Chapter 3

Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections, 2e, Global Edition (Appling et al.
)
Chapter 3 The Energetics of Life
1) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Organisms are open systems as they can exchange both energy and materials with their
environments.
B) In an open system energy can be converted from one form to another.
C) Organisms are open systems as they can create energy from their environments.
D) Energy can be transferred between a system and the surroundings.
Answer: C
Bloom's Level: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome: 3.1
2) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Entropy is a measure of disorder.
B) The entropy of an isolated system will tend to increase to a maximum value.
C) Biological systems are highly ordered so entropy changes are not relevant.
D) Biological systems expend energy to overcome entropy.
Answer: C
3) A biochemical reaction will proceed in the direction as written if ________.

A) ΔG = 0
B) ΔG > 0
C) ΔG < 0
D) ΔH > 0
Answer: C
Bloom's Level: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing
4) Life is a(n) ________ process, such that it never comes to equilibrium.

A) Combustible
B) Reversible
C) Irreversible
D) Energetic
Answer: C
1
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5) The equilibrium constant of a reaction ________.
A) Is not related to the change in free energy of the reaction
B) Is the same as the mass action ratio when the reaction is displaced from equilibrium
C) Can change if the concentration of reactants and products are changed
D) Is related to the change in free energy of the reaction
Answer: D
6) The change in ________ for the complete oxidation of a fatty acid is the same, whether it
occurs via a biochemical pathway or combustion to CO2 and H2O.
A) Entropy
B) Enthalpy
C) Free energy
D) Heat capacity
Answer: B
7) A reaction at its lowest energy state for the system and with equal rates in the forward and
reverse directions is said to be under ________.
A) Exergonic conditions
B) Equilibrium conditions
C) Endergonic conditions
D) Anaerobic conditions
Answer: B
8) A reaction at equilibrium can be driven in one direction or the other by changing the
________ of reactants or products.
A) Volume
B) Temperature
C) Concentration
D) Melting point
Answer: C
2
9) A thermodynamically unfavorable reaction can become favorable if the mass action ratio is
________ than the equilibrium mass action ratio.
A) Less
B) More
C) The same as
D) Almost the same as
Answer: A
10) What is the equilibrium constant for the enzymatic hydrolysis of 0.1 M glucose-6-phosphate
to glucose and inorganic phosphate given that 0.05% of the original glucose-6-phosphate
remained after reaching equilibrium and the activity of water is unity?
A) 99.8
B) 199.8
C) 299.9
D) 399.8
Answer: B
11) The ΔGo of a reaction ________.

A) Will change if the temperature of the reaction is changed
B) Will change if the concentration of reactants and products are changed
C) Is not related to the equilibrium constant
D) Can be used to calculate whether a reaction is thermodynamically favorable under defined
non-standard conditions
Answer: D
12) Calculate the ΔG∘' for the reaction:

fructose-6-phosphate → glucose-6-phosphate
given the equilibrium constant is 1.97 and the physiological relevant temperature is 37°C.
A) +0.21kJ/mol
B) +1.75 kJ/mol
C) -1.75 kJ/mol
D) -0.21 kJ/mol
Answer: C
3
13) A thermodynamically unfavorable reaction can become favorable when coupled to a highly
________ reaction.
A) Endergonic
B) Exergonic
C) Neutral
D) Ionic
Answer: B
14) A reaction with a ________ free energy of hydrolysis can be coupled to the synthesis of ATP
from ADP and Pi.
A) Small positive
B) Small negative
C) Large positive
D) Large negative
Answer: D
15) In a general redox reaction, what becomes reduced?

