Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Hazardous Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhazmat

Towards environmental sustainability in the local community: Future

insights for managing the hazardous pollutants at construction sites
Juwon Hong a, Hyuna Kang a, Jongbaek An a, Jinwoo Choi a, Taehoon Hong a, *, Hyo Seon Park a,
Dong-Eun Lee b
a
Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
b
School of Arch, Civil, Environment, and Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Editor: L. Eder Although various technologies are being developed in the construction industry, management technologies for
achieving environmental sustainability in the local community are still lacking. As such, this study suggests
Keywords: future insights for the development of an automated intelligent environment management system for the pro­
Construction industry motion of environmental sustainability in the local community, through a systematic review of 1,707 relevant
Pollutants management
literature. The systematic review was conducted in two steps: (i) quantitative review: keyword co-occurrence and
Systematic review
trend analysis; and (ii) qualitative review: a review on monitoring, evaluation, and improvement technologies.
New technology
Application strategy As a result, the research level related to the local-level pollutants (noise, vibration, and dust) was found to be
Intelligent system quantitatively insufficient, and the limitations of the existing technologies for these pollutants were presented.
Eventually, to overcome these limitations, new technologies and application strategies that can be applied to
construction sites as future research roadmap to effectively manage the hazardous pollutants were proposed.
Furthermore, an intelligent management system should be developed, and the management of environmental
complaints is also necessary for environmental sustainability at the local level in the construction industry. As a
fundamental study, this study could become a benchmark for future researches dealing with environmental
sustainability and hazardous pollutants in the construction industry.

1. Introduction
To solve various environmental issues worldwide, the construction
industry is taking the lead in implementing sustainability measures by
applying eco-friendly technologies (in line with the sustainable devel­
opment goals defined by United Nations (UN) (United Nations Dev.
Program, 2020; Hill and Bowen, 1997; Shen et al., 2007). Moreover,
with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, new intelligent technologies
(artificial intelligence (AI), information and communications technol­
ogy (ICT), virtual reality (VR), etc.) are intended to be rapidly intro­
duced in the construction industry (Yeom et al., 2020a; Bradley et al.,
1993; Alsafouri and Ayer, 2018). Despite the development of these
innovative technologies, environmental sustainability at the local or
global level has yet to be achieved due to the indiscriminate use of en­
ergy, overconsumption of materials, and emission of hazardous pollut­
ants (Abergel et al., 2017; Hong et al., 2014a).
To address these issues, a wide range of researches on pollutants
were conducted (Kim, 2010; Wi et al., 2020; Osmani et al., 2008; Hos­
sain et al., 2019). Also, many studies were conducted on environmental
sustainability in the construction industry, and future research roadmap
was proposed through a systematic review based on previous studies
(Araújo et al., 2020; Det Udomsap and Hallinger, 2020; Francis and
Thomas, 2020; Badi and Murtagh, 2019; Kabirifar et al., 2020). Araújo
et al. (2020) and Det Udomsap and Hallinger (2020) suggested insights
into the research field on environmental sustainability in the construc­
tion industry. Francis and Thomas (2020) and Badi and Murtagh (2019)
presented the directions of research on each lean construction and
supply chain management to achieve environmental sustainability in
the construction industry. Kabirifar et al. (2020) proposed the contrib­
uting factors for effectively managing the construction and demolition
waste (CDW). In a word, these studies only reviewed either the entire
research field on environmental sustainability in the construction in­
dustry or on only one category (management methods or pollutants).
These review studies focused more on hazardous pollutants at the global

* Corresponding author at: Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
E-mail addresses: juwonae@yonsei.ac.kr (J. Hong), hyuna_kang@yonsei.ac.kr (H. Kang), ajb2577@yonsei.ac.kr (J. An), jinwoo818@yonsei.ac.kr (J. Choi),
hong7@yonsei.ac.kr (T. Hong), hspark@yonsei.ac.kr (H.S. Park), dolee@knu.ac.kr (D.-E. Lee).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123804
Received 24 June 2020; Received in revised form 6 August 2020; Accepted 24 August 2020
Available online 2 September 2020
0304-3894/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
J. Hong et al.
level (CDW, greenhouse gases (GHGs), etc.) than on the local level
(noise, vibration, dust, etc.). The pollutants that are generated contin­
uously at construction sites, however, can not only contaminate the
environment of the local community but also cause serious health
problems and property loss for the local residents (Li et al., 2016;
Wong-McSweeney et al., 2016a). As the damage to the local community
from these hazardous pollutants increases, environmental conflicts be­
tween construction firms and local residents continue to arise, which is
considered a major social problem (Eom and Paek, 2009; Central
Environmental Dispute Mediation Committee, 2018). Accordingly, to
minimize the environmental problems in the local community, envi­
ronmental sustainability should be achieved by effectively managing the
pollutants arising from construction sites.
This study, which was motivated by the desire to achieve environ­
mental sustainability, carried out a systematic review of the relevant
literature with the following questions: (i) What is the research level
Fig. 1. PRISMA flowchart.
2
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
required to achieve environmental sustainability in the construction
industry for the local community?; and then (ii) What are the new
strategies for environmental sustainability in the construction industry?
Through the systematic review, future research roadmap for developing
a pollutant management system was suggested to achieve environ­
mental sustainability in the construction industry at the local level.
Following this introduction, the review methodology that was
employed in this study from the quantitative and qualitative perspec­
tives is described in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 provides the research interests
and trends on environmental sustainability in the construction industry
based on the results of the quantitative review. Chapter 4 analyzes the
management technologies for environmental sustainability at the local
level in an in-depth way based on the results of the qualitative review,
focusing mainly on the monitoring, evaluation, and improvement
technologies. Then the limitations of the previous studies that need to be
overcome in the future were also analyzed. As a result, Chapter 5
J. Hong et al.
discusses the new insight and future research roadmap for managing
hazardous pollutants in the construction industry, and Chapter 6 pro­
poses open-research challenges with the end in view of achieving
environmental sustainability in the local community. Finally, Chapter 7
presents the conclusion, with the study’s contributions and limitations.
2. Review methodology
First of all, the target studies were extracted by conducting the
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
(PRISMA) methodology (refer to Fig. 1) (Moher et al., 2009; Mayeda
and Boyd, 2020; Schweiker et al., 2020). As the Scopus database has a
broader coverage of scientific publications compared to other databases
(Web of Science, Google Scholar, etc.), records were collected from the
Scopus database in this study (Mongeon and Paul-Hus, 2016; Zhao et al.,
2019).
As shown in Fig. 1, in phase 1 (identification), records related to
management technologies for achieving environmental sustainability in
the construction industry were collected using the keywords defined
according to the following three categories: (i) construction industry:
construction industry, construction project, and construction site; (ii)
environmental sustainability: environment* and sustainab* (Boolean (*)
identified all the different forms of the word); and (iii) technology:
management, monitoring, reduction, mitigation, improvement, conser­
vation, and evaluation. As a result, when a search using these keywords
was made in the Scopus database, a total of 11,332 records were iden­
tified. In phase 2 (screening), the records identified in phase 1 were
screened using the following three steps: (i) the document type was
limited to “article,” which represents the most influential records in the
scientific analysis (Darko et al., 2020); (ii) records that do not fit the
research scope were excluded based on the contents of the title and
abstract (i.e., whether records are related to the construction industry,
construction phase, and environmental sustainability); and (iii) the
language was limited to English, the most widely spoken language in the
world and no limit was placed on the data range so that all the relevant
records published across the entire period could be analyzed. Through
this screening phase, a total of 9,157 records were screened from among
the 11,332 identified records. In phase 3 (eligibility), the same research
scope as that in phase 2 was applied to evaluate the eligibility of the
full-text records, and in this process, 468 records were removed from the
review. In phase 4 (included), 9,625 records that do not fit the purpose of
this study were removed through PRISMA, and a total of 1,707 records
(previous studies suitable for the purpose of this paper, to conduct a
systematic review) were selected as a result.
2.1. Quantitative review of environmental sustainability in the
construction industry
In the previous step, all the studies related to environmental sus­
tainability in the construction industry were extracted. In this study, a
quantitative review was performed to objectively analyze and evaluate
the research interests and trends on hazardous pollutants at the local
level in the target research field.
First, keywords in studies are essential information that implies the
concepts related to the subject matter of a paper. Therefore, to analyze
the interests regarding each target research field (i.e., keywords),
keyword co-occurrence analysis was performed to yield statistical in­
formation (related to the number of studies with a pair of keywords)
indicating the relationship between the keywords and interests for each
keyword (Darko et al., 2020; Zou et al., 2019). The visualized results of
the keyword co-occurrence analysis, the keyword co-occurrence
network, were generated via the VOSviewer 1.6.14 software (van Eck
and Waltman, 2013). The keyword co-occurrence network consists of
nodes (i.e., keyword), edge (i.e., the relation between two keywords),
and strength (i.e., the attribute of each link [positive numerical value]).
In this network, the higher the strength of a pair of keywords is, the
3
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
higher the number of studies in which these keywords occur at the same
time. In addition, the level of interest for each keyword was determined
through the following three standards: (i) total link strength; (ii) link;
and (iii) occurrence. Total link strength is the sum of the strengths of all
the edges for a keyword; the larger its value is, the higher the interre­
lationship with other keywords (Pauna et al., 2019; Skaf et al., 2020;
Martinez et al., 2019a). Link is the total number of edges for a keyword;
the greater its value is, the more diverse the keywords that occur
concurrently (Lee and Su, 2010; Martinez et al., 2019b). Occurrence is
the number of articles containing a keyword; the larger its value is, the
greater the number of articles containing the keyword.
In general, to conduct keyword co-occurrence analysis, the keywords
should be sorted out, and the analysis methods to use should be decided
as follows. First, the keywords were sorted out by unifying the keywords
with similar meanings into one keyword (e.g., “life cycle assessment”
and “LCA” were unified into “life cycle assessment”) and dividing a
keyword with multiple meanings into multiple keywords (e.g., “reuse
and recycling” was divided into “reuse” and “recycling”). Second, to
create a keyword co-occurrence network, the counting method and the
minimum number of occurrences should be determined. The counting
method determines the strength and is divided into full counting (sets
the weight of strength equal for each co-occurrence) and fractional
counting (sets the fractional weight of strength for each co-occurrence
according to the number of keywords in an article). For example,
when there is n number of keywords in two articles, full counting sets
the weights of strength for each article equally to 1, whereas fractional
counting sets the weights differently to 1/(n-1). Based on the previous
studies suggesting that fractional counting is preferable to full counting
through the theoretical considerations and the empirical analyses
(Perianes-Rodriguez et al., 2016), this study created a keyword
co-occurrence network using the fractional counting method. Also, the
number of keywords appearing in the keyword co-occurrence network
varies depending on the minimum number of occurrences. Accordingly,
several attempts were made to establish the minimum number of oc­
currences that could form the most optimal, controllable, legible, and
reproducible network (Darko et al., 2020; Hosseini et al., 2018). After
determining the keyword sorting and analysis methods to be used, a
keyword co-occurrence network can be created through VOSviewer
1.6.14.
Second, the research trends are essential information for identifying
the variability of interest for each field and research in time series.
Through the trend analysis conducted in this study, it was possible to
grasp the recent researches that had been conducted related to envi­
ronmental sustainability, their trend, and how they are commercially
used. Ultimately, by analyzing the recent research trends in this study,
various studies on environmental management technologies that need to
be performed in the future for the achievement of environmental sus­
tainability can be identified. Accordingly, the research trend analysis
was conducted using the data on the number of publications per year of
papers related to the target research field. Research trend analysis was
also conducted on the hazardous pollutants determined in the keyword
co-occurrence analysis. As a result, the interest levels and trends for each
hazardous pollutant were analyzed through the number and tendency of
publications.
2.2. Qualitative review of the technology for managing the local-level
pollutants
The research interests and trends were analyzed based on the
quantitative data from the previous studies, through the quantitative
review discussed in Chapter 2.1. Based on the results of the quantitative
review, in this chapter, new insights into technologies for managing the
pollutants from construction sites were sought to archive materials on
environmental sustainability in the local community. Therefore, among
the extracted studies, studies on environmental sustainability at the
local level in the construction industry were qualitatively reviewed in an
J. Hong et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804

