1 - Which of the following is the most common pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

Select one

a. rough ER Golgi ----> transport vesicle ----> plasma membrane

b. rough ER ---->- Golgi ----> transport vesicle ----> nucleus

c. rough ER ----> lysosome ----> transport vesicle plasma membrane

d. Golgi ----> rough ER ----> lysosome ----> transport vesicle ----> plasma membrane

2 - Which of the following processes is directly associated with photosystem I?

Select one

a. generation of molecular oxygen

b. extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water

c. receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain

d. passing electrons to NADP+

3 - Which of the following is a primary function of the active site of an enzyme?

Select one

a. It binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme

b. It catalyzes the reaction associated with the enzyme

c. It is activated by the presence of the end product of the metabolic pathway in which the enzyme is involved

d. It binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme

4 - A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely

Select one

a. producing large quantities of proteins for secretion

b. producing large quantities of carbohydrates to assemble an extensive cell wall matrix

c. producing large quantities of proteins in the cytosol

d. producing large quantities of carbohydrates for storage in the vacuole

5 - In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these
molecules and:

Select one

a. combine the hydrogen with hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen

b. combine the hydrogen with oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide

c. combine the hydrogen with hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen and water

d. combine the hydrogen with water molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide

6 - Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells?

The animal cell is in............

Select one:

a. hypotonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution

b. an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypertonic solution

c. an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution

d. a hypertonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution

7 - Which of the following sequences describes the path by which electrons travel downhill energetically in aerobic respiration?

Select one

a. glucose ----> pyruvate ----> ATP ----> oxygen

b. food ----> glycolysis ----> citric acid cycle ----> NADH ----> ATP

c. glucose ----> pyruvate ----> electron transport chain ----> NADH ----> ATP

d. glucose ----> NADH ----> electron transport chain ----> oxygen

8 - What happens to a glucose molecule when it loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction?

Select one

a. The glucose molecule is hydrolyzed

b. The glucose molecule is reduced

c. The glucose molecule is oxidized

d. The glucose molecule is an oxidizing agent

9 - Which of the following facts did Hershey and Chase make use of in trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic
material? :

Select one

a. DNA contains nitrogen, whereas protein does not

b. DNA contains sulfur, whereas protein does not

c. DNA contains purines, whereas protein includes pyrimidines

d. DNA contains phosphorus, whereas -protein does not

10 - A cell with a predominance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is likely specialized to

Select one

a. import and export large quantities of protein

b. store large quantities of water

c. synthesize large quantities of lipids

d. actively secrete large quantities of protein

11 - What is a primary function of integrin’s?

Select one:

a. transmitting signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton

b. transmitting chemical signals from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane

c. linking the primary and secondary cell walls in plants

d. connecting intermediate filaments to microtubules involved in vesicular transport

12 - Which of the following statements correctly describes a distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Select one

a. Only heterotrophs require oxygen

b. Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs

c. Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic

d. Only heterotrophs have mitochondria

13 - In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the production of which of the
following sets of molecules?

Select one

a. ATP, CO2, and acetyl CoA

b. ATP, NADH, and ethanol

C. ATP, CO2, and lactate

d. ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

14 - The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the

Select one

a. transfer of phosphate to ADP

b. flow of electrons down the electron transport chain

c. oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds

d. H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase

15 - Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related
function do they have in plants?

Select one

a. They protect against oxidative damage from excessive light energy

b. They shield the sensitive chromosomes of the plant from harmful ultraviolet radiation

c. They serve as accessory pigments to increase light absorption

d. They reflect orange light and enhance red light absorption by chlorophyll

16 - In DNA replication, the resulting daughter molecules contain one strand of the original parental DNA and one new strand.
What is the explanation for this phenomenon?

Select one

a. DNA replication is not conservative

b. RNA synthesis is conservative

c. DNA replication is semiconservative

d. DNA replication is conservative

17 - Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

Select one

a. It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation b. It is present in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells

c. It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms

d. It requires the presence of membrane- enclosed cell organelles

found only in eukaryotic cells

18 - Where are ATP synthase complexes located in plant cells?

Select one

a. thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane

b. thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

c. thylakoid membrane only

d. inner mitochondrial membrane only

19 - In E. coli, what is the function of DNA polymerase III?

