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DEFINITION Evolution regards to population is the change in allele frequencies in a population over time
Gene
Micro evolution ,
or evolution on a small scale ,
is defined as a change in the frequency of gene variants , alleles ,

> A segment Of DNA that serves as a unit

in population over generation .

Of hereditary information

various alleles at all gene loci in individuals make up the gene pool of the population .

Population

> A group of organism of a single species

The gene pool is the set of all genes ,
or genetic information ,
in any population ,
usually of a particular species .

at a particular area at the same time .

Gene pool can be described in terms of allele frequencies .

Population genetics Gene Pool

meaning :
The gene pool is
> The
study of this diversity in terms only Locus ✗ is shown ,

the sum of with three alleles

of allele differences .

all alleles .

-1 ( Xi ,
✗a ,
and ✗ 3)

ftp.io~populatiory-nnfmnT as

to

Each individual
v v genotype is
Allele frequencies Genotype frequencies represented by
an oval .

It is the proportion of each allele The genotype frequencies of a

within a population 's gene pool .

non evolving population can be

described by the expression ;

frequency
f- of the dominant and recessive
PZ + zpqt g.
2 = 1 Hardy -

Weinberg Equilibrium
( HW E)
allele must add up to 1 P - 5
.

Homozygous Heterozygous Homozygous

dominant recessive
Allele frequencies are the percentage A population whose allele and genotype frequencies
genotype genotype

freauency Fremen CY
of alleles in a gene pool . do not change from generation is said to be at

genetic equilibrium or HWE

Micro evolution involves a change in these

The allele and genotype frequencies of the population

allele frequencies within populations over time .

will follow the HWE principle only if the population

If the gene frequencies do not change over
is not evolving .

time ,
micro evolution has not occurred .

p t 1 Large gene pool

9 =
No mutation
✗ A large population
-

-
no new allele
dominant recessive arise

No migration
-
no exchange of - population will remain
allele with
constant as summing :

other population

Hardy Weinberg proportions

-
can be used to determine if evolution has occurred .

No selection
-

Natural selection
Random mating
does not favor one
select mates at
-

genotype
random
 Hardy -

Weinberg Equilibrium and Micro evolution

- No change in allele frequencies . No change in allele frequencies

'
Allele frequencies change

change in genotype frequencies Genotype frequencies change

'
. No .
Genotype frequencies change
Evolution has not occurred Evolution has not occurred Evolution has occurred

① Genetic mutations
the raw material for evolutionary ( gene migration )
→

change . ② Gene flow

→ provide new alleles →
Gene flow is the movement of

alleles between populations

→ some mutations might be more
adaptive than others .
When organism migrate .

→ mutation that is not repaired can → Individuals migrate into or out of

effect gene pool of population only population change allele frequency

if they are transmitted from prior in next generation .

to subsequent generations .

→ continual gene flow reduces genetic

divergence

i
between populations .

( perbezaan )

④ Nonrandom mating
g- gene, , , ,µ ,.mg , ,µpµ , .n ,, ,
it occurs when individuals → changes in allele frequencies of
µ ,g ,,µµy,
→ a

do not choose mates randomly population due to chance events .

( selective ) Factors → chance events remove allele of individuals

at random from population

Assortative mating ( selective mating )
.

→ :

§
→ Factors that can contribute to genetic
drift
select mates with
Reject mates
the same phenotype
> with differing
with respect to a
Phenotype .

certain characteristic

muggy µ , ,
µ ,
②
Bottleneck effect
Play an important frequency of Founder effect
role in the evolution ( homozygotes for . Genetic drift that causes the loss . It happened when few individuals
certain loci
population
⑤
of a . .

Natural selection of genetic diversity due to

from a large population establish /
→ mechanism of fluctuation in the environment
evolutionary .

colonise in a new area .

change caused by environmental

selection of organisms most fit example : Food supply depletion ,
disease outbreak and
to reproduce .
,

natural disasters .

( organism with the best suited

large population to low population
characteristics survive and
reproduce ) .

Major cause of micro evolution