A) The oxidant
B) The reductant
C) ATP
D) NADH
Answer: A
16) The standard reduction potential is a measure for the ability of a reductant to ________ an
electron.
A) Gain
B) Lose
C) Multiply
D) Divide
Answer: B
4
17) The standard reduction potentials for the following reactions are given below.
Pyruvate + 2H+ + 2e- → lactate E∘ = -0.190 V
NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- → NADH/H+ E∘ = -0.320V.
What is ΔG∘ for the overall spontaneous reaction, make use of the relationship between ΔE∘ and
ΔG∘?
A) 0k J/mol
B) 25 kJ/mol
C) -25 kJ/mol
D) 15 kJ/mol
Answer: C
18) A biochemical reaction will not proceed spontaneously in the direction if ________.
A) ΔG = 0
B) ΔG > 0
C) ΔG < 0
D) ΔH > 0
Answer: B
19) A biochemical reaction will proceed both backwards and forwards equally in the direction
written if ________.
A) ΔG = 0
B) ΔG > 0
C) ΔG < 0
D) ΔH > 0
Answer: A
20) In order to calculate ΔG of a reaction, what must we know?

A) Concentration of reactants only
B) Concentration of products only
C) The equilibrium constant
D) Whether a reaction is thermodynamically favorable or not
Answer: C
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21) The standard reduction potential is a measure of the ability of an oxidant to ________ an
electron.
A) Gain
B) Lose
C) Multiply
D) Divide
Answer: A
22) In a general redox reaction, what becomes oxidized?

A) The oxidant
B) The reductant
C) ATP
D) NADH
Answer: B
23) A reaction with a ________ free energy of hydrolysis can be coupled to the hydrolysis of
ATP to ADP and Pi.
A) Neutral
B) Small negative
C) Large positive
D) Large negative
Answer: C
24) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Organisms are open systems as they can exchange both energy and materials with their
environments.
B) In an open system energy cannot be converted from one form into another.
C) Organisms are open systems as they can create energy from their environments.
D) Energy cannot be transferred between a system and the surroundings.
Answer: A
25) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Entropy is a measure of order.
B) The entropy of an isolated system will tend to level to a minimum value.
C) Biological systems are highly ordered so entropy changes are not relevant.
D) Biological systems expend energy to overcome entropy.
Answer: D
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26) When Keq of a reaction = 1, then ________.
A) The forward reaction is faster than the reverse reaction
B) The reverse reaction is faster than the forward reaction
C) The forward and reverse reaction rate constants are equal
D) More products are formed than reactants
Answer: C
27) Most of the energy required for life on Earth is supplied by ________.
A) Geothermal energy
B) The sun
C) Cosmic radiation
D) The conversion of ADP to ATP
Answer: B
28) Which statement is TRUE about the Gibb's free energy of a reaction?
A) It is dependent on the concentrations of both products and reactants.
B) It is dependent only on the concentrations of the reactants.
C) It is dependent only on the concentrations of the products.
D) It is not dependent on the concentrations of either the products or reactants.
Answer: A
29) Which statement is TRUE about a reaction with an equilibrium constant, Keq, equal to
1000?
A) The forward rate constant is 1000 times greater than the reverse rate constant.
B) The forward rate constant is 3 times greater than reverse rate constant.
C) The forward rate constant is 1000 times smaller than the reverse rate constant.
D) The forward rate constant is 3 times smaller than the reverse rate constant.
Answer: A
30) If a reaction is at equilibrium, what is the free energy change?

A) It is always positive.
B) It is always negative.
C) It could be either positive or negative depending on the reaction.
D) It equals zero.
Answer: D
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31) Which statement is TRUE?
A) If ΔG is negative, then the rate of the reaction will be fast.
B) If ΔG is positive, then the rate of the reaction will be fast.
C) If ΔG is negative, then the rate of the reaction will be slow.
D) The reaction rate is independent of ΔG.
Answer: D
32) The study of the energy changes during metabolic reactions is called ________.
A) Bioinformatics
B) Metabodynamics
C) Thermometrics
D) Bioenergetics
Answer: D
33) A spontaneous chemical reaction always has a ________ change.

A) Positive Gibb's free energy
B) Negative Gibb's free energy
C) Positive enthalpy
D) Negative enthalpy
Answer: B
34) ________ and its laws are obeyed by living cells.

A) Metal catalysis
B) Cryogenics
C) Thermodynamics
D) Bioinformatics
Answer: C
35) The tendency of a metabolic reaction to proceed is due to the free energy of both the
reactants and products as well as the change in ________ of that reaction.
A) Orientation
B) Concentrations
C) Residues
D) Randomness
Answer: D
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36) Biochemical reactions are more likely to proceed if the reaction has ________ in entropy
(ΔS).
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) Stabilization
D) Surge
Answer: B
37) When Keq of a reaction is less than 1, then ________.

