‪3‬‬ ‫= ‪hc‬‬
‫) 𝑐𝑐‪𝜑𝜑 �2𝑔𝑔 (𝐸𝐸0 −ℎ‬‬
‫= ‪ℎ2‬‬ ‫� ‪��1 + 8‬‬ ‫�‪� − 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ℎ1‬‬ ‫𝜑𝜑 ‪ :‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﺍﺗﺄﻛﺪﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ‪ t‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﻮﺽ‬ ‫]‪[0.9  1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﻨﻦ‪..‬‬ ‫‪ : E0‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﻔﺰﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉0 2‬‬ ‫‪𝑉𝑉0 2‬‬
‫‪t > hcr‬‬ ‫‪E0 = H1 +‬‬ ‫𝑔𝑔‪2‬‬
‫‪=p+H+‬‬ ‫𝑔𝑔‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪p + H0‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : qC‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪:‬‬
‫‪t < h2‬‬
‫𝑄𝑄‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ‪: d‬‬ ‫= ‪qc‬‬
‫𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵‬

‫‪d = t` - t – ΔZ‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ Q‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ Bc‬ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ t‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ‪: hcr‬‬
‫`‪ : t‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫𝟐𝟐𝑸𝑸 𝜶𝜶 𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝑨𝑨‬
‫‪t` = K ∙ h2‬‬ ‫`𝑩𝑩‬
‫=‬
‫𝒈𝒈‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ `‪ B‬ﻣﻌﻄﻰ ﻭ ‪ α‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪ : ΔZ α = 1‬ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫𝟐𝟐𝒒𝒒 ‪𝜶𝜶 .‬‬ ‫𝟐𝟐𝒒𝒒 ‪𝜶𝜶 .‬‬
‫= 𝒁𝒁∆‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪ : Acr‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ‪ hcr‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫𝟐𝟐)`𝒕𝒕( ‪𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 . 𝝋𝝋𝟐𝟐 . 𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 .‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻴﻌﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪ hc‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ‪ d‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ – ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪- ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪..‬‬
‫𝑐𝑐𝑞𝑞‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪hc‬‬
‫) 𝑐𝑐‪𝜑𝜑 �2𝑔𝑔 (𝐸𝐸0 + 𝑑𝑑 − ℎ‬‬

‫𝟑𝟑‬ ‫𝟐𝟐𝑸𝑸 𝜶𝜶‬ ‫𝟐𝟐 𝒒𝒒 𝜶𝜶 𝟑𝟑‬

‫‪ ‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ ‪: LK‬‬ ‫� = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒉𝒉‬ ‫=‬ ‫�‬
‫𝟐𝟐) `𝑩𝑩( 𝒈𝒈‬ ‫𝒈𝒈‬
‫‪LK = [ 1  1.25 ] LJ‬‬
‫‪ : q‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ : LJ‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪LJ = 2.5 (1.9 h2 – h1‬‬ ‫𝑄𝑄‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫𝐵𝐵‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ ‪: eK‬‬
‫𝟏𝟏‬ ‫𝟏𝟏‬
‫[‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 ]‬
‫= ‪eK‬‬ ‫� 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎‬
‫𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏‬ ‫𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏‬
‫�‬
‫𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉√ 𝒄𝒄𝒗𝒗 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ‪𝟎𝟎.‬‬
‫‪ : hc‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Vc‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻝﻣﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﻭﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫𝑸𝑸‬ ‫𝒄𝒄𝒒𝒒‬
‫= ‪Vc‬‬ ‫=‬
‫𝒄𝒄𝑩𝑩 ‪𝒉𝒉𝒄𝒄 .‬‬ ‫𝒄𝒄𝒉𝒉‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪: h‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﻭﺧﻠﻔﻪ ‪Hmax‬‬
‫‪h = Hmax - ΣΔH‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺎء ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ‪: Wf‬‬ ‫‪Hmax = H1 – t = HWL – LWL = Z‬‬
‫‪Wf = A × 1 × γw‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺳﻤﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ A‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﻨﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ γw = 10 KN/m‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫‪Hmax = P + H = H1‬‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Hmax = P‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ‪: i‬‬
‫𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝑯𝑯‬
‫= 𝒊𝒊‬
‫𝑳𝑳‬
‫‪ ‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻹﺧﻤﺎﺩ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻼﻱ ‪: LB‬‬
‫‪LB = CB × Hmax‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻼﻱ ‪ -‬ﻟﻴﻦ ‪: LB‬‬
‫‪LL = CL × Hmax‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ CB‬ﻭ ‪ CL‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺳﻨﺠﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪: ΔH‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻼﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫𝑳𝑳𝜟𝜟‬
‫= ‪ΔH‬‬
‫𝑩𝑩𝑪𝑪‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ΔL‬ﻫﻲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻼﻱ – ﻟﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫𝑽𝑽𝑳𝑳𝜟𝜟‬ ‫𝑯𝑯𝑳𝑳𝜟𝜟‬
‫= ‪ΔH‬‬ ‫= ‪ΔH‬‬
‫𝑳𝑳𝑪𝑪‬ ‫𝑳𝑳𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ΔLV‬ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ΔLH‬ﻭﺳﻨﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻬﺪّار‬

