‫‪(*).

‬‬ ‫‪ – 6‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪¢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﺪﺱ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺑﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬

‫ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ‬

‫ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬

‫ﺘﻤـﺎﺭﻴـﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺸﻜــﻼﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤـﻠــــــﻭل‬
 ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‪:‬‬

‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺩﺭﺴﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﻔﺌﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺴﻌﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ) ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ (‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬

‫ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻐل ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ )ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ( ﺤﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﺩﺍﺩ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪ ،‬ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺨﻭﺍﺭﺯﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﺩﺱ ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻔﻜﻴﻙ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪.‬‬

 ‫ﺃﻨـﺸـﻁــﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬

‫‪h‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺿﻠﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ B‬ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ l‬ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ‪l < h‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ‪.‬‬ ‫‪a) a‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻸ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ‪ B‬ﺑﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ‪ l = 240‬ﻭ ‪h = 380‬‬

‫‪ ­1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ‪. a‬‬
‫‪ ­2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ‪. a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟـــﺤـــل‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ‬

‫‪ a‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪h‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻸ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬

‫‪(PGCD‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ‪ a‬ﻫﻲ ‪h ; l ) :‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪a = PGCD (380 ; 240 ) :‬‬
‫‪380 = 2 2 ´ 5 ´ 19‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪240 = 24 ´ 3 ´ 5‬‬
‫‪PGCD (380 ; 240) = 2 2 ´ 5 = 20‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 20‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫‪. 1 ٬ 2 ٬ 4 ٬ 5 ٬ 10 ٬ 20‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟــــﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ­1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪x‬‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪a‬‬
‫‪x = aq‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬

‫‪ a‬ﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺤﺎ ‪. a / x‬‬ ‫ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ‪x‬‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 3‬ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﻷﻥ ‪2007 = 3 ´ 669 :‬‬

‫)‪ (­2‬ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ‪ 1954‬ﻷﻥ ‪1954 = (­2)(­977) :‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﻜل ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪ q‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‪.1962 = 5q :‬‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪1962‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ‪: 1‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪g ,b ,a‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺳﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ a‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪b‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪(1) . . . b = q1a‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ a‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ b‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ :‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪q1‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ b‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ g‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ :‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪q 2‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪(2) . . . g = q 2 b :‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﻧﺠﺪ ‪ g = (q 2 q1 )a :‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪q‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪ (q = q 2 . q1 ) g = qa :‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ a‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪. g‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ‪: 2‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪. b x‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ x‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪g ,b ,a‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ a‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ x‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ :‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ q1‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪x = a q1 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ b x = (ab ) q1 :‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ q‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ b x = a q‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ a :‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪. b x‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ‪: 3‬‬
‫‪x,b ,a‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ a‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ x‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ab‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪. b x‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ a‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ x‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ :‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪q‬‬
‫‪bx‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪ x = a q :‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪= (ab )q :‬‬
‫‪b x = (ab )q‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ q‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ab‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪b x‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ‪: 4‬‬
‫‪ y , x , b , a , a‬ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ a‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﻦ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪b‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ax = by :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ a‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ a‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ ax‬ﻭ ‪. by‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎﻥ ‪ q1‬ﻭ ‪q 2‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ax = a q1‬ﻭ ‪ by = a q 2‬ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ax + by = a q1 + a q 2 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ ax + by = a (q1 + q 2 ) :‬ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‪q1 + q 2 = q :‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ ‪ ax + by = a q :‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ a :‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪. ax + by‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ‪: 5‬‬
‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ a‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ b‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ a‬ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ a = b‬ﺃﻭ ‪.a = ­b‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ a‬ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ‪ b‬ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ :‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ k1‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪b = a . k1 :‬‬
‫‪ b‬ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ‪ a‬ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ :‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ k 2‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪b = a . k 2 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ b = b . k1k 2 :‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪k1 . k1 = 1‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ :‬ﺇﻣﺎ ‪ k1 = 1‬ﻭ ‪k 2 = 1‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ a = b :‬ﺃﻭ ‪a = ­b‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ‪ k1 = ­1‬ﻭ ‪k 2 = ­1‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 1‬ﻗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ‪ Z‬ﻫﻤﺎ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪. ­1‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ­1‬ﻗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ‪ Z‬ﻫﻤﺎ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪. ­1‬‬
 ‫‪ ­2‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪: Z‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺃ­ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪b¹0‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ‪a‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪r,q‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(q ; r‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪0£r< b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪a = bq + r‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪r‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ‪ :‬ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪b‬‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪ a – r :‬ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ‪ b‬ﻭ ‪0 £ r < b‬‬
‫‪ìa = bq + r‬‬ ‫‪ìa ­ r = qb‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫‪ í‬ﺇﺫﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ q‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬

‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪ìa = bq + r‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ (q;r‬ﻭ )‪(q¢;r ¢‬‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫‪ìa = bq¢ + r¢‬‬
‫‪bq + r = bq ¢ + r¢‬‬ ‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪î 0 £ r¢ < b‬‬

‫)‪ (1)... r­ r¢= b(q¢­q‬ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ‪ r­ r¢‬ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ‪(2)... b‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬

‫‪ì0 £ r < b‬‬ ‫‪ì0 £ r < b‬‬

‫‪ í‬ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻨﺠﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪­b‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪­r‬‬ ‫‪¢‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪¢‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪(3)... ­b < r­ r ¢< b‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ )‪ (2‬ﻭ )‪ (3‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ‪ ). r­ r ¢= 0‬ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ ‪ b‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ b‬ﻭ ‪ -b‬ﻫﻲ ‪ ( 0‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ‬

‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ‪ . r = r¢‬ﻭ ﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ‪b(q¢­q)=0‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ b ¹ 0‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪. q = q ¢‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪: Z‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎﻥ ‪ b‬ﻭ‪ a‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪b ¹ 0‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺣﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫‪ìa = bq + r‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫)‪ a ) ٬ (q ; r‬ﻭ‪ r‬ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎﻥ( ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪b‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ )ﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ( ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ‪a‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫·‬

‫)‪( q¢ ; r¢‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪­a > 0‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ‪a < 0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫·‬

‫‪ì­a = bq¢ + r¢‬‬

‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬

‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪¢‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ r ¢ = 0 :‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ a = b ( ­q¢ ) :‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ r¢ ¹ 0 :‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪a = b ( ­q¢ ) ­ r¢ :‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ‪ a = b ( ­q¢ ) ­ b + b ­ r¢ :‬ﺃﻱ‪a = b ( ­q¢ ­ 1) + b ­ r¢ :‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪ 0 < r ¢ < b :‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪­b < ­r¢ < 0 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‪ 0 < b ­ r¢ < b :‬ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ‪ b ­ r¢ = r :‬ﻭ ‪­q¢ ­ 1 = q‬‬
‫‪ìa = bq + r‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪î0 £ r < b‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪: 1‬‬
‫‪2007 = 208 ´ 9 + 135 : b = 208 , a = 2007‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ r = 135 :‬ﻭ ‪q = 9‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪: 2‬‬
‫‪­1830 = 54 (­34) + 6 : b = 54 , a = ­1830‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ q = ­34 :‬ﻭ ‪r = 6‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪: 3‬‬
‫‪b = 166 , a = ­1518‬‬
‫‪­1815 = 166(­10) + 144‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ q = ­10 :‬ﻭ ‪r = 144‬‬
 ‫‪ ­3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ­ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Da‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ a‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬

‫‪D0 = ¥‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫}‪D1 = {1‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ ‪:‬‬

‫}‪D 28 = {1 ; 2 ; 4 ; 7 ; 14 ; 28‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:1‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ‪ 1 Î D a‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪. a‬‬ ‫‪Da‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ D a‬ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ‪ a‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪a ¹ 0‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻴﻘﺴﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ‬

‫‪D a Ç Db‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪D a,b‬‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫}‪D 30,25 = {1 , 5‬‬

‫‪a ¹ 0‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Da,0‬‬ ‫‪= Da‬‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺠـ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ‪D a,b .‬‬

‫‪ D‬ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ‪a,b‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﻭ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ‪. PGCD (a ; b) :‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫‪PGCD (30 ; 25) = 5‬‬

 ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻭل ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪PGCD (a ; b) = 1‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪PGCD(28 , 9) = 1‬‬

‫ﺩ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ‪a > b‬‬

‫‪ìa = bq + r0‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪î0 £ r0 < b‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫‪r0‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪bq‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ‪a‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪r0‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ‪a‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻜل ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ‪ b‬ﻭ ‪ r0‬ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ‪ bq‬ﻭ ‪r0‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ‬

‫‪D a,b = Db,r0‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪D a,b = D b,0 = D b‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪r0 = 0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫·‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬

‫‪ : r0 ¹ 0‬ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪ b = r0q1 + r1 :‬؛ ‪0 £ r1 < r0‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫·‬

‫‪ D b,r0 = D r0 ,r1‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪D a,b = D r0 ,r1 :‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪D a,b = D r0‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪r1 = 0‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﻕ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪r1 ¹ 0‬‬

‫‪a = bq + r0 , r0 < b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪D a,b = Db,r0‬‬
‫‪b = r0 .q1 + r1 , r1 < r0‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪D b,r0 = D r0 ,r1‬‬
‫‪r0 = r1.q 2 + r2 , r2 < r1‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪D r0 ,r1 = D r1 ,r2‬‬
‫‪rp = rp+1.q p+2 + rp+2 , rp+2 < rp+1‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪D rp ,rp+1 = Drp+1 ,rp+2‬‬
 ‫‪r0 , r1 , ... , rp+2‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ‬

‫‪b > r0 > r1 > . . . > rp+2 > . . .‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﻕ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ‪r‬‬

‫‪D a,b = D b,r0 = . . . = D r,0 = D r‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪ :‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪D r‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪PGCD (a ; b) = r :‬‬
‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ‪:1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺭﺯﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﺩﺱ‪.‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﻗﺎﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬

‫‪D1260,440‬‬ ‫ﺜﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫)‪PGCD (1260 ; 440‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫‪1260 = 440 ´ 2 + 360‬‬

‫‪440 = 380 ´ 1 + 60‬‬
‫‪380 = 60 ´ 6 + 20‬‬
‫‪60 = 20 ´ 3 + 0‬‬
‫‪PGCD (1260 ; 440) = 20‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪D1260,440‬‬ ‫}‪= D 20 = {1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 20‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ‪1954 , 2008‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫· ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻋﻦ )‪PGCD (2008 ; 1954‬‬
‫‪2008 = 1954 ´ 1 + 54‬‬
‫‪1954 = 54 + 36 + 10‬‬
‫‪54 = 10 ´ 5 = 4‬‬
‫‪10 = 4 ´ 2 + 2‬‬
‫‪4=2 ´ 2+0‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪PGCD (2008 ; 1954) = 2 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪D 2008,1954 = D 2 = {1 , 2} :‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪783‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪18641‬‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫)‪PGCD (18641 , 783‬‬ ‫ﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ‬

‫‪18641 = 783 ´ 23 + 632‬‬

‫‪783 = 632 ´ 1 + 151‬‬
‫‪632 = 151 ´ 4 + 28‬‬
‫‪151 = 28 ´ 5 + 11‬‬
‫‪28 = 11 ´ 2 + 6‬‬
‫‪11 = 6 ´ 1 + 5‬‬
‫‪6=5 ´ 1+1‬‬
‫‪5=1 ´ 5+0‬‬
‫‪PGCD (18641 , 783) = 1‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪783‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪18641‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ‪:3‬‬

‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪l ,b,a‬‬

‫)‪PGCD (l a ; l b) = l PGCD (a ; b‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
 PGCD(a ; b) = rn ‫ ﻧﻔﺮﺽ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎﻥ‬
a = bq + r0 , r0 < b
b = r0q1 + r1 , r1 < r0
r0 = r1q 2 + r2 , r2 < r1
rn­2 = rn­1q n + rn , rn < rn­1
rn­1 = rn . q n+1 + 0
l a = (l b) q 0 + l r0 , l r0 < l b : ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
l b = (l r0 ) q1 + l r1 , l r1 < l r0
l r0 = (l r1 ) q 2 + l r2 , l r2 < l r1
l rn­2 = (l rn­1 ) q n + l rn , l rn < l rn­1
l rn­1 = (l rn ) q n+1 + 0
PGCD(l a ; l b) = l rn : ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬
PGCD(l a ; l b) = l PGCD (a ; b) : ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
: 4 ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬ c ، ‫ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ‬ b,a