in-depth way. Table 1

Based on the previous studies on the method of effectively managing Interest ranks of the keywords on environmental sustainability in the con­
various types of environment (Batsungnoen et al., 2020; Liu et al., struction industry determined using keyword co-occurrence analysis.
2020a; Hong et al., 2019a, 2020; Koo et al., 2015; Kang et al., 2019; Keywords Total link Links Occurrences Rank
Hong et al., 2018), the hazardous pollutant management technologies strength
required to achieve environmental sustainability at the local level were Construction and 127 (1) 50 (2) 155 (2) 1
classified into the following three categories: (i) monitoring technology: demolition waste
technique for monitoring the amount of hazardous pollutants and fac­ Life cycle assessment 125 (2) 44 (4) 166 (1) 2
Waste management 89 (4) 47 (3) 104 (3) 3
tors affecting their emissions and dispersion spread (e.g., construction
Construction 77 (5) 57 (1) 93 (5) 4
equipment, weather, etc.); (ii) evaluation technology: technique for Recycling 90 (3) 39 (5) 103 (4) 5
evaluating the impact of hazardous pollutants on various members of Environmental impact 55 (6) 39 (5) 67 (7) 6
the local community (e.g., construction firm, workers, local residents, Sustainable 43 (8) 39 (5) 60 (7) 7
etc.); and (iii) improvement technology: technique for improving the development
Carbon dioxide 44 (7) 31 (11) 48 (9) 8
environmental sustainability by reducing the levels of hazardous pol­ Environmental 38 (10) 30 (13) 54 (8) 9
lutants and the level of damage to the local community. Finally, the management
statuses and limitations of the researches on these technologies were Sustainable 35 (13) 33 (19) 48 (9) 10
analyzed through qualitative review. Furthermore, this study attempted construction
Building 35 (13) 35 (8) 38 (13) 11
to lay the foundation for future research roadmap that could help in
Emission 38 (10) 30 (13) 42 (12) 12
more effectively managing the hazardous pollutants emitted from con­ Energy 32 (15) 35 (11) 38 (13) 13
struction sites. Concrete 40 (9) 24 (19) 48 (9) 14
Green building 28 (17) 31 (24) 38 (13) 15
Reuse 36 (12) 24 (19) 38 (13) 16
3. Research interest and trends analysis through quantitative
Environment 30 (16) 24 (19) 36 (18) 17
review Greenhouse gas 28 (17) 24 (19) 36 (18) 18
Construction 25 (21) 28 (16) 33 (22) 19
3.1. Interests of environmental sustainability in the construction industry management
Waste 25 (21) 29 (15) 29 (24) 20
Project management 27 (19) 23 (24) 32 (23) 21
This study analyzed the related keywords and interest levels for each
Reduction 25 (21) 27 (17) 26 (28) 22
hazardous pollutant in the research field with respect to environmental Recycled aggregate 26 (20) 21 (29) 35 (21) 23
sustainability in the construction industry. Keyword co-occurrence Embodied energy 22 (26) 25 (18) 28 (26) 24
analysis was conducted on keywords with more than ten occurrences Management 25 (21) 21 (29) 27 (27) 25
in 1,707 studies extracted for the purpose of the study. As a result, 79 Fly ash 21 (27) 19 (37) 37 (17) 26
China 21 (27) 21 (29) 26 (28) 27
keywords were selected among 3,794 keywords, and a keyword co- Dust 21 (27) 20 (34) 29 (24) 28
occurrence network composed of 79 nodes and 784 edges was built Building material 19 (31) 23 (24) 25 (30) 29
(refer to Fig. 2). To compare the interest level of each keyword, this Building information 19 (31) 22 (27) 22 (34) 30
study also deduced the values and rankings of the total link strength, modeling
Circular economy 19 (31) 21 (29) 21 (35) 31
links, and occurrences, and determined the interest ranks based on the
Life cycle 17 (34) 23 (24) 18 (39) 32
average rank of the three items (refer to Table 1). However, since there is Hong Kong 21 (27) 17 (41) 23 (32) 33
a diverse range of keywords categories (e.g., methodology, target, ob­ Compressive strength 24 (25) 11 (59) 36 (18) 34
ject, etc.), there are limitations in classifying the research field and Waste minimization 16 (37) 21 (29) 19 (36) 35
analyzing the interest levels of each classified field through all key­ Carbon emission 15 (38) 20 (34) 23 (32) 36
Environmental 14 (41) 22 (27) 18 (39) 37
words. In this study, research fields were classified based on the haz­ performance
ardous pollutants affecting the different ranges of community (global Analytic hierarchy 15 (38) 20 (34) 18 (39) 38
and local levels), and then the research topics and interests in each field process
were analyzed with a focus on hazardous pollutants . Industrial ecology 17 (34) 18 (39) 18 (39) 39
Construction material 15 (38) 17 (41) 18 (39) 40
Climate change 17 (34) 17 (41) 17 (45) 41
• Construction and demolition waste (CDW): The waste generated in the Environmental 13 (43) 12 (54) 19 (36) 42
construction and demolition phases was selected as a node that re­ management system
ceives the most interest among all the keywords. Due to waste- Malaysia 13 (43) 17 (41) 15 (50) 43
related emissions (e.g., carbon dioxide [CO2]), waste is recognized Road construction 12 (45) 19 (37) 14 (53) 44
Energy efficiency 12 (45) 16 (45) 17 (45) 45
as a hazardous pollutant that causes environmental problems at the Environmental impact 11 (51) 15 (48) 19 (36) 46
global level (Singh et al., 2014; Wilson and Velis, 2015). Therefore, assessment
in some previous studies, life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle Noise 14 (41) 8 (69) 24 (31) 47
cost analysis (LCCA) was performed to assess the impacts of CDW on Lean construction 12 (45) 15 (48) 16 (48) 48
Durability 12 (45) 14 (52) 15 (50) 49
the environment and costs during its life cycle (Khan and Ali, 2020;
Demolition 12 (45) 16 (45) 12 (61) 50
Jain et al., 2020; Buyle et al., 2019; Iuorio et al., 2019). In addition, Prefabrication 9 (63) 24 (19) 10 (74) 51
various concepts (circular economy (Rose et al., 2018; Gálvez-Martos LEEDa 11 (51) 15 (48) 12 (61) 52
et al., 2018), lean construction (Heigermoser et al., 2019; Vilventhan Life cycle analysis 10 (55) 18 (39) 11 (68) 53
et al., 2019; Yin et al., 2014), [green] supply chain management Flexural strength 12 (45) 10 (64) 13 (55) 54
Environmental issue 11 (51) 12 (54) 12 (61) 55
(Nguyen et al., 2019; Akdag and Beldek, 2017; Beldek et al., 2016), Life cycle cost analysis 11 (51) 15 (48) 11 (68) 56
etc.), including recycling and reuse, and methodologies (building Green construction 10 (55) 11 (59) 13 (55) 57
information modeling [BIM] (Guerra et al., 2019; Jalaei et al., 2019; Pollution 10 (55) 10 (64) 15 (50) 58
Cheng and Ma, 2013), multi-criteria decision analysis (Banias et al., Multi-criteria decision 9 (63) 13 (53) 13 (55) 59
analysis
2010), system dynamics (Ding et al., 2018; Chinda et al., 2018), etc.)
Particulate matter 8 (69) 10 (64) 18 (39) 60
were used for the management and minimization of CDW. In 10 (55) 16 (45) 10 (74) 61
conclusion, as CDW has been recognized as the most serious problem (continued on next page)
among the hazardous pollutants arising from the construction