Select one:

a. to degrade damaged DNA molecules

b. to unwind the DNA helix during replication

c. to seal together the broken ends of DNA strands

d. to add nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand

20 - Which of the following events accompanies absorption of energy by chlorophyll molecules of the reaction-center complex?

Select one

a. An electron is excited

b. A molecule of water is split

c. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH

d. ATP is synthesized from the energy absorbed

21 - Which of the following would likely diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?

Select one

a. O2

b. Na+

c. an amino acid

d. sucrose

22 - Which domains of life are classified as prokaryotes?

Select one

a. Bacteria and Protista

b. Bacteria and Eukarya

c. Archaea and Fungi

d. Bacteria and Archaea

23 - Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a molecule of pyruvate?

Select one

a. acetyl CoA

b. citrate

C. ATP

d. water

24 - The voltage across a membrane is called the

Select one

a. osmotic potential

b. chemical gradient

c. electrochemical gradient

d. membrane potential
25 - An organism with a cell wall would most likely be unable to take in materials through..........

Select one:

a. facilitated diffusion

b. phagocytosis

c. active transport

d. osmosis

26 - A decrease in entropy is associated with which type of reaction?

Select one

a. hydrolysis

b. DE polymerization

c. dehydration

d. catabolic

27 - What are telomeres?

Select one:

a. the sites of origin of DNA replication

b. the ends of linear chromosomes

c. enzymes that elongate the DNA strand during replication

d. the structures that hold two sister chromatids together

28 - In the polymerization of DNA, a phosphodiester bond is formed between a phosphate group of the nucleotide being added
and which of the following atoms or molecules of the last nucleotide in the polymer?

Select one

a. C6

b. a nitrogen from the nitrogen-containing base

c. the 3' OH

d. the 5' phosphate

29 - Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location in eukaryotic cells?

Select one

a. mitochondrial intermembrane space

b. cytoplasm adjacent to the mitochondrial outer membrane

c. mitochondrial matrix

d. mitochondrial inner membrane

30 - In autumn, chlorophyll is degraded in the leaves of deciduous trees.

Why do the leaves change color to shades of yellow, orange, or red?

Select one:

a. Other pigments such as carotenoids are still present in the leaves

b. Sugars from sap fill the leaves prior to winter

c. In the absence of photosynthesis, the leaves produce energy exclusively by aerobic cellular respiration

d. Degraded chlorophyll changes into many other colors

31 - In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of a molecule of DNA, which of the following combinations of base pairs will be
found ?

Select one

a. A = G and C = T

b. G + C = T+ A

C. A + C = G +T

d. A = C

32 - The relationship between catabolism and anabolism is most similar to the relationship between which of the following pairs
of terms?

Select one:

a. exergonic; endergonic

b. work; free energy

c. exergonic; spontaneous

d. free energy; entropy

33 - The sodium-potassium pump is called an electronic pump because it................

Select one:

a. decreases the voltage difference across the membrane

b. generates voltage across the membrane

c. pumps equal quantities of Na+ and K+ across the membrane in opposite directions

d. is used to drive the transport of glucose against a concentration gradient

34 - Semiconservative replication involves a template.

What is the template?

Select one:

a. an RNA molecule

b. one strand of the DNA molecule

c. single-stranded binding proteins

d. DNA polymerase

35 - Where in a plant cell does the Calvin cycle take place?

Select one:

a. interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space)

b. outer membrane of the chloroplast

c. thylakoid membrane

d. stroma of the chloroplast

36 - Which of the following statements is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics for a living organism?

Select one:

a. The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity

b. Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter

c. An organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment

d. The energy content of an organism is constant

37 - Cilia and flagella bend because of.......

Select one

a. conformational changes in ATP that thrust microtubules laterally b. contraction by myosin

c. a motor protein called dynein

d. a motor protein called radial spokes

38 - Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle?

Select one

a. NADH and FADH2

b. NAD+ only

c. ADP and ATP

d. the electron transport chain

39 - Which of the following statements accurately describes the differences between DNA replication in prokaryotes and DNA
replication in eukaryotes?

Select one:

a. Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many

b. The rate of elongation during DNA replication is slower in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes

c. Prokaryotes produce Okazaki fragments during DNA replication, but eukaryotes do not

d. Prokaryotic chromosomes have histones, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes do not

40 - In which of the following organisms did the process of photosynthesis most likely originate?

Select one

a. in fungi

b. three separate times during evolution

c. in plants

d. in prokaryotes
41 - P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Given its function, why is this necessary?

