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'b O:fil:1JE01~~

2.0 Pre-Learning (P. 2.2)

2.1 Zero Index and Negative Integral Indices (P. 2. 3)
2.2 Scientific Notation (P. 2.1 0 )
:;><: 2.3 Notation for Different Numeral Systems (P . 2.2 0 )

Industr ial : 4 .05 x 108 kg

Domestic: 2.337 x 10 kg
9

Commercial : 1.175 x 109 kg

Special waste: 2.1 x 10 8 kg

Construction : 1.536 x 109 kg

Solid Waste Disposal

In 2017, th e tota l we ight of so lid waste d isposa l at Ho ng Kong landfills is abo ut
5.7 bi ll ion kg. Thi s includes 5 different types of waste as shown above. The va lues of these
5 data are very large and they ar e represented in the form a X IO" fo r eas ie r compa ri son.

e tt•
- • .,,~ Arrange the weights of these 5 types of so li d was te di sposa l in ascending
order.

land fi ll J(l.Jfi.g
 Laws of Integral Indices 2 3

U, Zero Index and Negative Integral Indices

In Boo k 2A Cha pte r 2 . \\ C lea rnt th e index no ta tion to represen t the
®Key Points produc t o f ;-i number mu lt ipli ed by i tse l f II times.

A . Ind ex Nota tio n . lied by itse lf n times. i.e. a" = a x a x ··· x a . where II is a pos i ti \ C integer.
1
We can use index notation to represent the produ ct of a number mu up
a appears II times
i.e. an= a x a x ... x a. whe re II is a positive integer.
a appears n times Howeve r , when the i ndex n is equa l to zero or a ncg ati , e int ege r such
as - 3, it is mea ningless 10 say ·a num ber muh ip licd by itself O times · or
a" is read as ·a to th e power 11' or 'the nth power of a·
·a number mul ti pli ed by itse lf - 3 ti mes '
In a". a is called the base a nd II is called the index

B. Laws of Positi ve Integra l Ind ices Don't move! Who a re you 7

For posi tive intege rs m and n:

£:camplt
Lawo/mdtui
a3 X a4-=a3+4-=a7
a'" X a" a'" ... "
as 7 aJ-= as - 3 - a2
* 0 and m > n)
a'" - " (whe re a
am 7 a"= [ a"~ ,., (wh e re a * 0 and m < 11 ) 02 7 06 -= = -b -= -1r
a a a

How can we define the zero inde x a nd nega li\ c in teg ra l indi ces? Le t' s go
th rough Class Activity 2.1 a nd Class Activity 2.2 .
(ab)'= a'b'

(f )" = f
) J J

(where b * 0) (! ) =?-=+ 0 Zero Index

C/ass ~ 2.1 Q
@ Warm-up Exercise •
Compl e te the followi ng.
1. Use index notation to represent each of the following expressions.

(a) d X d X d X d (b) 9 X 9 X c X c X c (c) m X 111 X II X Ill X ti X fl X fl

1. (a) (i) 2
3
-c 2
3
= ; :
2. Use the Jaws of indi ces to simplify each of the following expressions.

-c * 0) = er "' sti ll ho lds whe n

9 8
(a) a 3 x a (b) 7b b' (ll'hcre b (c) (-r')' (b) If the law of indi ces ·a111 7 a11 111 -= 11 . th e n

(d) ( f )' (w here * 0)

I (e)
1
(x y)
3
(f) 11 1
~ ~
4
(where m, n =I=- 0) (I) 2 3 -i- 2 3 = 20
111 II
3. Fill in the boxes wit h appropri a te numbers.

(a) 24 x 22 = 2L (b) 10 X 10' = 10 0 (c) Compa ring the res ults o f (a) a nd (b) , we ha ve 2° -= _ _ _ and 3° = _ __.
(d) 36 x 3 l = 3"
(f) (5 )' = 5 21
, ; Ui.J pT ,,r2 La ws of Integral Indices 2.5

2. S11pp(1Sc a I O a1H..I k is .1 J}(J!) 1li\ie integer.

2. S uppose a - . .
*
0 a nd k is a pos itive integer.
. m
h
,., • "' st ilt ho lds \\ hen mis a negative intege r. t en
(a) a appea rs _ _ _ ti mes If the law of 1nd1ccs a X a - a
" -

1 . * a x a x -.. x a
{l -;- (l = u x a~ a-kxa"= aD +O
a appc:1rs _ _ _ times

(b) If th e Jaw of indkcs ·a"1 -;- a" = am- "' sti ll holds when Ill = 11 • th cn