4
J. Hong et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804

Table 1 (continued ) Most of the previous relevant studies mainly focused on promoting
Keywords Total link Links Occurrences Rank industrial ecology rather than assessing the negative impacts of these
strength pollutants, which are not hazardous pollutants from the construction
Supply chain
industry.
management • Noise, vibration, and dust: Among the hazardous pollutants that cause
Assessment 10 (55) 11 (59) 12 (61) 62 damages to the local community, noise, vibration, and dust
Cement 8 (69) 12 (54) 13 (55) 63 (including particulate matter [PM]) were selected as nodes. In some
Construction process 10 (55) 7 (74) 14 (53) 64
previous studies, exposure assessment was performed to investigate
Procurement 9 (63) 11 (59) 12 (61) 65
Mechanical property 8 (69) 8 (69) 17 (45) 66 the health hazards of noise and dust on the construction workers
Exposure assessment 10 (55) 7 (74) 13 (55) 67 (Sanjel et al., 2018; Hadzi-Nikolova et al., 2018; Seixas et al., 2003;
United Kingdom 10 (55) 8 (69) 12 (61) 68 Taylor et al., 2002). Some studies analyzed the impacts of the vi­
System dynamics 9 (63) 12 (54) 11 (68) 69 bration and dust generated from drilling and crushing operations
Air pollution 9 (63) 8 (69) 13 (55) 70
Australia 9 (63) 9 (67) 12 (61) 71
(Rempel et al., 2019; Jabbour et al., 2017). Among the technologies
Vibration 7 (73) 6 (79) 16 (48) 72 selected as nodes, only BIM was used to visualize dust data (Smaoui
Sustainable building 7 (73) 12 (54) 10 (74) 73 et al., 2018). The research interest rankings of noise, vibration, dust,
Green supply chain 8 (69) 9 (67) 11 (68) 74 and PM were 47, 72, 28, and 60, respectively, lower than those of all
management
the other hazardous pollutants (i.e., CDW, CO2, GHG, and fly ash). In
Built environment 6 (77) 11 (59) 11 (68) 75
Strength 7 (73) 7 (74) 11 (68) 76 addition, noise, vibration, dust, and PM all showed a smaller
Microstructure 6 (77) 8 (69) 10 (74) 77 research interest than occurrences in terms of total link strength and
Constructions worker 7 (73) 7 (74) 10 (74) 78 link. In other words, noise, vibration, dust, and PM exhibited very
Optimization 4 (79) 7 (74) 10 (74) 79 little research correlation with other pollutants.
Note: aLEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, and the
numbers within parentheses mean rank for each standard. As a result, in the research field of environmental sustainability in
the construction industry, hazardous pollutants were divided into the
following two categories, except for the other industrial wastes (refer to
industry, researchers from various fields with a high interest in CDW Fig. 3): (i) global-level pollutants: CDW, GHG and energy; and (ii) local-
have performed several studies to solve the CDW problem. level pollutants: noise, vibration, and dust. In the case of the global-level
• Greenhouse gas (GHG) and energy: GHG (mainly CO2) emissions pollutants, as it is recognized as the most severe problem of the con­
resulting from energy consumption is the most significant contrib­ struction industry in terms of environmental sustainability, many pre­
utor to climate change (especially global warming). In the research vious studies applied various concepts and technologies to manage such
field of environmental sustainability in the construction industry, pollutants. On the other hand, the local-level pollutants showed the least
GHG, CO2, and energy were selected as the nodes that receive the interest in the research field of environmental sustainability in the
most interest after CDW (18th, 8th, and 13th places, respectively). In construction industry. In addition, the research on these pollutants was
many previous studies, the environmental impacts (global warming not only lacking but also formed a separate research field. As a result,
potential) of the energy consumed and CO2 emissions generated there was a lack of technical development and research interest in local-
during the life cycle of building materials (concrete (Abbas et al., level pollutants compared to other pollutants. Therefore, there is an
2020; Laiblová et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2019), timber (Maxineasa urgent need to introduce new technologies and innovative management
et al., 2018; Balasbaneh and Bin Marsono, 2017), etc.) and members measures for the more efficient management of the construction
(slab (Na and Paik, 2019; Paik and Na, 2019; Wang et al., 2018), roof environment.
(Vaz and Sheffield, 2014; Rivela et al., 2013), etc.) were assessed
using the LCA methodology. In addition, as in the case of CDW, many 3.2. Trends of environmental sustainability research according to regional
attempts have been made to reduce the GHG emissions and energy boundaries
consumption based on various concepts (lean construction (Heravi
et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2013), prefabrication (Du et al., 2019; Wu, This study compared the research trends on environmental sustain­
2015; Mao et al., 2013), etc.) and methods (BIM (Santos et al., 2020; ability in the construction industry and on global- and local-level pol­
Vishnu and Raj, 2019; Zhou and Rezazadeh Azar, 2019), analytic lutants, as defined in Chapter 3.1. Fig. 4 shows the research trends on
hierarchy process (Wang et al., 2019; Kamali et al., 2019), optimi­ environmental sustainability in the construction industry by year, from
zation (Yeo and Potra, 2015), etc.). In line with the global trend to 1974 to 2020. As shown in Fig. 4, overall, the research interest in the
mitigate climate change, many studies in relation to the construction field had a tendency to increase gradually from 1974 to 2020, and the
industry have sought to evaluate and reduce the GHG (CO2) emis­ publication of the largest number of studies in a year (266) was seen in
sions and energy consumption. 2019. The UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) (United Nations,
• Other industrial waste: Research has been conducted to utilize the 1972) was established in 1972 with an interest in environmental con­
various types of waste from industries other than the construction servation and sustainable development. Research on environmental
industry as building components and materials (concrete, cement, sustainability in the construction industry began in 1974 and gradually
brick, etc.). Fly ash (Bajpai et al., 2020; Huseien and Shah, 2020; increased. Moreover, as the number of international activities and
Sutcu et al., 2019; Arulrajah et al., 2016), glass (Arulrajah et al., conventions related to the environment (e.g., the Kyoto Protocol (Ger­
2015; Letelier et al., 2019; Bisikirske et al., 2019), plastic (Záleská den, 2018), the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Way, 2016),
et al., 2018; Ozbakkaloglu et al., 2017; Mohammadinia et al., 2019), etc.) has increased since about 2000, the number of studies related to
tier (Landi et al., 2020; Gregori et al., 2019; Govinda Rajulu et al., environmental sustainability in the construction industry has also
2017), etc. were recycled as building materials. Only fly ash was increased exponentially. To be specific, the number of studies related to
selected as a node among other industrial wastes, and the research environmental sustainability in the construction industry that have been
interest in fly ash was the 26th highest. In addition, most of the published since 2000 (1,631 studies published from 2001 to 2020) is
previous studies on other industrial wastes sought to improve the more than 21.5 times that of the studies on the same topic that were
proper mechanical properties (i.e., strength, compressive strength, published before 2000 (76 studies published from 1974 to 2000).
flexural strength, and durability) of concrete containing these wastes Meanwhile, Fig. 4 shows that of the 1,707 studies related to envi­
recycled (Sisol et al., 2019; Patel et al., 2020; Muñoz et al., 2019). ronmental sustainability in the construction industry, 695 studies (40.7

5
J. Hong et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804

Fig. 2. Keyword co-occurrence network on environmental sustainability in the construction industry.