‫ﺳﺪ ﻫﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺮﺍﻳﻐﺮ ﻳﻤﺮﺭ ﻏﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ‪ Qmax = 1000 m3/s‬ﻭﻏﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ `‪ q = 18.5 m3/s.m‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ، t = 5m‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪ ، HWL = 200m‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ ‪BRL =185m‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ )‪ (ξ0 = 1‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ )‪،(ξ = 0.4‬ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑄𝑄‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫= `‪B‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 54.05 m‬‬
‫𝑞𝑞‬ ‫‪18.5‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﺳﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪B = [ 0.81  0.89 ] B` = [ 43.78  48.11 ] ⇒ B = 45 m‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ‪ b‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ‪n‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ‪ B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ‪ ،b‬ﻭﻧﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪11.25‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬ ‫‪6.43 5.63‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪3.75 3.21 2.81‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪2.25 1.875‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ‪ n‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻮﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﺠﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﻨﻌﺘﻤﺪ‪..‬‬

‫‪b=9m‬‬ ‫‪, n=5‬‬
‫𝐵𝐵‪𝐵𝐵`−‬‬ ‫‪54.05−45‬‬
‫= 𝓍𝓍 ⇒‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝑚𝑚]‪= 2.26𝑚𝑚 ∈ [2.5 3‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛−1‬‬ ‫‪5−1‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﺪﻭﺭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ‪: 0.1m‬‬

‫‪𝔁𝔁 = 2.26m ≈ 2.2m = xnew‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ )ﻣﺜﻼ ‪ (2.1‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻛﺘﺎﻑ ‪ ، ξ0 = 0‬ﻭﻧﻜﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﻒ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ‬
‫)‪𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 (𝑛𝑛 – 1‬‬ ‫)‪6 (5 – 1‬‬
‫‪Δ𝔁𝔁 = x – xnew = 2.26 – 2.2 = 0.06m = 6cm‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐‪= 12‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻔﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺏ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ `‪ B‬ﺑﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪m  cm‬‬ ‫‪B` = 54.05 – (12 × 10-2) × 2 = 53.81 m‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪B` = b × n + x × (n – 1) = 9 × 5 + 2.2 × 4 = 53.8 m‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ‪ ε‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ‪ Bc‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ‪H0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ‪ ‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ‪ξ = 0.4‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ‪ξ0 = 1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫‪𝐻𝐻0‬‬ ‫‪𝐻𝐻0‬‬
‫) ‪ε = 1 – 0.1 ( 2 ξ0 + 2 (n – 1) ξ‬‬ ‫𝐵𝐵‬
‫) ‪= 1 – 0.1 ( 2 × 1 + 2 (5 – 1) × 0.4‬‬
‫‪45‬‬

‫‪⇒ ε = 1 – 0.012 H0‬‬

‫‪Bc = B × ε = 45 – 0.52 H0‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ H0‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ‪ Bc‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑄𝑄‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫� = ‪𝐻𝐻0‬‬ ‫�‬
‫𝑔𝑔‪m . σ . Bc . √2‬‬

‫⤶ ﻃﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ‪ g‬ﻣﻨﻌﻮﺿﻮﺍ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ m/sec2‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪9.81‬‬

‫⤶ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ‪ m = 0.49‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ‬
‫⤶ ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺭ ‪ Z > H‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺮ ‪، σ = 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫� = ‪𝐻𝐻0‬‬ ‫�‬
‫‪0.49×1×(45−0.52𝐻𝐻0 )× √2×9.81‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭ ‪ solve‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻭﻧﻌﻮﺿﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻧﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻜﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﺔ ‪ H0 = 6m‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‪..‬‬
‫‪H0 = 6m  H0 = 4.95m  H0 = 4.9m  H0 = 4.9m ⇒ H0 = 4.9m‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ‪ H1‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ‪V0‬‬
‫‪H1 = HWL – BRL = 200 - 185 = 15m‬‬
‫𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑄𝑄‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ 𝑉𝑉0‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠‪= 1.23 𝑚𝑚/‬‬
‫‪𝐵𝐵`.𝐻𝐻1‬‬ ‫‪54.05 × 15‬‬