æa bö
PGCD (a ; b) = c . PGCD ç ; ÷
èc cø

: ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ‬

b = c . b¢ ‫ ﻭ‬a = c . a¢
: ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬ : ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬

PGCD (a ; b) = PGCD (ca ¢ ; cb¢)

= c ´ PGCD (a ¢ ; b¢)
æa bö
= c ´ PGCD ç ; ÷
èc cø
 ‫ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ‪: 5‬‬
‫‪ c , b , a‬ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ìa = c . a¢‬‬
‫‪ï‬‬
‫‪í b = c . b¢‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ‬ ‫‪PGCD (a ; b) = c‬‬
‫‪ï PGCD (a¢ ; b¢) = 1‬‬
‫‪î‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ìa = c . a¢‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ PGCD (a ; b) = c‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪î b = c . b¢‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪PGCD (a ; b) = PGCD (c . a¢ ; c . b¢) :‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪c = c . PGCD (a ¢ ; b¢) :‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪PGCD (a ¢ ; b¢) = = 1 :‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪ìa = c . a¢‬‬
‫‪ï‬‬
‫‪í b = c . b¢‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ï PGCD (a¢ ; b¢) = 1‬‬
‫‪î‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫‪PGCD (a ; b) = 12‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫‪a + b = 120‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل ‪:‬‬

‫‪ì a = 12a¢‬‬
‫‪ï‬‬
‫‪í b = 12b¢‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ PGCD (a ; b) = 12‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ï PGCD (a¢ ; b¢) = 1‬‬
‫‪î‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ‪ a + b = 120‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪12a ¢ + 12b¢ = 120 :‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪ 12(a ¢ + b¢) = 120 :‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪a ¢ + b¢ = 10 :‬‬
‫· ‪ a = 1‬ﻭ ‪ b¢ = 9‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ a = 12 :‬ﻭ ‪b = 108‬‬
‫· ‪ a ¢ = 3‬ﻭ ‪ b¢ = 7‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ a = 36 :‬ﻭ ‪b = 84‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪ 12‬ﻭ ‪ 108‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 36‬ﻭ ‪. 84‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‪:1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻭﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭﻩ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻨﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪New‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻴ‪‬ﻥ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻤﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﻭﺍﻓﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪MOD‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﺜﻼ‬

‫ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪Disp‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪Input‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺜﻡ ‪. I / 0‬‬

‫ﺜﻡ ‪. NUM‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺴﺔ‬ ‫(‪int‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺴﺔ‬ ‫®‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻡ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪TEST‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺴﺔ‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪QUIT‬‬ ‫‪ (6‬ﻟﻠﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪MOD‬‬ ‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﻭﺍﻓﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪EXEC‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻭ ﻨﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻨﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻌﻁﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻭ ﻨﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻓﻴﻅﻬﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﻌﻁﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‪:2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪c = 3n + 5‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪b= n+2‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ‪a = 3n + 12n + 20‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪c‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪ a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪b‬‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺠﺩﻭل ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻨﺠﺯ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫·‬

‫=‬ ‫‪A2 + 2‬‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪ B2‬ﺃﺤﺠﺯ ‪ ، = 3*A2^2+12*A2+20‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪C 2‬‬ ‫·‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪ D 2‬ﺃﺤﺠﺯ )‪ ،= MOD ( B2; C 2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪E 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪MOD ( B2; E 2‬‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺠﺯ‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫= ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺠﺯ ‪3* A2 + 5‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺃﻨﻘل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ ‪B2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪c‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻀﻊ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﺤﻭل ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫·‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪3n + 12n + 12‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫· ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ‪b‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ b‬ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ‪8‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ؟‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪ a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪b‬‬