%) and 173 studies (10.1 %) were related to global- and local-level
pollutants, respectively. The research interest in global-level pollutants
has gradually increased since 1974, with the largest number of studies
(106 studies) published in 2019. In addition, the number of studies on
global-level pollutants that have been published since 2000 (677
studies) is more than 37.6 times the number of studies on the same topic
that were published before 2000 (18 studies). On the other hand, the
degree of increase in research interest overtime was less for the local-
level pollutants than for the global-level pollutants. The largest num­
ber of studies on local-level pollutants (17 studies) was published in
2016, but the number of studies published on said topic has not
increased since then. Meanwhile, the number of studies published since
2000 (153 studies) is 7.7 times the number of studies that were pub­
lished before 2000 (20 studies).
As a result, the number of studies related to local-level pollutants was
4.0 times less than that of studies related to global-level pollutants. In
addition, the analysis revealed that the research interest in the local-
level pollutants was 4.9 times less likely to increase than that in the
global-level pollutants (showing an exponential increase from 1974 to
2020). In line with the results presented in Chapter 3.1, there was a
marked lack of research on the local-level pollutants compared to the
global-level pollutants.

Fig. 3. Hazardous pollutants in the construction industry.

6
J. Hong et al.
Based on the results of the number of studies conducted on envi­
ronmental sustainability in the construction industry through quanti­
tative review, the annual publication rate of studies on pollutants was
analyzed in the research fields of the global- and local-level pollutants to
grasp the research trends on environmental sustainability (refer to
Fig. 5). Fig. 5 shows that the research on the global-level pollutants,
including the studies on CDW, which account for 54.9 % of the total
studies, were 9.8 % greater than that on GHG and energy, the same as
the results presented in Chapter 3.1. On the other hand, a greater
number of studies on GHG and energy have been published for the past 5
years since 2015, showing a growing research interest in GHG and en­
ergy in recent years. With respect to the research on the local-level
pollutants, the studies focused on dust, which account for 60.0 % of
the total number of studies, were 33.2 and 46.8 % higher, respectively,
than the studies about noise (26.8 %) and vibration (13.2 %). Further­
more, since 2010, studies on dust have been the most published every
year. This suggests that the research on the local-level pollutants has
focused on dust. That is, the research target has been biased towards the
local-level pollutants rather than the global-level pollutants. This also
indicates that although integrated management of the local-level pol­
lutants that occur concurrently needs to be carried out, the level of
relevant knowledge is biased in one pollutant or the other, posing limits
to the efficient and effective management of such pollutants.
4. Technology for managing the local-level pollutants through
qualitative review
4.1. Monitoring technology
In the construction industry, monitoring technology is the process of
measuring the amount of local-level pollutants emitted from construc­
tion sites due to the various equipment used and the complex tasks
carried out. Especially, when environmental problems occur at con­
struction sites, the construction managers can effectively manage the
local-level pollutants by monitoring and recording them in time series.
In addition, the use of monitoring data as input information makes it
possible not only to identify and evaluate the situation of construction
projects over time in terms of the environment. Therefore, as monitoring
is important in construction projects, where a variety of tasks and heavy
equipment are complexly deployed and where unexpected situations
frequently occur, it is essential to develop the monitoring technology to
be used.
Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to improve the existing
technologies for monitoring the local-level pollutants, or to develop new
ones. Some studies developed a device that could replace the expensive
Fig. 4. Research trends on environmental sustainability in the construction industry.
7
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
conventional monitoring device (Smaoui et al., 2018; Nedoma et al.,
2019). Smaoui et al. (2018) developed a real-time monitoring system
using a low-cost dust sensor to monitor the dust exposure among
workers, and visualized the monitored data through BIM. In such study,
the accuracy of the low-cost dust sensor was enhanced through auto­
matic calibration based on the existing sensor. Nedoma et al. (2019)
developed a fiber-optic interferometric sensor that exhibited similar
accuracy and was superior to the conventional seismic equipment in
terms of economical efficiency, to measure the vibration occurring in the
vibratory roller. In most of the previous studies on monitoring tech­
nologies, the existing monitoring technology was used as a support
technology to evaluate the local-level pollutants or to improve the
problems resulting from them (Rempel et al., 2019; Jabbour et al., 2017;
Fostinelli et al., 2018; Hassan et al., 2016; Blair et al., 2018; Sellappan
and Janakiraman, 2014; Chi et al., 2017; Ebenezer Oyedele, 2014;
Kokkonen et al., 2019; McLean et al., 2017; Trompf and Oosthuizen,
2015; Plaisance et al., 2017). Rempel et al. (2019) monitored the noise,
vibration, and dust generated between perforating operations in the
laboratory to evaluate the performance of two types of drills in terms of
the amount generated. Blair et al. (2018) monitored the noise generated
during the construction and drilling operations at four locations on an
oil drilling site for 3 months. Sellappan and Janakiraman (2014)
monitored the hourly noise occurring for 12 h at six points on con­
struction sites to assess the workers’ exposure to the noise arising from
the power systems at the construction site. Chi et al. (2017) installed a
sensor on the seat of a wheel loader to monitor the vibrations generated
between the equipment operations so as to reduce the impact of the
vibrations arising from a wheel loader on its passenger. Ebenezer Oye­
dele (2014) monitored the vibrations 30 min before and after blasting to
evaluate the vibrations that occur between blasting operations for each
rock. Kokkonen et al. (2019) monitored the amount of dust by varying
the sensor position and measurement time depending on the type of dust
(PM10 and inhalable dust) and the type of experiment (laboratory and
field tests), to evaluate the performance of short-term water misting as
an airborne dust reduction measure after renovation work. Jabbour
et al. (2017) monitored the ultrafine particles arising from a concrete
crushing process through a chamber test. McLean et al. (2017) used a
portable sensor to monitor the crystalline silica around each worker
during work hours to evaluate the workers’ exposure to crystalline silica
by work type. Trompf and Oosthuizen (2015) monitored the amount of
respirable crystalline silica from the devices installed on the subject
workers for 6 days to assess the impact on the workers of the respirable
crystalline silica that occurs when cutting concrete.
To continuously measure the noise, vibration, and dust that occur
simultaneously within the construction sites, where variability and risk
J. Hong et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804

Fig. 5. Detailed research trends on global- and local-level pollutants.