D) More products are formed than reactants
Answer: B
38) When Keq of a reaction is greater than 1, then ________.

D) More reactants are formed than products
Answer: A
39) Which statement is TRUE about a reaction with an equilibrium constant, Keq, equal to
0.001?
A) The forward rate constant is 1000 times greater than the reverse rate constant.
B) The forward rate constant is 3 times greater than reverse rate constant.
C) The forward rate constant is 1000 times smaller than the reverse rate constant.
D) The forward rate constant is 3 times smaller than the reverse rate constant.
Answer: C
40) A reaction with a ________ free energy of hydrolysis can be coupled to the phosphorylation
of ADP and Pi to ATP.
A) Neutral
B) Small negative
C) Large positive
D) Large negative
Answer: D
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41) If a reaction is exergonic, what is the free energy change?
A) It is positive.
B) It is negative.
D) It equals zero.
Answer: B
42) If a reaction is endergonic, what is the free energy change?

A) It is positive.
B) It is negative.
D) It equals zero.
Answer: A
43) A nonspontaneous chemical reaction always has a ________ change.

Answer: A
44) A spontaneous chemical reaction always has a ________ change.

Answer: B
45) Under standard conditions, a solution must be which of the following ________.
A) 1 atmosphere of pressure
B) The pure solute
C) 1 molar concentration
D) 2 molar concentration
Answer: C
10
46) Consider the reaction below which has a ΔG˚=+0.5kJ/mol:
A + B ←→ C + D
10M A, 10M B, 1M C and 1M D are added to a container at room temperature. Which of the
following statements is TRUE?
A) To reach equilibrium, reaction will proceed in the forward direction.
B) To reach equilibrium, reaction will proceed in the reverse direction.
C) To reach equilibrium, reaction will NOT proceed in either direction.
D) To reach equilibrium, reaction will proceed alternating between forward and reverse
direction.
Answer: A
47) Consider the reaction below which has a ΔG˚=+0.5kJ/mol:
Succinate + FAD ←→ Fumarate + FADH2
2mM of each compound are mixed and the reaction then proceeds to equilibrium. Which of the
following is a CORRECT statement about the concentration(s) of FAD at equilibrium?
A) [FAD] = 0
B) [FAD] > [FADH2]
C) [FAD] < [FADH2]
D) [FAD] = [FADH2]
Answer: B
48) Which of the following statements below is INCORRECT?

A) For a solution, the standard state is considered to be 1M.
B) For a pure solid, the standard state is considered to be the pure solid in its state.
C) For a gas, the standard state is considered to be 1 atm.
D) For a pure liquid, the standard state is considered to be 1M.
Answer: D
49) Why do biochemists use a changed value for standard ΔG values?

A) Because all reagents may not be at a 1 M.
B) Because the pH in living systems is rarely 0.
C) Because the concentration of water is not 1 M.
D) Because the reagents are not one molar at pH = 7.
Answer: B
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50) A spontaneous reaction is defined as one where ________.
A) Energy is released
B) Energy is absorbed
C) The energy change is zero
D) The reaction happens quickly
Answer: A
51) The term oxidation means ________.

A) The loss of a hydroxyl
B) The loss of an oxygen
C) The loss of electrons
D) The gain of electrons
Answer: C
52) The term reduction means ________.

A) The loss of a hydroxyl
B) The loss of an oxygen
C) The loss of electrons
D) The gain of electrons
Answer: D
53) Examine the biochemical reaction below:

CH3CH2OH + NAD+ ←→ CH3CHO + NADH + H+
Which of the following is the oxidizagent in the reaction?
A) EtOH
B) NAD+
C) NADH
D) Acetaldehyde
Answer: B
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Which of the following molecules is reduced in the aforesaid reaction?
A) EtOH
B) NAD+
C) NADH
D) Acetaldehyde
Answer: B

Which of the following is the molecule(s) that losses electrons?
A) EtOH
B) NAD+
C) NADH
D) Acetaldehyde
Answer: A