Select one:

a. It transfers its electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

b. It is the receptor for the most excited electron in either photosystem of photosynthesis

c. It obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in a water molecule, so it must have a stronger attraction for electrons than
oxygen has

d. It is the molecule that transfers electrons to plastoquinone (Pq) of the electron transfer system

42 - In bacteria, DNA will be found in. L.

Select one:

a. ribosomes

b. the nucleoid

c. mitochondria

d. a membrane-enclosed nucleus

43 - Starting with one molecule of glucose, glycolysis results in the net production of which of the following sets of energy-
containing products?

Select one

a. 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate , and 2 ATP

b. 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate , and 2 ATP

c. 4 NADH, 2 pyruvate , and 4 ATP

d. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate , and 2 ATP

44 - The spontaneous loss of amino groups from adenine in DNA results in hypoxanthine, an uncommon base, opposite thymine.
What combination of proteins could repair such damage?

Select one:

a. telomerase, primase, DNA polymerase

b. nuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

c. telomerase, helicase, single-strand binding protein

d. DNA ligase, replication fork proteins, adenylyl cyclase

45 - Why are the reaction centers of photosystems composed of several structurally different pigments?

Select one:

a. This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengths

b. This arrangement enables the plant to absorb more photons from light energy, all of which are at the same wavelength

c. Excited electrons must pass through several pigments before they can be transferred to electron acceptors of the electron
transport chain

d. This arrangement enables the reaction center to excite electrons to a higher energy level

46 - Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? Select one

a. oxidation of NADPH

b. regeneration of the CO2 acceptor

c. release of oxygen

d. carbon fixation

47 - At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a
replication fork 'C CTAGGCIGCAATCC5 '3 An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the
following represents the primer sequence?

Select one:

'a. 5' G C C U A A G G 3

'b. 5' A C G U U A G G 3

'c. 5' A C G T T A G G 3

'd. 5' G C C T A G G 3

48 - Which of the following types of cells are affected most by telomere shortening?

Select one:

a. only eukaryotic cells

b. cells in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

c. only animal cells

d. only prokaryotic cells

49 - During which of the following metabolic processes is most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is released?

Select one:

a. electron transport

b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl - CoA

c. glycolysis

d. the citric acid cycle

50 - What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction?

-
pyruvate + NADH + H- Lactate + NAD

Select one:

a. lactate

b. pyruvate

c. Oxygen

d. NADH

51 - In E. coli, which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand in the 5' ----> 3' direction?

Select one:

a. DNA polymerase III

b. primase

c. helicase

d. DNA ligase

52 - According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids

Select one:

a. have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane

b. occurs in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane

c. frequently flip - flop from one side of the membrane to the other

d. can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

53 - Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in

Select one

a. mitochondria

b. chloroplasts

c. nuclei

d. Lysosomes

54 - Which of the following frequently imposes a limit on cell size?

Select one

a. ratios of surface area to volume

b. the number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm

c. the absence of a nucleus

d. the volume of the endomembrane system

55 - What is the basis for the difference in how the leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized?

Select one

a. DNA ligase works only in the 3' ----> 5' direction

b. The origins of replication occur only at the .5' end

c. DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only to the 3' end of a pre-existing strand, and the strands are antiparallel

d. Helicases and single-strand binding proteins work at the 5' end

56 - In his transformation experiments, what phenomenon did Griffith observe?

Select one

a. Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells
into the pathogenic form

b. Mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic strain makes the pathogenic strain
nonpathogenic c. Mice infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria can spread the infection to other mice

d. Infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to pathogenic strains
57 - Who performed classic experiments that supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication?

Select one

a. Hershey and Chase

b. Meselson and Stahl

c. Watson and Crick

d. Franklin and Wilkins

58 - During aerobic respiration, which of the following molecules directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at
the lowest energy level?

Select one

a. FADH2

b. water

C. ATP

d. NADH

59 - In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis occurs during

Select one

a. photosynthesis, respiration, and fermentation

b. respiration only

c. photosynthesis and respiration

d. photosynthesis only

60 - Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?

Select one

a. Each chemical reaction in an organism must increase the total entropy of the universe

b. If the entropy of a system decreases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe

c. If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe

d. If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the
universe
61 - Which of the following types of molecules help to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?