are present, an advanced monitoring technology should be applied to
the construction sites. Monitoring technology, however, was utilized in
the previous studies for the purpose of data collection to analyze pol­
lutants or improve the problems caused by these. There have been
almost no studies conducted to develop a device for monitoring the
pollutants or the advanced monitoring method. In most of the previous
studies, one type of pollutant was collected through one device, and
research was carried out based on the stored pollutant data. This sug­
gests that the local-level pollutants are not being integrated monitoring
in real-time at construction sites. Although there are existing guidelines
and standards for pollutant measurement at the national level, the lo­
cations, number, and time for the measurement differ in the current
studies because existing standards do not clearly consider the contin­
uous monitoring for the amount of pollutants emitted from construction
sites.
4.2. Evaluation technology
In the construction industry, evaluation technology is the technique
used to assess the impact of pollutants from the perspective of the local
community members (construction firms, workers, local residents, etc.)
based on the monitoring data on the local-level pollutants. Through the
evaluation results, the local community members can quantitatively
determine the severity levels of the local-level pollutants and the need to
devise improvement measures for such. As the type of damages received
from the local-level pollutants, however, may differ depending on each
member, there is a need to develop evaluation technologies suitable for
each member.
Evaluation technology was classified according to the perspectives to
be evaluated: (i) health perspective; (ii) economic perspective; and (iii)
psychological perspective. First, several previous studies evaluated the
impact of the local-level pollutants on the health of the local community
members (Roberts et al., 2018; Pelegrin et al., 2015; Su et al., 2013;
Bello et al., 2019; Chong et al., 2018; Cheng et al., 2017; Paschalidou
et al., 2016; Sitalakshmi et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2020; Azarmi et al.,
2014). Roberts et al. (2018) and Pelegrin et al. (2015) assessed the
impact of the noise occurring at construction sites on the workers’
auditory system. Su et al. (2013) investigated the effects of exposure to
hand-transmitted and hand-arm vibration on the workers’ disorders
(hand-arm vibration syndrome). Bello et al. (2019) evaluated the effects
of exposure to respirable crystalline silica and dust at demolition and
crushing sites on the health of the managers and workers. Chong et al.
(2018) assessed the impact of exposure to asphalt fumes on the workers’
health based on the review of the asphalt fume exposure assessment.
Cheng et al. (2017) measured the volatile organic compound (VOC)
emissions that occur during coating applications at construction sites
and evaluated the workers’ exposure to VOC. Paschalidou et al. (2016)
assessed the impact of subway construction on public health through the
air quality (PM10) index. Sitalakshmi et al. Sitalakshmi et al. (2016)
evaluated the correlation between workers’ exposure to cement and
dermatitis and lung function. Second, some previous studies evaluated
the local-level pollutants in terms of the economic performance of a
construction firm (Shah and Pataskar, 2019; Zhaoguang et al., 2019;
Hummer et al., 2017). Shah and Pataskar (2019) evaluated the project
costs incurred from the social costs that occur due to an increase in noise
at construction sites. Zhaoguang et al. (2019) measured the amount of
dust to which workers are exposed by earthwork type and evaluated the
health loss due to exposure to dust in terms of cost. Hummer et al. (2017)
assessed the project costs and pollutant emissions due to various
equipment combinations and project schedule adjustments from the
contractor’s perspective. Third, some previous studies evaluated the
impact of the local-level pollutants on the psychology of the local
community members (Liu et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2015; Woodcock et al.,
2016; Wong-McSweeney et al., 2016b; Newman et al., 2017). Liu et al.
(2017) assessed the responses of the local residents to the construction
noise through surveys. Lee et al. (2015) measured the noise levels from
the six types of construction machines used for foundation and demo­
lition work and evaluated the psychological annoyance of the workers.
Woodcock et al. (2016) quantitatively assessed the psychological
annoyance caused by vibration due to railway construction and light rail
transit in a residential environment. Wong-McSweeney et al. (2016b)
conducted a survey and assessed the effects (concerns, sensitivity, etc.)
of exposure to the noise and vibration occurring from a construction site
on the local community members, based on the survey results.
As described in the foregoing, many previous studies evaluated local-
level pollutants from various perspectives. The evaluation from the
health perspective, however, was mainly focused on workers, while the
evaluation from the economic perspective focused only on construction
firms. Therefore, there is still a dearth of research on the health and
economic damages sustained by the local residents, the members of the
local community, from the local-level pollutants. Also, most of the
studies dealt with the local-level pollutants on one subject, from one
perspective. As the local-level pollutants, however, can do damage to
various members (construction firms, workers, local residents, etc.) from
multiple perspectives (health, economy, psychology, etc.), the existing
evaluation technology cannot comprehensively assess the severity of the
local-level pollutants.