‫⓫ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺿﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ‪H‬‬

‫‪𝑣𝑣0 2‬‬ ‫‪1.232‬‬
‫‪H = H0 -‬‬ ‫‪= 4.9 -‬‬ ‫‪= 4.82 m‬‬
‫𝑔𝑔‪2‬‬ ‫‪2×9.81‬‬

‫⓬ ﻧﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ H‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ‪:‬‬
‫< ‪B`. H1 = 54.05 × 15 = 810.75m‬‬ ‫‪4 B . H = 4 × 45 × 4.82 = 867.6‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻦ ﻧﻬﻤﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬

‫⓭ ﻧﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ H‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ‪0.3H = 1.45m < 𝔁𝔁 = 2.2 m‬‬

‫⓮ ﻧﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝐻𝐻‬ ‫‪4.82‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫< ‪= = 0.5‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫< ‪= 0.54‬‬ ‫‪= 0.667‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝑏𝑏‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ‪: p‬‬ ‫⓯‬

‫‪P = H1 – H = 15 – 4.82 = 10.18 m‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫تطبيق تحديد نوع القفزة وتصميم حوض التﻬدئة‬

‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺳﺪ ﻫﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫♦ ﻳﻤﺮﺭ ﻏﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ‪Qmax = 2800 m3/s‬‬

‫♦ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ `‪q = 19.8 m3/sec/m‬‬

‫♦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ‪p = 36.8m‬‬ ‫♦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪t = 7.4m‬‬

‫♦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪B` = 141.41m‬‬ ‫‪Bc = 108.5m‬‬ ‫‪B = 120m‬‬
‫‪n = 12 , b = 10m , 𝔁𝔁 = 2m‬‬ ‫♦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫♦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭ ‪H1 = 42m‬‬ ‫♦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭ ‪H = 5.21m‬‬

‫♦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ ‪ V0 = 0 ‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪K = 1.05‬‬ ‫‪α=1‬‬ ‫‪φ = 0.9‬‬
‫♦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺽ ‪ ΔZ‬ﻣﻬﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪ :‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺻﻤﻢ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﺧﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻘﻔﺰة‬

‫❶ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪: hc‬‬

‫𝑐𝑐𝑞𝑞‬
‫= ‪hc‬‬
‫) 𝑐𝑐‪𝜑𝜑 �2𝑔𝑔 (𝐸𝐸0 −ℎ‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉0‬‬ ‫𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑄𝑄‬ ‫‪2800‬‬
‫‪E0 = H1 +‬‬ ‫‪= 42 + 0 = 42m‬‬ ‫= ‪qc‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫`‪= 25.8 m3/sec/m‬‬
‫𝑔𝑔‪2‬‬ ‫𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵‬ ‫‪108.5‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ‪ V0‬ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫‪25.8‬‬
‫= ‪ hc‬‬ ‫‪= 1.01m‬‬
‫) 𝑐𝑐‪0.9 �2 × 9.81 (42−ℎ‬‬

‫‪ hc = 1.01m‬‬
‫❷ ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪h1 = hc :‬‬

‫❸ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ‪ hcr‬ﻃﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻫﻮﻥ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﻴﻚ ﻣﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪..‬‬

‫𝟑𝟑)𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐‪𝛼𝛼 𝑞𝑞 2 3 1 × 19.82 (141.41 ℎ‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝑸𝑸 𝜶𝜶‬
‫𝟐𝟐‬

‫𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐‪ℎ‬‬ ‫�=‬ ‫�=‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝑚𝑚‪= 3.42‬‬

‫𝑔𝑔‬ ‫‪9.81‬‬ ‫`𝑩𝑩‬ ‫𝒈𝒈‬

‫‪9‬‬
‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫❹ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ h2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ℎ1‬‬ ‫‪ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪3.42‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫= ‪ℎ2‬‬ ‫� ‪� �1 + 8‬‬ ‫= �‪� − 1‬‬ ‫𝑚𝑚‪��1 + 8 � � − 1� = 8.41‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ℎ1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬

‫❺ ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﻔﺰﺓ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪hcr = 3.42m < t = 7.4m‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻗﻔﺰﺓ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪‬‬

‫❻ ﻧﺤﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ h2‬ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪: t‬‬
‫‪h2 = 8.41m > t = 7.4m‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ‪‬‬
‫‪ -‬وهﻴﻚ ﻻزم ﺗﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻷﻧﻮ اﻧﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﺼﻤﻢ ﺣﻮض ��ﺪﺋﺔ و�� ا�حﻠﺒﺔ ﻹﺧﻤﺎد اﻟﻘﻔﺰة اﳌﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺣﺼﺮا ‪-‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﻮض اﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ‬