‫؟‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫· ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ‪. a = (3n + 5)( n + 2) + n + 10‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪:‬‬

‫)‪3n + 12 n + 12 = 3 ( n + 4 n + 4 ) = 3 ( n + 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫·‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪3n 2 + 12n +12‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻟـ‬ ‫‪b = n +2‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻥ‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪a - (3n + 12n + 12‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﻴﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ‪0 :‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻥ‬ ‫}‪n Î {0; 2; 6‬‬ ‫( ﺃﻱ‬ ‫}‪b ³ 2 ) b Î {2; 4;8‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ‪8 :‬‬ ‫‪ b > 8‬ﺃﻱ ‪n > 6‬‬

‫ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬

‫}‪ n Î {1; 4‬ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ‪2:‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n =3‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ‪1:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻥ‬ ‫‪n =5‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ‬

‫‪a = (3n + 5)( n + 2) + n +10‬‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪n = 0‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ ‪0 :‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪ : n = 1‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ‪2:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪ : n = 2‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ‪1 :‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪n + 10‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪c‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ‪ n ³ 3‬ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪a‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻤـﺎﺭﻴـﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺸﻜــﻼﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪1‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ y‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪xy ­ 2x ­ 4y + 8 = 10 :‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪2‬‬
‫‪x 2 ­ y 2 = 40‬‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ‪x‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ ﻜل‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪3‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺎﺼل ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪a‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪11q + 7‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ‪a‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪4‬‬
‫‪b ¹ 0‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﺎﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ‪.r‬‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ‪q‬‬ ‫‪b3‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ‪a‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪.b‬‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻭ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪a‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪5‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ q‬ﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪ n‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪a‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪ n‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ab‬‬ ‫‪q¢‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪ q‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪b‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ‪q ¢‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪6‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺤﺎﺼﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ؟‬

 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪7‬‬
‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪a ´ b = 2500 :‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪PGCD (a ; b) = 10‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪. b‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪8‬‬
‫‪a 2 ­ b 2 = 5760‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬

‫‪a<b‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ ‪PGCD (a ; b) = 12‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪9‬‬
‫‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PGCD (a ; b) = 10‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪2a 2 + 3b 2 = 3500‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪. b‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ‪10‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ ‪ 7080 cm‬ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ‪ a‬ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪ . b‬ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪. 60‬‬
‫­ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﻠــــــﻭل‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ‪ x‬ﻭ‪y‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪xy ­ 2x ­ 4y + 8 = 10 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪x (y ­ 2) ­ 4 (y ­ 2) = 10 :‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪(y ­ 2) (x ­ 4) = 10 :‬‬
‫‪ x ­ 4 = 1‬ﻭ ‪ y ­ 2 = 10‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = 5‬ﻭ ‪. y = 12‬‬ ‫·‬
‫‪ x ­ 4 = 2‬ﻭ ‪ y ­ 2 = 5‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = 6‬ﻭ ‪. y = 7‬‬ ‫·‬
‫· ‪ x ­ 4 = 10‬ﻭ ‪ y ­ 2 = 1‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = 14‬ﻭ ‪. y = 3‬‬
‫‪ x ­ 4 = 5‬ﻭ ‪ y ­ 2 = 2‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = 9‬ﻭ ‪. y = 4‬‬ ‫·‬
‫· ‪ x ­ 4 = ­1‬ﻭ ‪ y ­ 2 = ­10‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = 3‬ﻭ ‪. y = ­8‬‬
‫· ‪ x ­ 4 = ­2‬ﻭ ‪ y ­ 2 = ­5‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = 2‬ﻭ ‪. y = ­3‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = ­6‬ﻭ ‪. y = 1‬‬ ‫· ‪ x ­ 4 = ­10‬ﻭ ‪y ­ 2 = ­1‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = ­1‬ﻭ ‪. y = 0‬‬ ‫· ‪ x ­ 4 = ­5‬ﻭ ‪y ­ 2 = ­ 2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ y‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪x 2 ­ y 2 = 40 :‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪ ( x ­ y) (x + y) = 40 :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪x ­ y < x + y :‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ x + y = 40‬ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪2 x = 41 :‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪x ­y=1‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪2 x = 22‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x + y = 20‬‬