8
J. Hong et al.
4.3. Improvement technology
In the construction industry, improvement technology is a tool
capable of improving the environmental sustainability of construction
sites by minimizing the damage to the local community from these
pollutants based on the evaluation results for the local-level pollutants.
Ultimately, improvement technology can be used to reduce the local-
level pollutants emitted from construction sites and can play an inte­
gral role in realizing environmental sustainability. Furthermore, since
the applicable improvement technologies differ according to the con­
ditions (building type, building process, surrounding environment, etc.)
of construction sites, various improvement technologies should be
developed to enhance the environmental sustainability of construction
sites.
Some previous studies attempted to reduce the levels of noise and
vibration from the construction site and thus to improve environmental
sustainability (Ebenezer Oyedele, 2014; Ning et al., 2019; Yi et al., 2018;
Nakashima et al., 2013; Park et al., 2009). Ning et al. (2019) reduced the
noise levels without additional costs through the optimization of a
construction site layout plan before the start of construction. Yi et al.
(2018) reduced the levels of noise and dust through a model that de­
termines the locations of the temporary facilities installed at construc­
tion sites. Ebenezer Oyedele (2014) developed a regression model for
the measurement of the vibration levels according to the amount and
distances of the explosives used in the blasting operations and suggested
the amount of explosives that could limit the vibration generated to an
acceptable level. Nakashima et al. (2013) attempted to minimize the
levels of noise and dust generated from hydraulic excavators by
changing the engine room cooling method and the positions of the
exhaust outlets, and by adding sound-absorbing materials. Park et al.
(2009) analyzed the environmental-improvement effect of line-drilling
screening, one of the methods of reducing the amount of vibration on
the ground caused by blasting, and suggested effective design condi­
tions. Meanwhile, several studies sought to reduce the dust emissions to
improve the environment and thus to enhance environmental sustain­
ability (Alvanchi et al., 2020; Li et al., 2019a; Xing et al., 2018; Summers
and Parmigiani, 2015; Van Deurssen et al., 2014; Wallace and Cheung,
2013; Zuo et al., 2017; Chang et al., 2014). Alvanchi et al. (2020)
reduced the amount of air pollution, including PM10, by selecting the
optimal construction scenario (road closure schedule). Li et al. (2019a)
measured the dust concentrations generated by each work type and
analyzed the correlation between dust reduction measures or the
application of personal protective equipment and dust reduction. Xing
et al. (2018) proposed measures that the government should take in
terms of technology, economy, organization, supervision, and assess­
ment to reduce the quantity of dust generated by the Chinese con­
struction industry. Summers and Parmigiani (2015) confirmed that
adding a surfactant to the water sprayed during the concrete cutting
operation could effectively reduce the silica dust with a small amount of
spray water. Van Deurssen et al. (2014) analyzed the correlation be­
tween reduction measures against quartz exposure (local exhaust
ventilation, water spray, etc.) by work type and psychosocial factors.
Wallace and Cheung (2013) developed a compact-excavator-mounted
dust suppression system that exhibited about 30 times higher perfor­
mance than the existing sprinkler system in terms of functionality and
economic efficiency. Zuo et al. (2017) used the norm activation model to
analyze the relationship between managers’ sense of responsibility
(recognition of the occurrence of dust and recognition of dust as an
inconvenience, etc.) and dust reduction at the construction site and
suggested that the manager’s sense of responsibility for dust reduction
be increased to reduce the dust in construction sites. Some previous
studies developed or analyzed personal protective equipment to reduce
the local-level pollutants to which workers are exposed (Ang et al., 2017;
Edelson et al., 2009; Neitzel and Seixas, 2005; Adhikari et al., 2018).
Ang et al. (2017) developed an ear-cup made of new materials that
lowered the noise exposure by 8.6− 12 dB compared to the existing
9
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
ear-cup. Edelson et al. (2009) examined the levels of construction noise
and the use of hearing protection devices (HPDs) at eight construction
sites to promote the use of HPDs for workers and pointed out that many
workers do not wear HPDs even when the noise level exceeds the
allowable limit. Neitzel and Seixas (2005) argued that the use of HPDs
helped reduce the subject workers’ exposure to noise but did not
effectively protect their auditory system. Adhikari et al. (2018) evalu­
ated the performance of N95 filtering facepiece respirators at a con­
struction site and demonstrated that the dust filtration efficiency of the
pleated method is higher than that of the foldable method.
As such, many previous studies proposed various methods of
reducing the local-level pollutants. The studies on evaluation technol­
ogy, however, evaluated the impact of the local-level pollutants from the
health, economic, and psychological perspectives, but the studies on
improvement technology had limitations in that the evaluation was
made based only on the pollutant level. In other words, the adverse ef­
fects from several perspectives of the reduction of the local-level pol­
lutants through the use of improvement technology on the local
community members were not taken into account. For example, even if
the pollutant reduction performance of the improvement technology is
excellent, the high technology application costs may have a negative
impact on the construction firm in terms of economical efficiency. Due
to these limitations, the owners of construction firms think that despite
the need for the field application of the improvement technology, such
technology is still lacking in terms of economic feasibility (Xing et al.,
2018; Noh et al., 2018). Lastly, it was found through the analysis that the
technology for addressing the problems caused by the local-level pol­
lutants was very restrictive, and that various situations were not
considered in the evaluation of such technology.
5. Discussion and future research roadmap
5.1. Introduction of new technologies for managing the hazardous
pollutants at the local level
In line with the global trend of striving to improve the world’s
environmental sustainability, many scholars related to environmental
management in the construction industry mainly focus on the manage­
ment of the global-level pollutants (i.e., CDW and GHG). On the other
hand, although the local community continues to sustain damages due
to the local-level pollutants (i.e., noise, vibration, and dust), the degree
of academic interest in the local-level pollutants is comparatively lower
than that in the global-level pollutants. For this reason, the management
skills for the local-level pollutants were found to be insufficient
compared to other areas of the construction industry (automation,
safety, transportation, etc.) (Pacheco et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2020;
Chen and Huang, 2013). Therefore, to achieve the environmental sus­
tainability of the local community in the construction industry, the core
technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution that could be intro­
duced to effectively manage the local-level pollutants were divided into
two aspects according to the characteristics of the construction site (Lasi
et al., 2014; Bahrin et al., 2016; Kamble et al., 2018): (i) mechanization
and automation; and (ii) digitization and networking.
5.1.1. Mechanization and automation for managing the pollutants at the
construction sites
Mechanization and automation refer to the use of technologies
developed for the purpose of minimizing human labor. Mechanization
technology (e.g., robots) can assist or replace humans in the perfor­
mance of tasks, whereas automation technology can automatically
perform specified tasks based on algorithms or manuals (Sobotka and
Pacewicz, 2017; Ezral et al., 2011). The mechanization and automation
technologies below can be used to manage the local-level pollutants.
• Drone (Li and Liu, 2019; Ham and Kamari, 2019; Entrop and Vase­
nev, 2017): Construction sites, in which various elements exist in a
J. Hong et al.
wide area, pose difficulties in the monitoring of the environmental
conditions due to the need for proper installation area and power
supply. As a solution to this, the use of drone technology in the
construction industry makes it possible to rapidly identify the situ­
ation of the construction site while reducing the time and effort
required for monitoring. Furthermore, with the rapid growth of the
drone market size, it is possible to quickly and accurately collect the
data required for a construction project in combination with other
technologies, and record the various images or photos taken at
construction sites. For example, the installation of sensors like digital
or infrared cameras and RFID readers in drones enables the efficient
management of construction sites (Irizarry and Costa, 2016; Mor­
genthal and Hallermann, 2014). In addition, the installation of sen­
sors for monitoring the local-level pollutants in the drone allows the
construction manager to manage the problems caused by the
local-level pollutants arising at the construction site regardless of the
presence of various obstacles (heavy equipment, construction ac­
tivities, etc.). It is expected that if the drone technology, which has
strength in monitoring, will be applied to construction sites beyond
institutional limits in the future, its utilization will further spread to
the real-time management of the environmental conditions in con­
struction projects.
• Reinforcement learning (Zhang et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020b; Chen
et al., 2018): Reinforcement learning technology is frequently used
as a technique for determining optimal action based on the current
state and can be used to manage local-level pollutants arising from
construction sites. The performance of reinforcement learning can be
improved through iterative learning, but care must be taken in
interpreting the results because the extent to which certain variables
can affect the results is not known. It is expected, however, that if
reinforcement learning can predict the generation of local-level
pollutants and determine the optimal reduction measures to mini­
mize damage to the local community based on conditions of con­
struction sites, this can be greatly advantageous to the managing of
such pollutants.
• Convolutional neural network (CNN) (Abdeljaber et al., 2017; Li et al.,
2019b; Yang et al., 2020): CNN technology is a useful algorithm for
finding specific patterns for image analysis, and can be used to pre­
dict or monitor site information in the construction industry with the
use of video images. When this CNN technology is applied to con­
struction sites, it can significantly help in monitoring the generation
of local-level pollutants. For the digitization of environmental
management in construction sites, it is necessary to automatically
detect the construction equipment, worker, and materials using
CNN. It can be grafted onto the existing security cameras to manage
construction sites. In this case, the dust levels can be predicted using
the definition of a screen, while the levels of vibration can be pre­
dicted through the camera shake caused by the vibration. Also, the
noise, vibration, and dust levels can be predicted based on the con­
struction equipment images captured on a screen. However, since
CNN poses limitations in reflecting the complex and variable ele­
ments of the site, further research is needed to increase the predictive
accuracy.
5.1.2. Digitization and networking for managing the pollutants at
construction sites
Digitization refers to a technology that converts information from a
physical format into a digital format, while networking refers to a
technology that constructs a digital communication network that allows
devices to share information. The development of digital and network
technologies has led to rapid changes in the overall construction in­
dustry. Digitization technology helps increase the amount of sensor data
that can support analysis and evaluation, while networking technology
enables the simultaneous control and optimum adjustment of various
technologies (Lasi et al., 2014; Albach et al., 2015). The digitization and
networking technologies below can be used to manage the local-level
10
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
pollutants.
• Internet of Things (IoT) (Li et al., 2018a; Ding et al., 2013; Zhou et al.,
2019): IoT technology enables the integration of the monitoring,
evaluation, and improvement processes, which helps users manage
the local-level pollutants in real-time (Li et al., 2018a; Ding et al.,
2013). As the monitoring, evaluation, and improvement processes
have different functions, and they require separate devices. In
addition, it is possible to build a wireless network that connects each
device to others based on IoT technology. As the data on the
local-level pollutants collected from the monitoring device over the
wireless network are passed on to the evaluation and improvement
device, the pollutants can be managed through an integrated process
in real-time.
• Cloud and big data (Ngo et al., 2020; Jin et al., 2020; Han et al., 2018):
Big data can be built as various data (information on a construction
site and the surrounding environment, etc.), including the generation
of local-level pollutants, and are continuously stored in the cloud.
Big-data technology is capable of effectively managing local-level
pollutants even under unexpected situations by generalizing the
evaluation and improvement technology. In addition, if all the local
community members can have access to the big data in the cloud,
they can share the process of pollutant management in real-time, and
exchange feedback with one another. That is, the management pro­
cess can be developed to meet the needs of all the local community
members.
• Augmented reality (Li et al., 2018b; Azuma et al., 2001; Tavares et al.,
2019): Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that overlays virtual