Which of the following products results from an oxidation of the substrate in the above reaction?
A) EtOH
B) NAD+
C) NADH
D) Acetaldehyde
Answer: D

Which of the following products from the reaction results from a reduction of a substrate?
A) EtOH
B) NAD+
C) NADH
D) Acetaldehyde
Answer: C
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58) Which of the following molecule(s) has a higher phospho-transfer potential than that of ATP
hydrolysis to ADP?
A) Pyrophosphate
B) AMP
C) Glycerol phosphate
D) Creatine phosphate
Answer: D
59) Which of the following molecule(s) has a lower phospho-transfer potential than that of ATP
hydrolysis to ADP?
A) Phosphoenol pyruvate
B) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Answer: C
60) Which of the following molecule(s) has a high enough phospho-transfer potential that it can
phosphorylate AMP to ATP?
A) Phosphoenol pyruvate
B) pyrophosphate
Answer: A
61) Consider the following reactions:
ATP → ADP + Pi ΔG˚°' = - 32 kJ/mol

Glucose-6-phosphate → Glucose + Pi ΔG˚' = - 15 kJ/mol
Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP ΔG˚' = ?
What will be the ΔG˚' for the final reaction?

A) -47 kJ/mol
B) -17 kJ/mol
C) +17 kJ/mol
D) +47 kJ/mol
Answer: B
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62) Which of the following best describes what happens to entropy of a particular molecule as
the number of resonance structures increases?
A) Entropy is decreased.
B) Entropy is increased.
C) Entropy is unchanged.
D) There is no correlation between entropy and the # of resonance structures.
Answer: B
63) The reaction A B has a ∆G of +40 J/mol. The reaction B C has a ∆G of -20 J/mol. The
overall energy change for A C is ________.
A) 60 J/mol
B) 20 J/mol
C) -20 J/mol
D) -60 J/mol
Answer: B
64) Which of the following below represent(s) endergonic processes?

A) Protein synthesis and active transport
B) Protein synthesis and oxidation of carbohydrates
C) Active transport and oxidation of carbohydrates
D) Oxidation of fats and of carbohydrates
Answer: A
65) Which of the following below represent(s) exergonic processes?

A) Protein synthesis and active transport
B) Protein synthesis and oxidation of carbohydrates
C) Active transport and oxidation of carbohydrates
D) Oxidation of fats and of carbohydrates
Answer: D
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Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections, 2e, Global Edition (Appling et al.

1) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

2) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

3) A biochemical reaction will proceed in the direction as written if ________.

4) Life is a(n) ________ process, such that it never comes to equilibrium.

11) The ΔGo of a reaction ________.

12) Calculate the ΔG∘' for the reaction:

15) In a general redox reaction, what becomes reduced?

20) In order to calculate ΔG of a reaction, what must we know?

22) In a general redox reaction, what becomes oxidized?

24) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

25) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

30) If a reaction is at equilibrium, what is the free energy change?

33) A spontaneous chemical reaction always has a ________ change.

34) ________ and its laws are obeyed by living cells.

37) When Keq of a reaction is less than 1, then ________.

38) When Keq of a reaction is greater than 1, then ________.

42) If a reaction is endergonic, what is the free energy change?

43) A nonspontaneous chemical reaction always has a ________ change.

44) A spontaneous chemical reaction always has a ________ change.

47) Consider the reaction below which has a ΔG˚=+0.5kJ/mol:

Succinate + FAD ←→ Fumarate + FADH2

48) Which of the following statements below is INCORRECT?

49) Why do biochemists use a changed value for standard ΔG values?

51) The term oxidation means ________.

52) The term reduction means ________.

53) Examine the biochemical reaction below:

55) Examine the biochemical reaction below:

56) Examine the biochemical reaction below:

57) Examine the biochemical reaction below:

61) Consider the following reactions:

ATP → ADP + Pi ΔG˚°' = - 32 kJ/mol

What will be the ΔG˚' for the final reaction?

64) Which of the following below represent(s) endergonic processes?

65) Which of the following below represent(s) exergonic processes?

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