Select one

a. ligase

b. primase

c. single-strand DNA binding proteins

d. DNA polymerase

62 - What is the function of the enzyme topoisomerase in DNA replication?

Select one

a. building RNA primers using the parental DNA strand as a template

b. elongating new DNA at a replication fork by adding nucleotides to the existing chain

c. reattaching the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs in the double helix

d. relieving strain in the DNA ahead of the replication fork caused by the untwisting of the double helix

63 - The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

Select one

a. pyruvate

b. NAD+

C. water

d. oxygen

64 - The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with Select one

a. light energy

b. CO2 and ATP

c. H2O and NADPH

d. ATP and NADPH

65 - Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose

( C6H12O6 ) in aerobic cellular respiration?

Select one

a. 18 - 24

b. 2

c. 30 - 32

d. 4

66 - Which of the following processes occurs during the Calvin cycle? Select one

a. release of oxygen

b. production of ATP

c. regeneration of the CO2 acceptor

d. reduction of NADPH

67 - A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in :

Select one

a. Golgi vesicles

b. vacuoles

C. secretory vesicles

d. lysosomes

68 - Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the
nucleotides in this sample will be thymine ?

Select one

a. 16%

b. 58%

C. 8%

d. 42%
69 - Use the following information to answer the question below

The citric acid cycle

Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three acetyl CoA molecules

entering the citric acid cycle?

Select one:

a. 3 ATP, 3 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2

b. 6 ATP, 6 CO2, 3 NADH, and 12 FADH2

c. 3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2

d. 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

70 - Use the following information to answer the question below

Activity of various enzymes at various temperatures (a) and at various pH (b)

Which temperature and pH profile curves on the graphs are most likely associated with an enzyme isolated from a human
stomach where :conditions are strongly acid?

Select one:

a. curves 2 and 4

b. curves 1 and 5

c. curves 1 and 4

d. curves 3 and 4
71 - Use the following information to answer the question below

The figure illustrates the energy states associated with the reaction A + B <--> C+ D.

Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the non-enzyme-catalyzed

reaction in the figure?

Select one:

a. d

b. a

c. c

d. b
72 - Use the following figure to answer the question

What wavelength of light in the figure is most effective in driving photosynthesis?

Select one

a. 730 nm

b. 575 nm

C. 420 nm

d. 625 nm

.
73 - Use the figure to answer the following question

Referring to the figure, what bases will be added to the primer as DNA replication proceeds?

Select one

a. 3' G, T, C, G, T, C, T 5'

b. 5' A, G, A, C, G, A, C 3' c. 5'

c. 5', A, G, C, A, G, A 3'

d. 3' T, C, T, G, C, T, G 5'

.
74 - Use the figure to answer the following question

In the late 1950s, Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy"

(radioactive) nitrogen (13N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N (non- radioactive).

Which of the results in the figure would be expected after one round of DNA replication in the presence of 14N?

Select one:

a. b

b. a

c. c

d. d

.
75 -

How do cells use the ATP cycle illustrated in the figure?

Select one

a. Cells use the cycle to recycle energy released by ATP hydrolysis

b. Cells use the cycle to recycle ADP, phosphate, and the energy released by ATP hydrolysis

c. Cells use the cycle primarily to generate heat

d. Cells use the cycle to recycle ADP and phosphate

.
76 - Use the following information to answer the question below

Activity of various enzymes at various temperatures (a) and at various pH (b)

Which curves on the graphs may represent the temperature and pH profiles of an enzyme taken

from a bacterium that lives in a mildly alkaline hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?

Select one

a. curves 2 and 5

b. curves 3 and 4

c. curves 1 and 5

d. curves 3 and 5
77 - Use the following information to answer the question below

The figure illustrates the energy states associated with the reaction A + B <---> C+ D.

Which of the following terms best describes the forward reaction in the figure?

Select one

a. endergonic, ∆G > 0

b. exergonic, ∆G < 0

c. endergonic, ∆G < 0

d. exergonic, ∆G > 0

.
78 - component of the cell membrane in the figure with its description

Which component in the accompanying figure is hydrophilic?

Select one

a. B

b. C

C. A

d. D

.
79 - component of the cell membrane in the figure with its description

Which component in the accompanying figure plays a critical role in cell-cell recognition?

Select one

a. E

b. A

C. B

d. C

.
80 - component of the cell membrane in the figure with its description

Which component in the accompanying figure is a protein fiber of the extracellular matrix?

Select one

a. B

b. C

C. E

d. A