objects onto real-world images. It can be useful because, unlike vir­
tual reality (VR) technology, it does not require expensive hardware
or a head-mounted display (Li et al., 2018b). AR technology has an
advantage in that it can be used to obtain information that cannot be
observed by the worker’s naked eyes because it displays virtual el­
ements along with actual objects (Azuma et al., 2001). If the operator
can visually check the data output from the sensor installed at a
construction site to measure the local-level pollutants present there,
measures can be taken to reduce the amount of local-level pollutants
or to help the workers protect themselves from these.
5.2. Application strategy of pollutants management technologies in the
construction industry
5.2.1. Monitoring for effectively managing the pollutants at construction
sites
The previous studies on the environmental monitoring of construc­
tion sites mainly aimed to collect data to analyze the local-level pol­
lutants. Moreover, data on pollutants were collected on a one-off basis
when civil complaints occurred or when pollutant emissions were ex­
pected to be high. As a result, only the need for a monitoring technology
was highlighted, and there was a lack of effort to develop new devices
and technologies for efficient monitoring (Rempel et al., 2019; Jabbour
et al., 2017; Blair et al., 2018; Sellappan and Janakiraman, 2014; Chi
et al., 2017; Ebenezer Oyedele, 2014; Kokkonen et al., 2019; McLean
et al., 2017; Trompf and Oosthuizen, 2015). Therefore, various appli­
cation strategies are needed to make up for the shortcomings of the
existing monitoring methods designed to measure pollutants with
different properties using several monitoring devices. The application
strategies for effectively using the monitoring system of hazardous
pollutants at a construction site are as follows: (i) real-time integrated
monitoring; (ii) establishment of measurement methods; and (iii) visu­
alization of monitoring data.
• Real-time integrated monitoring: In construction projects, where
various heavy equipment is used, and various complex tasks are
carried out at the same time, unexpected emission of local-level
pollutants occurs frequently. Therefore, monitoring technology is
J. Hong et al.
needed to comprehensively and immediately check the local-level
pollutants, which vary from time to time (Hong et al., 2020).
Furthermore, the monitoring system of hazardous pollutants, that
can measure various pollutants with an integrated device, and that
allows the measurement results to be provided to any member of the
local community in real-time anytime, anywhere, should be applied
at construction sites. For example, Kang et al. (Kang et al. (2020))
developed the real-time integrated monitoring system called
“Monitoring for Noise, Vibration, and Dust (MONVID)” to monitor
the current levels of hazardous pollutants (i.e., noise, vibration, and
dust) in real-time. Furthermore, the wireless-network-based MON­
VID transmits information on measured pollutants level to the cloud
in real-time so that the local community members can check and
manage it anytime, anywhere.
• Establishment of measurement methods: The measurement methods
(installation location, sensor types, measurement interval, etc.) for
the local-level pollutants that occur at construction sites vary among
the previous studies (Blair et al., 2018; Shah and Pataskar, 2019;
Wichers et al., 2018), posing limitations in comparing the results of
the studies. Therefore, the measurement method of local-level pol­
lutants that can be applied to construction sites should be established
to efficiently monitor the pollutants at a construction site and to
manage hazardous pollutants based on the results. In addition,
because the local-level pollutants can be discharged differently
depending on the conditions of construction sites, the measurement
method needs to be designed to accurately monitor the local-level
pollutants occurring at a construction site based on the monitoring
data on the local-level pollutants collected from many construction
sites.
• Visualization of monitoring data: In the previous studies, monitoring
data were presented using numerical values even when they were
backed up after completing the measurement of the local-level pol­
lutants, or after they were confirmed in real-time. This means that
the monitoring data were not utilized in real-time, and accurate
recognition was difficult to even when they were used in real-time.
Therefore, the monitoring data should be visualized to enable the
local community members to more intuitively recognize the local-
level pollutants in real-time, and respond to these. In addition, it is
necessary to provide a warning alarm for the hazard level of
pollutant emissions. For example, in the MONVID’s software, a
graphical user interface (GUI) was devised to provide tables and
graphs based on the data built in the cloud, and to facilitate the
understanding of the environmental performance at the construction
site. In addition, the GUI was designed to sound a warning alarm
when the level of pollutants exceeds the regulation standard. In the
future, research intended to visualize the spread of pollutants on a
map using the geographic information system (GIS) should be con­
ducted to allow local residents to intuitively identify the amount of
pollutants to which they are exposed (Lee and Hong, 2019; Hong
et al., 2014b; Khan et al., 2018). As suggested in Chapter 5.1,
research can also be carried out to visualize the pollutants with the
use of new technologies like AR (Yeom et al., 2020a; Li et al., 2018b;
Azuma et al., 2001; Tavares et al., 2019; Yeom et al., 2020b).
As shown in Fig. 6, ultimately, the real-time monitoring system can
be applied to construction sites as follows. First of all, the real-time in­
tegrated monitoring devices (e.g., MONVID) should be installed at
construction sites in accordance with the established measurement
methods. The monitoring devices measure the level of hazardous pol­
lutants (noise, vibration, and dust) arising from various construction
equipment and workers’ tasks, and transmit the monitoring data to a
cloud server through a wireless sensor network. Finally, local commu­
nity members can monitor and manage the level of hazardous pollutants
from construction sites in real-time by accessing visualized data on
hazardous pollutants in the cloud server.
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Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
5.2.2. Evaluation of the environmental impact considering multiple local
community members
Previous studies evaluated the environmental impact on the local
community members from three perspectives, as follows: (i) health
perspective (Roberts et al., 2018; Pelegrin et al., 2015; Su et al., 2013;
Bello et al., 2019; Chong et al., 2018; Cheng et al., 2017; Paschalidou
et al., 2016; Sitalakshmi et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2020); (ii) economic
perspective (Shah and Pataskar, 2019; Zhaoguang et al., 2019; Hummer
et al., 2017); and (iii) psychological perspective (Liu et al., 2017; Lee
et al., 2015; Woodcock et al., 2016; Wong-McSweeney et al., 2016b;
Newman et al., 2017). In these studies, however, an individual evalua­
tion (i.e., the impact on specific local community members from a
particular perspective) was made, and the evaluation from the health
and economic perspectives of the local residents was still insufficient.
Therefore, a technology capable of evaluating the local-level pollutants
for all the local community members needs to be devised to consider all
the local community members who sustained damages due to the
local-level pollutants occurring at construction sites. Accordingly, there
is a need for various application strategies to take into account multiple
local community members who suffer different environmental impacts
as the pollutants are managed at the construction site. The application
strategies for effectively using the environmental-impact evaluation
system are as follows: (i) establishment of a multi-perspective evaluation
system; and (ii) development of an integrated evaluation index.
• Establishment of multi-perspective evaluation: To quantitatively eval­
uate the damage that the local community members sustain due to
the local-level pollutants, the damage items that each member sus­
tains (workers: health and productivity perspectives; local residents:
health, and economic perspectives; etc.) should first be defined. After
the damage items caused by the local-level pollutants are defined, an
evaluation method for each item should be developed. For example,
the previous studies predicted the spread patterns of the construction
noise and dust from a construction site to the local residents, and the
health impact of construction noise and dust exposure on the local
residents was quantified using the disability-adjusted life years
(DALY) metric (Jung et al., 2019, 2020). In the future, it will be
necessary to develop a technology for evaluating the environmental
impact with no quantitative evaluation method among the envi­
ronmental impacts on the local community members due to their
exposure to the local-level pollutants from construction sites.
• Development of an integrated evaluation index: For the effective man­
agement of the local-level pollutants, the evaluation results for each
member need to be integrated into one evaluation index. In other
words, one monitoring value for the local-level pollutants should be
calculated as one evaluation result (considering the impact on all the
local community members) to represent the level of environmental
sustainability of the construction site. By benchmarking the previous
studies that integrated the results from various perspectives (Tugnoli
et al., 2008; Hendiani and Bagherpour, 2019; Li et al., 2010), future
research should develop an integrated evaluation index. Further­
more, based on the developed integrated evaluation index, a rating
system can be built from the perspective of environmental sustain­
ability (Zarghami et al., 2019; Talinli et al., 2005).
As shown in Fig. 7, ultimately, the multi-perspective evaluation
system of hazardous pollutants can be realized as follows. Monitoring or
prediction values for hazardous pollutant levels should be used as input
data for this evaluation system. The level of hazardous pollutants is
evaluated from each perspective of each local community member, and
transformed into individual indices with the same scale. Finally, the
result of integrating all individual indices can be defined as an inte­
grated evaluation index. Based on the integrated evaluation index, the
local community members can quantitatively evaluate the impact of
hazardous pollutants on members of construction sites, and decide
whether to apply improvement measures.
J. Hong et al.
Fig. 6. Monitoring for effectively managing the pollutants at construction sites.
5.2.3. Improvement of the environmental performance of construction sites
Several previous studies proposed a method of reducing the amount
of local-level pollutants. These studies, however, focused only on
reducing the levels of local-level pollutants; the negative impacts on the
local community members from other perspectives were not considered
(Chi et al., 2017; Wong-McSweeney et al., 2016b; Newman et al., 2017;
Ning et al., 2019; Yi et al., 2018; Nakashima et al., 2013; Park et al.,
2009; Alvanchi et al., 2020; Li et al., 2019a; Xing et al., 2018; Summers
and Parmigiani, 2015; Van Deurssen et al., 2014; Wallace and Cheung,
2013). Therefore, an improvement technology that considers the dam­
age from other perspectives that occurs due to the reduction of the
local-level pollutants is needed to reduce the local-level pollutants that
occur at construction sites effectively. Along with a consideration of the
impacts from various perspectives, there is a need to develop an
improvement technology capable of taking into account the conditions
of the construction site and managing the pollutants so that they do not
exceed regulation standards. The application strategies for effectively
determining the improvement solution for reducing the hazardous pol­
lutants at the local community are as follows: (i) establishment of an
improvement solution list; and (ii) determination of an optimal
improvement solution.
• Establishment of an improvement solution list: To determine the suitable
improvement solutions considering the various conditions of con­
struction sites, there is a need to make a list of improvement solutions
based on the previous studies. The list can be made up of qualitative
items (characteristics of the improvement solution) and quantitative
items (influence of the application of the improvement solution on
the local community members), and it allows the local community
members to select their preferred improvement solution. Besides,
future research should develop the additional improvement solutions
required based on the analysis of the existing list.
• Determination of the optimal improvement solution: There is a need to
develop a decision support tool to select improvement solutions that
have the most significant positive effect on the local community
members. This decision support tool can determine the optimal
improvement solution in two stages. First, the improvement
12
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
solutions that can be primarily applied should be selected through
the qualitative items in the list (target pollutants, application re­
quirements, etc.). Second, the optimal improvement solution is
selected through the quantitative items on the list. Meanwhile, the
impact of the application of the improvement solution corresponding
to the quantitative item on the local community members varies
from one person to another. For example, when a specific improve­
ment solution is applied to the construction site, it can have a posi­
tive impact on the local residents in terms of health, but it can have a
negative impact on construction firms in terms of cost. Therefore, to
consider all the local community members, the optimal improvement
solution should be selected through multi-objective optimization. In
this case, the multi-objective optimization techniques used in the
construction industry can be benchmarked (Hong et al., 2019b;
Jeong et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2020). Therefore, a decision support
tool selecting the optimal improvement solution should be developed
