10.

1 MEIOSIS

Contrast Diploid Haploid

haploid t
2h n
diploid
- -

set of
chromosome
2 sets of
-

single
chromosomes
number chromosomes
23
Inhumans : 46 In humans
- :
-

somatic cells
gametes
-

-
in
in

In diploid organisms ,
the chromosomes
& the members of
• crew in pairs ,
chromosomes
homologous
.
each pair are

Homologous
chromosomes
n-nomologc.us
chromosomes
trait
have for the same
genes
-

but different alleles

same
- loom alive with

& size
centromere position

chromosomes
replicating
y
How does
meiosis
reduce
chromosome

number?
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ each

the
type

separation
metaphase plate -
:
at the

other combos : reduces the number

2h
① ④
to is
from
10.2 GENETIC VARIATION
survival of
-

Important for long -term

species because it increases

genetic
variation of a population
Importance -
if the environment changes ,
it
gives
of
geneticto better chance
to survive

offspring and this

a
some
variation the
increases
I reproduce
genetic ? of
passing
their
genes
to
change possibility
generation
the nest

bivalent !
when non sister chromatids are in a

I
crossing
p
in meiosis

④
,

→ over occurs
and
How
crossing of
over contributes
there is an
exchange genetic
there is
recombination
genetic
to a
information ;
variation ?
of alleles

chromosomes
In Meiosis I,
homologous called
the

separate independently & its

This is
assortment
independent
.

randomly decided
& contributes to

variation because of the many

chromosomes
How independent different possibilities the

can
assortment at the osynap Formal complex
contributes to
form .

genetic
variation ?
10.3 PHASES OF MEIOSIS

PropuaseI-
What the chromosomes
forms homologous
are the
-
spindle ;
of 2 sister chromatids
phases consist of
meiosis & between non - sister
possible
crossing
-
over

events chromatids
major
MserI crossing oeuvres
over
that occur
-

@
in each -
bivalent are
aligned metaphase plate

phase ? - here is where independent assortment

of chromosomes contributes to
genetic
variability of
daughter cells .

Auapu-
bivalent separate but
of each
-

homologs 2h → n
sister chromatids are still
joined ;
TelopuaseI_
How does form
but nuclear envelopes
-

not necessary new

meiosis
Interlines is
reduce the -

rest phase before meiosis II

chromosome -

II from meiosn.SI
of chromosomes @ metaphase plate
diploid to -

alignment
haploid? AnapnaeI
-
sister chromatids separate & cytokinesis
cells
creates 4
daughter
10-4 MITOSIS V5 MEIOSIS

*
Compare/ contrast NO

]
genetic
in
change
chromosome
number , variability
in

genetic mitosis
variability
,

because

we
daughter
# of
mm
.in ,, no

recombination
is meiosis .

Contrast I, bivalent
→ In mitosis , prophase
I
prophase ovens while
form & over
of mitosis
in
crossing of
mitosis none
this occurs .

vs meiosis?

In metaphase I of bivalent
@ plate 4 chromatids
align metaphase .

each on paired chromosomes .

Compare individual
chromosome metaphase
of
1mito
chromosomes @ metaphase
alignment align
mitosis each with chromatids
during plate 2 .

& meiosis I
I 0.5 CYCLE OF LIFE
Life cycle → all the reproductive events that

Contrast next
the
occur
from one
generation
to

plant & generation

plant &nimalS_
animal life
haploid + diploid
cycles alternate
phases
-

gametes

Describe

spermatogenesis
& in
oogenesis
humans
 r

10.6 CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME

NUMBER + STRUCTURE

correct number of
uploidy
F- →

Euploidy
vs
chromosomes in species
chromosome
aneuploidy due
change → in

Aneuploidy number to meiosis nondisjunction

① to
11 copy) Trisomy ( 32 copies)
Monosonny
-
- -
-

How
-
- - -

nondisjunction NDJ
causes
Monosomy
→
primary
or
secondary NDT
secondary
+
monotony or

trisomy trisomy →
primary
aneuploidy - - - -
-
-
- -

✗0
Turner syndrome :
Diseases
caused by
Kleinfeeler syndrome : XXY
changes
in

✗ chromosomes
Poly -
✗ females XXX +

Jacobs
-
syndrome :
ayy
- - -
- -

how
changes
- - -

in chromosome
Deletion
]
cause

structure may
abnormalities
lead to disease Duplication

Translocation
miscarriage
-

Inversion -
no abnormalities