‫❶ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ‪ d‬ﻭﺍﺗﺬﻛﺮﻭﺍ !! ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ d‬ﺑﺘﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺘﺘﻨﻈﻢ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫رح ﻧﻤ��ي ﺑﺎ�حﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺮة وﺣﺪة و�ﺎ�� اﻟﺘﻜﺮارات ﻟ�ي ا�خﻄﻮات رح ﺣﻂ ﻗﻴﻤ��ﺎ ﺑﺠﺪول و�ﺲ‬

‫• ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔﹰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪d = 0‬‬

‫• ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ‪ hc‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪d‬‬
‫𝑐𝑐𝑞𝑞‬
‫= ‪hc‬‬
‫) 𝑐𝑐‪𝜑𝜑 �2𝑔𝑔 (𝐸𝐸0 + 𝑑𝑑 −ℎ‬‬

‫‪𝑉𝑉0‬‬
‫‪E0 = H1 +‬‬ ‫‪= 42 + 0 = 46m‬‬ ‫)ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ( `‪qc = 25.8 m3/sec/m‬‬
‫𝑔𝑔‪2‬‬
‫‪25.8‬‬
‫= ‪hc‬‬
‫) 𝑐𝑐‪0.9 �2 × 9.81 (42 + 0 −ℎ‬‬

‫‪ hc = 1.01m‬‬
‫)ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ( ‪hcr = 3.42m‬‬ ‫• ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ‪ ، hcr‬ﺑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻮ ﺷﻲ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ]ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ hc = h1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ[ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ℎ1‬‬ ‫‪ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪3.42‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫= ‪ℎ2‬‬ ‫� ‪� �1 + 8‬‬ ‫= �‪� − 1‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﺴﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ 𝑚𝑚‪��1 + 8 � � − 1 � = 8.41‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ℎ1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬

‫• ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟـ ‪ d‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪d = k.h2 – t – ΔZ = 1.05 × 8.41 – 7.4 – 0 = 1.43m‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫• ﻧﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪h1 = hc‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪d = k.h2 – t‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪8.41‬‬ ‫‪1.43‬‬
‫‪1.43‬‬ ‫‪0.993‬‬ ‫‪8.493‬‬ ‫‪1.514‬‬
‫‪1.514‬‬ ‫‪0.992‬‬ ‫‪8.498‬‬ ‫‪1.523‬‬
‫‪1.523‬‬ ‫‪0.992‬‬ ‫‪8.498‬‬ ‫‪1.523‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﻃﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺘﺘﻘﺮﺏ ﻷﻗﺮﺏ ‪) 5cm‬ﺭﻗﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ(‬
‫‪h1 = 0.99m‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪h2 = 8.5m‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪d = 1.52m‬‬
‫❷ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ ‪: LK‬‬

‫‪LK = [ 1  1.25 ] LJ‬‬

‫‪LJ = 2.5 (1.9 h2 – h1) = 2.5 (1.9 × 8.5 – 0.99) = 37.975m‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﺪﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪⇒ LK = 1.2 × 37.975 = 45.57m‬‬

‫ﻳﻠﻲ ﻃﻠﻌﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫❷ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋﺔ ‪ eK‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑐𝑐‪𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑘 = 0.15 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 √ℎ‬‬
‫� = 𝑘𝑘𝑒𝑒‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 �‬ ‫𝑐𝑐𝑞𝑞‬ ‫‪25.8‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫= ‪)hc = 0.99m , Vc‬ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ(‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 26.06‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑐𝑐‪ℎ‬‬ ‫‪0.99‬‬
‫= 𝑘𝑘𝑒𝑒‬ ‫‪× 45.57‬‬ ‫‪𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑘 = 0.15 × 26.06 × √0.99‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫𝑚𝑚‪𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑘 = 3.88‬‬
‫‪𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑘 = 4.56m‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ‪..‬‬

‫‪ ek = 4.56m‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫تطبيق رسم مخطط ضغط التسرب‬