in the future using multi-objective optimization.
As shown in Fig. 8, ultimately, a decision support tool for increasing
environmental sustainability and minimizing the impacts of hazardous
pollutants on the local community members can be utilized as follows.
First, users of the system can select the local community members to be
considered and hazardous pollutants to be improved. Then, among the
applicable improvement solutions considering the conditions of con­
struction sites, two improvement solutions are proposed: (i) user-
selected solution that reflects users’ preference; and (ii) system-
optimized solution for multi-objective optimization in the system. The
system calculated integrated evaluation indices proposed in chapter
5.2.2 for three cases: (i) current condition; (ii) user-selected solution
applied condition; and (iii) system-optimized solution applied condi­
tion. Finally, by applying the solution with the highest integrated
evaluation index on construction sites, users will be able to not only
increase environmental sustainability but also minimize the impact of
hazardous pollutants on the local community members.
J. Hong et al.
Fig. 7. Evaluation of the environmental impact considering multiple local community members.
6. Open-research challenges for environmental sustainability at
the local level in the construction industry
In Chapter 5, various new technologies that could be introduced in
the construction site were selected, and strategies for the application of
the management technologies for hazardous pollutants at the site are
presented under three categories (monitoring, evaluation, and
improvement). Fig. 9 shows the future blueprint that achieves envi­
ronmental sustainability for the local community in the construction
industry by integrating the new technologies and application strategies
into one system based on cloud networking. This system is capable of
effectively managing the hazardous pollutants that occur at construction
sites, thereby helping create a green environment and achieve
13
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
environmental sustainability in the entire local community. Further­
more, the local community members living in a green environment can
be positively affected in terms of their health and quality of life.
The open-research challenges to be performed in the future to ulti­
mately achieve environmental sustainability at the local level in the
construction industry are divided into two categories: (i) development of
an intelligent system for automatically managing the hazardous pol­
lutants from construction sites; and (ii) management of civil complaints
about hazardous pollutants filed by the residents in the local
community.
J. Hong et al.
Fig. 8. Improvement of the environmental performance of construction sites.
6.1. Development of an intelligent system for automatically managing the
hazard pollutants from construction sites
This study suggests the adoption of new innovative technologies for
achieving environmental sustainability in the local community and
subdivides the significant phases of the sustainable construction tech­
nologies into the following three phases: (i) monitoring; (ii) evaluation;
and (iii) improvement. These main phases are capable of providing the
following positive results for environmental sustainability, as discussed
14
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
in Chapter 5.2. First, the real-time monitoring of hazardous pollutants
on the same measurement methods can inform local community mem­
bers of the necessity to improve environmental sustainability through
comparison with the regulation of pollutants. Second, the multi-
perspective evaluation of hazardous pollutants that takes into accout
the key impact factors (e.g., types of the local community members,
evaluation targets, evaluation objectives, etc.) can assess the environ­
mental sustainability and impact of construction sites in a comprehen­
sive manner, not simply monitoring the levels of pollutants. Third, the
J. Hong et al.
optimal improvement solution of hazardous pollutants determined by
multi-object optimization considering all different environmental im­
pacts on the local community members can enhance the environmental
sustainability for the local community while ensuring that pollutants do
not exceed regulations.
As a result, to achieve environmental sustainability with the afore­
mentioned positive results through the sustainable management of the
construction environment at the local level, this study suggests the
future direction of system integration (i.e., the development of an in­
tegrated management system based on new technologies for monitoring,
evaluation, and improvement). This study provides a systematic
framework for developing an automated intelligent environment
Fig. 9. Concept of environmental sustainability in the local community.
15
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
management system, called “i-Environment”, so as to assure optimal
environmental performance at the construction site (refer to Fig. 10).
Fig. 10 shows the proposed framework for developing the i-Envi­
ronment, which can be integrated into the aforementioned three phases
(monitoring, evaluation, and improvement) and considers the various
factors in the construction site. The framework consists of the following
six steps: five steps for system development and one step for system
application.
• Step I: Analysis of the key factors (equipment, materials, weather,
etc.) affecting the levels of hazardous pollutants (noise, vibration,
and dust) at the construction site
J. Hong et al.
• Step II: Development and establishment of a real-time integrated
monitoring system of hazardous pollutants at the construction site
• Step III: Development of an evaluation algorithm for the hazardous
pollutants considering the multiple local community members
(construction firms, workers, and local residents) and various per­
spectives (health, economy, psychology, etc.), based on the data
collected from the developed real-time integrated monitoring system
• Step IV: Establishment of an optimal improvement solution for the
hazardous pollutants at the construction site using machine learning
and multi-objective optimization
• Step V: Integration of the developed monitoring, evaluation, and
improvement systems of hazardous pollutants for effective environ­
mental management at the construction site
• Step VI: Application of the developed integrated management system
to construction sites, and its feasibility assessment for achieving
environmental sustainability in the local community
6.2. Management of civil complaints about hazardous pollutants filed by
the residents in the local community
To achieve environmental sustainability in the local community
through the automatic management of hazardous pollutants in the
construction industry, a framework for developing an i-Environment is
proposed in Chapter 6.1. Despite the fact that the use of an intelligent
management system makes it possible to manage the hazardous pol­
lutants emitted from the construction site in real-time, the local resi­
dents can still feel uncomfortable and file civil complaints about such
hazardous pollutants. This conflict can be resolved through mutual
consultation. In severe cases, however, construction projects may be
suspended, or enormous compensation costs can cause construction
firms to suffer economic damage. Therefore, not only the management
of the physical environment but also the resolution and management of
the civil complaints unexpectedly filed for various reasons due to the
hazardous pollutants is important to achieve the complete success of the
local community in terms of environmental sustainability. To effectively
manage the civil complaints about construction pollutants filed by the
local residents, the following two categories should be developed: (i)
prediction and prevention of civil complaints; and (ii) systemization of
compensation indicators for civil complaints.
First, the accurate prediction and prevention of civil complaints is
the best way to manage them. There are limitations, however, in pre­
dicting civil complaints because civil complaints are filed under the
influence of various factors (amount of hazardous pollutants, charac­
teristics of the local residents, etc.). In this regard, this study sought to
propose a method of developing an optimal model capable of accurately
predicting civil complaints. First, the quantitative factors related to civil
complaints (amount of hazardous pollutants, the distance between the
local residents and a construction site, weather, etc.) should be defined
Fig. 10. Framework for developing the i-Environment.
16
Journal of Hazardous Materials 403 (2021) 123804
for the construction of big data on them. With the use of big data, several
prediction models are developed considering the types of input data,
data preprocessor, and classifier, and then the optimal prediction model
with the best prediction performance is selected. Finally, the optimal
prediction should undergo improvement to achieve better prediction
performance, through reinforcement learning with new data. This
optimal prediction model can be used to more accurately predict civil
complaints and to take measures to prevent them based on the predic­
tion results. That is, the use of the optimal prediction model can not only
manage civil complaints effectively but also enhance the environmental
and social sustainability.
Second, to avoid unnecessary conflicts between a construction firm
and the local residents, the construction firm should pay compensation
for the damages that the local community members sustained due to the
hazardous pollutants from the construction site. It is difficult to pay
differentiated compensation, however, due to the inability to quantify
the health damage (i.e., exposure degree), which varies depending on
the location of the local community members since the fact that pol­
lutants spread differently according to the geographical and atmo­
spheric features. In addition, the degree of health damage to the local
community varies depending on the building characteristics, such as the
number of building residents and their living patterns. Therefore,
compensation indicators should be systematically established to enable
the payment of appropriate compensation for a situation. If a criterion
for paying differentiated compensation is systematically established as a
compensation indicator, a system can be provided to quantify the health
damage that the local community members sustain, and thus to assist in
the decision-making process related to the compensation payment. In
addition, the estimation of a reasonable compensation using the afore­
mentioned indicator is expected to prevent unnecessary conflicts, and
thus to enable construction firms and local residents to maintain a
friendly relationship and to reduce the social costs incurred from
conflicts.
7. Conclusion
With the extensive attention of the related scholars and the various
stakeholders in the construction industry worldwide, new devices and
innovative technologies have been developed in such industry. As the
management technologies for environmental sustainability at the local
level, however, are still at an early stage, this research team recognized
that a new insight into the future research direction in the construction
industry needs to be suggested.
As such, through a systematic review of 1,707 relevant literature,
this study suggested future research roadmap to achieve environmental
sustainability for the local community by effectively managing the
hazardous pollutants from construction sites. Through a systematic re­
view, the research interests and trends as well as the existing
J. Hong et al.
technologies were comprehensively examined, as follows. First, through
the quantitative review, it was found that the research level related to
the local-level pollutants was insufficient for achieving environmental
sustainability in the construction industry of the local community.
Second, as a result of the qualitative review by the monitoring/evalua­
tion/improvement category, the research statuses and limitations of the
relevant technologies were reviewed in an in-depth way.
Finally, as future strategies of environmental management in the
construction industry, this study highlighted a new intelligent inte­
grated system that could monitor, evaluate, and improve the environ­
mental performance at construction sites in real-time. This study has
some limitations due to the review method that was employed which
used the limited research database based on the keywords within the
research scope and the rather subjective comparison between research
trends and international activities. Nevertheless, this study can be con­
sideredfundamental milestone in the field and a benchmark for future
research dealing with environmental sustainability at the local level as
well as the management of the hazardous pollutants from construction
sites. Moreover, by implementing environmental sustainability at the
local level, the hazardous pollutants from construction sites can be
reduced, and the social problems related to them (environmental dis­
putes between construction firms and local residents, deterioration in
the quality of life, etc.) can be solved.
In the future, if the new environmental management system pro­
posed in this study will be installed at various construction sites around
the world, it will be possible to evaluate the environmental impact of
hazardous pollutants emitted from construction sites worldwide based
on the collected empirical data.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Juwon Hong: Methodology, Software, Investigation, Resources,
Validation, Visualization, Supervision, Writing - original draft. Hyuna
Kang: Investigation, Resources, Visualization, Writing - original draft.
Jongbaek An: Software, Investigation, Resources, Visualization. Jin­
woo Choi: Methodology, Software, Investigation, Validation, Visuali­
zation. Taehoon Hong: Methodology, Supervision, Project
administration, Writing - review & editing, Funding acquisition. Hyo
Seon Park: Supervision, Project administration. Dong-Eun Lee: Project
administration, Funding acquisition.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors report no declarations of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of
Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-
2018R1A5A1025137).
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