Nucleotides

Chemistry Metabolism
: & .

Introduction :

Nucleotides nucleic acids

of DNA and RNA
°
are
precursors
.

° Nucleotides are also

components of important co -

enzymes
like
-1
and FAD and metabolic
regulators
MAD such
, as cAMP & cGMP .

Composition :

°
3
components -

base (
( as
Nitrogenous a
purine
( bi Pentose
sugar
or a
pyrimidine)
cc , Phosphate groups
.

Bases Present in Nucleic Acids :

o Two
types of Nitrogenous base = Purines 4 Pyrimidines .

Purine
byes :

( as
Adenine ( 6 -
amino
purine)
(
b, Guanine ( 2- amino 6- oxo
purine )

O O
T Purine Ring ]
O

•
other minor Purine bases :

( 6- oxo
purine ) ( 2-6 dioxopunk) ( 2-6-8 tri -
oxo
purine)
 Pyrimidine Base :

(a) Cytosine
( bi Thymine
(C) Uracil

. other modified Pyro imide bases :

(
as
Dihydro uracil
(
b, 5
methyl cytosine
-
.

Basic Names og Nucleosides .

Nucleotides and N Tri
-

phosphates :

Nucleosides : Nucleotides :

Nucleoside
-
triphosphate :

Nucleosides &
Nucleotides :
 Nucleotides
Biosynthesis of Purine :

•
It can be explained in two different pathways :

Novo
(a) De
Pathway
-

cb , salvage Pathway [ Dust

- bin -

Pathway ]

Deone Synthesis :

°
It involves three main steps :

(a) Ribose -
5 -

phosphate → IMP synthesis

( bi IMP → AMP synthesis
( c ) IMP → GMP synthesis

Ribose
-
- 5- Phosphate to IMP
-
synthesis :

step 1 : Amination
# f

material biosynthesis
-

Starling for Purine in Ribose - 5 -

P
,
a

product of HMP shunt .

Ribose
- -
5 -
P in converted into
Phosphor ibosyl pyrophosphate
by Pyro phospho kinase -

step : Addition g
Ng

step 3 :
Incorporation of C4 ,
C 5 and MF

step 4 : Addition g
cs

steps : Addition g
Ns

step 6 : Cyclisation ( closure y

Ring I

step 7 : Addition g
CG .

step to : Addition g Cz

steps Addition of Nt
:
slept :
cyclization .

Step 9 : Removal g
Fura mic Acid
 IMP to AMP :
-
-

the central intermediate both and GMP

IMP in
of AMP
• .

step : IMP to Adenylo Succinate by Adenylo Succinate

synthetase .

step# :
Adenylo Succinate to amp .

IMP to GMP :
-
-

step : IMP to XMP

,
this is
dehydrogenation via

enzyme
IMP -

dehydrogenase .

Step II : AMP in converted to GMP

by enzyme GMP
synthase .

Here Amino donor in Glutamate

group
.
 Salvage Pathway :

( is It ensures the
recycling of Purines formed by degradation of
Nucleotides Nucleosides and deoxy nucleosides also be
safer ;
. -
can

material
cii , PRPP in
starting .

( iii ,
The
free purines are
salvaged by two different enzymes ;

Adenine phosphor ibosyl

transferase ( APR ) Tane

Hypoxanthine guanine phosphor ibosyl transferase ( HG Phase )

( in The
Pathway in
special importance in tissues like RBC and brain
de not
where Novo
pathway in
operating .

Regulationshee -

is
 Degradation of Purine Nucleotides :

The end
product of nucleotide catabolism in acid
purine uric
°

curate )
degradation taking place mainly
.

. The in in liver .

°
Xanthine Oxidase in a

metallo
flavoprotein containing
FAD , molybdenum and Fe .

[ In I
 1) eNsof Pyrimidine :

°
The
pyrimidine ring in synthesized free pyrimidine as and
then it in
incorporated into nucleotide .

• The
pathway can be explained by following steps :

( i, Synthesis of Carbamoyl Phosphate

(2) Synthesis of Carbamoyl Aspartate
(3)
Ring closure form dihydro onotafe
to

of Dihydro
(4 ,
oxidation 0 rotate

Addition
of Ribose Phosphate moiety
⑦ .

161
Decarboxylation to form UMP .
For and
VIP ,
UTP CTP o
.

[ UMP → UDP → UTP → CTP )

Applied in Next Note !

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