NUCLEIC ACIDS A nucleotide :

P
polymers nucleotides phosphate
-

of
·

C H P S
N
Sugar
·

O pentose
DNA RNA ribose
>
-
dioxyribonuclies acid

RNA >
- ribonucleic acid DNA deoxyribose
B
-nitrogenous base

I I
DNA RNA ·

adenine

RNA
genomic DNA
DNE
t
+ guanine
DNA RNA
Me r
cytosine
·

DNA RNA
Ct m BNA
thymine
·

RNA uracil
·

ATP :

ADENOSINE
P
G
4
-
P

oxygen · 5

triphosphate *
L
↓
oxygen

⑰
-
O

A
- S

"I
m
·
I

· -

2
typesat nitrogenous bases :

made C and N :
one or two
rings af
up

pyrimidine purine
(one ring) (two rings)

M -
m L

3 H bonds
c

↑
- 2 H bonds
↓
a
polynucleotide strand

covelant bonds between Cs of the

the phosphate of are nucleotide and the

suger of another :

5' end
!
FOR DNA
P
↳ this is a Strand NOT MOLECULE
5
O
p

2 condensation
*
·

forming phosphodiester bond

·

a
P

50
p

i
3

z end

RNA

a I MRNA

OR

·
dEO E
*
TRNA

miPut e CII Ill base pairs to itself

TEs
 the DNA double helix

&E
It one molecule of DNA has 22 % adenine ,

m
determine the %. content of cytosine .

one complete
loop of DNA :
: . 22 %
of T as XA = T
10 base pairs
remainder = 100 -
(22 + 22) = 56

-
A = === T
C + G = 56 :. c = E =
28 %

or
-

C G

:
3
↑ I

E DNA molecule : double helix

-
O
complementary base
pairing
A = T
&
(hydrogen bonds) >
- 2

↑
antiparallel Strands

-
c = G
&

-
G = C

-
A - T

- 31
-

purine ramidine
+ ↑
5
sugar-phosphate
backbone
 I
.
9 DNA molecules :

no I has 23 % A 23 %. A 27 C 81
46
. -

2 has 21 % C bonds 23 % T 2 T G bonas

no
.

127 H bonds

When heated , which molecules strands

separate first

29 % A 21 % E
63
T-
molecule 2, H
less bonds bonds 29 %. T 21 % G bonds

which (II
require more
energy to H bonds

break
Large, long molecule can store lods of information
Strong (covalently bonded) sugar phosphate backbone - gives strength and structural
stability to the molecule
Double stranded helix - bases protected from outside change as they are on the
inside of the molecule
Two strands joined by lots of H bonds
The bases are joined by weak H bonds
There are 4 different bases - allowing huge variety in genetic information
The complementary base pairing allows accurate copying for new molecules and
formation of the correct protein.

I ↓
-

1.
n Separate strands by
- A breaking H bonds (DNA helicase)
T-

T
-

A
-

G
2 nucleotide base
Complementary
-

....
.

G with both (H bonds)

pairs strands

I I I ↓
-
C
G -

.
3 DNA nucleotides
= 2
are joined
C
-

-
G

A together (DNA polymerase)

-
-
T
A T
-
-

=
T
A T A
n
-

.
c
2

-
-

G
G
-

called semi-conservative

one
original strand replication

one new Strand

 DNA REPLICATION

4 enzymes : DNA helicase

DNA primase
DNA

I
polymerase
DNA
ligase

limitations : extends an
main
enzyme : exisiting
strand start
forms phosphodiester , not a new one ,

and only extends in one direction

bonds to
form the

new
polynucleotide
Strand

Q DNA helicase breaks the bonds between

hydrogen the two strands of the

molecule

&
primase Synthesis can oligonucleotide

primer :

free nucleotides associate with the

original
strand (complementary base pairs)

then the the

enzyme catalyses formation

bond
leadinged of the phosphodiester

- laggingand
*
the DNA extends
polymerase now

these and
primers synthesises the

new Strand
complementary

/
Okazaki
fragments
on the
lagging strand
.

by DNA
ligase

to extend ; DNA polymerase

doesn't join the
fragments
 & Semi-conservice

&
MESELSON -

STAHL

3 theories of DNA
replication :

a) ↳

disperie
conservative semi conservation a e

& &
:3 . .
bacteria in mechanism where N-Source "N
grow the has
·
a

·
extract some bacteria and them in a medium where the N-Source
grow
was N : allow one cell division

this the difference (heavy) light

·

allows
you to tell between
original and new

DNA

DNA and
extrac t some bacteria ,
lyse the cells ,
extract the
antrifuge on

restrictive medium
a
gel

CONTROLS
Spin speed
·

concentration
get
·

of

time
T
D

-
-

all IN I
all
 CELL DIVISION KEYWORDS

interphase gametes (a haploid

·

cell)

nuclear division >

-
mitosis meiosis which fuse
·

a
or to
form

division diploid tertilisation

·

cytoplasmic >
-
cytokinesis zygote in

haploid (n)
·

diploid (2n)

MITOSIS ME1OSIS

6
2
genetically identical daughter cells
.
·
4
(genetically different) daughter
Its each other and the original) cells

maintains the chromosome number

·

halves chromosome number

2n >
- 2n 2n - n

n >
-
n

O
in
fertilisation
- >
gamete
① no mitosis - >
Zygate

(
n -

I
adult stage >
-

plant
mitosis

- admit
meiosis stage animal

=
④
-"O
-
② mitosis
- S
O
↳
I >
- admst
mitosis stage ->
fungi
O