‫‪x ­ y = 2 (2‬‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = 11 :‬ﻭ ‪. y = 9‬‬
‫‪ x ­ y = 4 (3‬ﻭ ‪ x + y = 10‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪2 x = 14 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = 7 :‬ﻭ ‪. y = 3‬‬
‫‪ x ­ y = 5 (4‬ﻭ ‪ x + y = 8‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪) 2 x = 13 :‬ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ(‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪3‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ‪: a‬‬
‫‪ì a = 37q + 11q + 7‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪î 0 £ 11q + 7 < 37‬‬
‫‪­7 £ 11q < 30‬‬ ‫‪ 0 £ 11q + 7 < 37‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪­7‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫<‪£ q‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫‪­0,63 £ q < 2,72‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫}‪q Î {0 ; 1 ; 2‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ‪a = 7 : q = 0‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ‪ a = 37 + 11 + 7 : q = 1‬ﺃﻱ ‪a = 55‬‬
‫‪a = 103‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫=‪a‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ‪37(2) + 11 ´ 2 + 7 : q = 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ‪ a‬ﻫﻲ ‪. 103 , 55 , 7 :‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪4‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪ a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪. b‬‬
‫‪ìï a = b(b 2q) + r‬‬ ‫‪ìï a = b 3q + r‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪í‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ïî 0 £ r < b‬‬ ‫‪ïî 0 £ r < b‬‬
‫‪r = bq 1 + r 1‬‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ‪ r‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ b‬ﻧﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪0 £ r1 < b‬‬
‫‪ìï a = b(b 2q) + bq 1 + r 1‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ïî 0 £ r 1 < b‬‬
‫‪ìï a = b(b 2q + q 1 ) + r1‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ïî 0 £ r 1 < b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ r1‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪ a‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ b‬ﻭ ‪ b q + q 1‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪5‬‬
‫‪ì q = bq ¢ + r ¢‬‬ ‫‪ì n = aq + r‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫‪ í‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪¢‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫­‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫­‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪n = a (bq ¢ + r ¢) + r‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n = (ab)q ¢ + ar ¢ + r‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ 0 £ r ¢ £ b ­ 1‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪0 £ ar ¢ £ a(b ­ 1) :‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪0 £ ar ¢ + r £ a(b ­ 1) + a ­ 1 :‬‬
‫‪0 £ ar ¢ + r £ ab ­ a‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪0 £ ar ¢ + r < ab‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ‪ab ­ a < ab :‬‬
‫) ‪ì n = (ab) . q ¢ + (ar ¢ + r‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪î‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪ar‬‬ ‫‪¢‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪ab‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ‪ n‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ab‬ﻫﻮ ‪. q ¢‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪6‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪ a‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪ r‬ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻭ ‪ q‬ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ìï a = 110 ´ q + q 2‬‬
‫‪í 2‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ïî q < 110‬‬
‫‪ q 2 < 110‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪q < 10,48 :‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬

‫}‪q Î {0 ; 1 ; . . . ; 10‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪a = q(110 + q‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪a = 111 : q = 1‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫=‪a=0 : q‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪0‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪a = 339 : q = 3‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪ a = 224 : q = 2‬؛‬
‫‪ (6‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪a = 575 : q = 5‬‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪ a = 456 : q = 4‬؛‬
‫‪ (8‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪a = 819 : q = 7‬‬ ‫‪ (7‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪ a = 696 : q = 6‬؛‬
‫‪ (10‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪a = 1071 : q = 9‬‬ ‫‪ (9‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪ a = 944 : q = 8‬؛‬
‫‪ (11‬ﻟﻤﺎ ‪a = 1200 : q = 10‬‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪7‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪b‬‬
‫=‪b‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ a = 10a ¢‬ﻭ ‪10b ¢‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ‪ a¢‬ﻭ ‪b ¢‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪10a ¢ . 10b ¢ = 2500‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ‪a ´ b = 2500‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪a ¢ . b ¢ = 25‬‬
‫· ‪ a ¢ = 1‬ﻭ ‪ b ¢ = 25‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ a = 10‬ﻭ ‪b = 250‬‬
‫· ‪ a ¢ = 25‬ﻭ ‪ b ¢ = 1‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ a = 250‬ﻭ ‪b = 10‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪8‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪: b‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ a¢‬ﻭ ‪b ¢‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ a = 12 a ¢ :‬ﻭ ‪b = 12 b ¢‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ a < b :‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪a ¢ < b ¢ :‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪a 2 ­ b 2 = 5760 :‬‬
‫‪(12a ¢)2 ­ (12b ¢)2 = 5760‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪(12)2 éëa ¢ 2 ­ b ¢ 2 ùû = 5760‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫(‬
‫‪144 a ¢ 2 ­ b ¢ 2 ùû = 5760‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪a ¢ 2 ­ b ¢ 2 = 40‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪(a ¢ ­ b ¢) (a ¢ + b ¢) = 40‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ a ¢ + b ¢ = 40‬ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪2a ¢ = 41‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪a¢ ­ b¢ = 1‬‬ ‫· ﻟﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ ‪.‬‬

‫‪2a ¢ = 22‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫‪ a ¢ ­ b ¢ = 2‬ﻭ ‪a ¢ + b ¢ = 20‬‬ ‫· ﻟﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪b¢ = 9‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪a ¢ = 11‬‬ ‫· ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪b = 12 ´ 9 = 108 , a = 12 ´ 11 = 132‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2a ¢ = 14‬‬ ‫‪ ٬‬ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪a¢ + b ¢ = 8‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪a¢ ­ b¢ = 4‬‬ ‫· ﻟﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ a¢ = 7‬ﻭ ‪b ¢ = 3‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪b = 12 ´ 3 = 36 , a = 12 ´ 7 = 84‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2a ¢ = 13‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ a¢ ­ b ¢ = 5 :‬ﻭ ‪a ¢ + b ¢ = 8‬‬ ‫· ﻟﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪9‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪: b‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ a = 10a ¢ :‬ﻭ ‪ b = 10b ¢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ a¢‬ﻭ ‪b ¢‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪2(10a ¢)2 + 3(10b ¢)2 = 3500 :‬‬
‫‪102 éë 2a ¢ 2 + 3b ¢ 2 ùû = 3500‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2a ¢ 2 + 3b ¢ 2 = 35‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪3b ¢ 2 = 35 ­ 2a ¢ 2‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪a¢ 2 £‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪35 ­ 2a ¢ 2 ³ 0‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪a¢ £ 4‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪a¢ £‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫‪b ¢ 2 = 11‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪3b ¢ 2 = 33 : a ¢ = 1‬‬ ‫·‬

‫‪b¢ = 3‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪b ¢2 = 9‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪3b ¢ 2 = 27 : a ¢ = 2‬‬ ‫·‬
‫‪ a = 20‬ﻭ ‪b = 30‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3b ¢ 2 = 17 : a ¢ = 3‬‬ ‫·‬

‫‪b ¢ 2 =1‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫· ‪3b ¢ 2 = 3 : a ¢ = 4‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪b ¢ = 1 :‬‬
‫‪ a = 40‬ﻭ ‪. b = 10‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ‪10‬‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ‪3540‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪. a + b = 3540‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪b¢‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫‪a¢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ‪. 60‬‬

‫‪ìa = 60 a ¢‬‬
‫‪í‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪îb = 60 b¢‬‬
‫‪60 a ¢ + 60 b ¢ = 3540‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪b¢‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪a¢‬‬
‫‪a ¢ + b ¢ = 59‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪60(a ¢ + b ¢) = 3540‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪a¢ = b ¢ + 1‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪b ¢ + 1 + b ¢ = 59‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪b ¢ = 29‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪2b ¢ = 58‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪a ¢ = 30‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪b = 60 ´ 29‬‬ ‫‪, a = 60 ´ 30‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪b = 1760 , a = 1800‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