‫ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ )ﺑﻼﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻼﻱ – ﻟﻴﻦ(‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻧﺤﺪﺩ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻧﺤﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪ Hmax‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺎء ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ⇐ ‪Hmax = 4m‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻧﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫⤶ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﻮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺪ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺼﺮﺍﹰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫⤶ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫⤶ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫⤶ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺘﺎﺋﺮ ‪ :‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‪.‬‬
‫⤶ ﻓﻴﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻛﻦ ﺑﺲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ΣLv = 0.5 + 1.5 + 4 × 2 + 0.5 + 1 × 2 + 1.5 = 14 m‬‬
‫‪ΣLH = 4 + 16 + 16 = 36 m‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺎﺧﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺋﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺍ ﺗﻀﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﺑـ ‪ 2‬ﻷﻧﻮ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺑﻴﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﻓﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 4 × 2‬ﻭ ‪1 × 2‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻼﻱ ﻟﻦ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓﹰ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻼﹰ ‪LB = 50m‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫)ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺳﻴﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪LL = ΣLv + ΣLH‬‬ ‫‪LB = ΣLv + ΣLH‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪LL = 14 + × 36 = 26m‬‬ ‫‪LB = 14 + 36 = 50m‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪CL = LL / Hmax‬‬ ‫‪CB = LB / Hmax‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫= ‪CL‬‬ ‫‪= 6.5‬‬ ‫= ‪CB‬‬ ‫‪= 12.5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ‪ CB‬ﺃﻭ ‪. CL‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻧﺼﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪..‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻼﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪points‬‬ ‫‪ΔL‬‬ ‫)‪(m‬‬ ‫)‪ΔH (m‬‬ ‫)‪ΣΔH (m‬‬ ‫‪h = p/γ‬‬ ‫)‪(m‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬ ‫‪3.96‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0.32‬‬ ‫‪0.36‬‬ ‫‪3.64‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1.5 + 4 × 2 = 9.5‬‬ ‫‪0.76‬‬ ‫‪1.12‬‬ ‫‪2.88‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪1.28‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬ ‫‪1.6‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬ ‫‪2.44‬‬ ‫‪1.56‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪1.28‬‬ ‫‪3.72‬‬ ‫‪0.28‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪1.5 + 1 × 2 = 3.5‬‬ ‫‪0.28‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
 ‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫⤶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ΔL‬ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬

‫⤶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪ ΔH‬ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ )ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ( ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥‬
‫= ‪ΔH‬‬
‫𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶‬

‫⤶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪ ΣΔH‬ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺎﹰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ Hmax = 4‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫⤶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪ h‬ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻨﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫)ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ(‪.‬‬
‫‪h = Hmax – ΣΔH‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻼﻱ ‪ -‬ﻟﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪points‬‬ ‫)‪ΔLV (m‬‬ ‫)‪ΔLH (m‬‬ ‫)‪ΔH (m‬‬ ‫)‪ΣΔH (m‬‬ ‫)‪h = p/γ (m‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.5 / 6.5 = 0.0769‬‬ ‫‪0.0769‬‬ ‫‪3.923‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4 / (6.5 × 3) = 0.2051‬‬ ‫‪0.282‬‬ ‫‪3.718‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1.5 + 4 × 2 = 9.5‬‬ ‫‪1.4615‬‬ ‫‪1.7435‬‬ ‫‪2.2565‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪0.8205‬‬ ‫‪2.564‬‬ ‫‪1.436‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.0769‬‬ ‫‪2.6409‬‬ ‫‪1.3591‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪0.8205‬‬ ‫‪3.4614‬‬ ‫‪0.5385‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪1.5 + 1 × 2 = 3.5‬‬ ‫‪0.5385‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫⤶ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪ ΔH‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻼﻱ‪.‬‬
‫𝑽𝑽𝑳𝑳𝜟𝜟‬ ‫𝑯𝑯𝑳𝑳𝜟𝜟‬
‫= ‪ΔH‬‬ ‫= ‪ΔH‬‬
‫𝑳𝑳𝑪𝑪‬ ‫𝑳𝑳𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪..‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﺼﺮﺍﹰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪ ΣΔH‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪.Hmax‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﺧﺬ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 4‬ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺨﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ )ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﻏﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻭﻝ )ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪(h‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
‫‪2025 - 2020‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻼﻱ ‪ -‬ﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻼﻱ‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺷﻬﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ‪ γW‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺳﺄﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻼﻱ(‬

‫ﺿﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﺑـ ‪ 1‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Wf = (A1 + A2 + A3) ×1 × γW‬‬

‫‪3.96 + 3.64‬‬
‫= ‪A1‬‬ ‫‪× 4 = 15.2 m2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2.88 + 1.6‬‬
‫= ‪A2‬‬ ‫‪× 16 = 35.84 m2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3.96 + 3.64‬‬
‫= ‪A3‬‬ ‫‪× 4 = 14.72 m2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Wf = (15.2 + 35.84 + 14.72) × 1 × 10 = 657.6 KN‬‬

‫‪15‬‬