,/ 7 ak = af~J-1~

(c) Compa ring th e res ults of (a) and (b), \\ C have a0 = ___ . F Class Activity 2.2 , we see that in o rder to ma ke the laws of indices
sl~~~1o ld for negat ive integra l indices . the resull o f a non-zero number a
to the powe r - 11 can be defined as fo llows:
From Class Activity 2.1 . we sec th at in order to make the laws of indices
sti ll hold fo r zero index, the resu lt of a non-zero number a to the power 0
can be de fin ed as follows: a-n = f,,. where a * 0 and n is a positl\C integer 0-~ is unde fined fo r a = 0.

a" = I . whc ,e a *0 0
a is undefined for u = 0. T2 = = -3 _ _ I _ = ....L = _ _l
e.g. 8
- 1
= glI = 8·
I _71,_ _4l9 · ( - 2) - (-2) ' - 8 8

e .g. (1) 5° = I. (- ¾)° = I

@j[•)!m.•$ @ Thin k
(Ii) (xy)l! = I. Sy°= 5(1) = 5, where x , y -=I= 0.
Evaluate Eva lua te (a) 4 -
1 If O *
o and k is a positi\e
(a) (- 2)' .
-

integer. simplify -Jr·

© Negative Integral Indices (b) (6x)
0
, where x *0
@ Laws of Integral Indices
Class ~ 2.2 0 Bes ides the pos it ive int eg ral indi ces . the laws of indices also hold f~r ~ero

Compl e te th e following ' index and nega tive integral ind ices . In other words . the laws of indi ces
hold fo r all integ ra l indices . They can be s ummari zed as follow s:
1. (a) (I) 34 -;- 36 = 3 X J X 3 X J
22
3x3x3 x 3 x J x.f
= __!_
{Ii) -;- 25 = 2 X 2
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
If m and II a re intege rs and a. b * 0, the n Re c a ll:
Integers include posi ti ve
, [l (a) am x an= a"'+" iniegers. zero and negati ve
(b) a"' 7 a"= am - n integers.
(b) If the law of iml kc.s ·a'n -;- <,m - "' still hold h
D
a~=
s w en "' < 11, then (c) ((rl' =am X a
(I) Y' + J' =3 -LJ (II)
(d) (ab)"= a''b"
D
(c) Comparing th e rcsuhs of (a) and (b), \\c ha\'e LJ == -.!.__ and ,,Q _
= 2 (e) (~)" = f
3
- - 2D 1
 \J C l Ot cr -
Laws of Integral Indices 27
,.
~ (D Withou t 11 ,ing :1 ca lcu lator. find t he value~ of th e
1!::11 fo llowing e.\pressiun:,.
.® Simplify the fol lowing ex pressions (where r. s * 0) and
(a) 2- 4 X 90
tmi ex press the answers wit h positi ve indices.

(,- 2)4
(b) (-Jr' x (-r', (a)

(c) (ff' (b) -,-

(3s)'

3
1
(c) (-2n·- )

(a) r 4
x 9° = ?x J
(a) (,- 2 )4 = ,.-1 x 4
= , -s 9 oo•s and Don'ts - -
-- ..L
12 I Since the ans\\Cr i~ ~cq~irc_d to ~ a-~* - a~
z expressed with posit1\e indices. r
8

(-..L)
o~rl =
2
X (-r 2) = is not the final ansv.er.
(b) (-3) - _I_,, X
(-3)" J2 8 Do's and Don 'ts _ ----,
r\ote th.it (-3) - 2 and -r 2 (b) r~s-2 (abf = anb~
=½x(-½) in (b) are NOT the same· = 3- 2- ls- 2
= _.l_ (-J )_, = (-:1' = ½- =r 3s - 2
,.,,,]J,
but - 3- 2 = - ( r 2)
= -1,
JJ£_
r l= ? t=

(c) (l)_,
5
= .c'
5-J = _ _J_
J' Alternative
- s' (3s)- 1 _ _
- 11 -
- -9· I 1_
- 3 - -3(3s) 2
=~
=--\~,
3 x 3"xs

2;i
Alternative
=
(ff'=(s-'J-J
@Think _ _ __ 3
: 5 - l "- 1- 3) (c) {- 2rs- 1) = t-2) 3, \·- 1 x 3

S1rnplify (- 1r" if11 is a = - 8,3s-3

= 53
=w (a) positive even number.
(b) pos itive odd number
=-3
s,'
-'-
l!imJi0@1!D 0 ,- - - -- -------,
Without us ing a calcu!aior, fi nd the values of the follow ing rxpressions
~ M O-- - - - - - - - - -- 1
(a) (T 1 x 4- 1) 0 Simplify the following expressions (where p, q * 0) and express the
(b) (-5)- 3 X (-1 - 6) answers wi th pos it ive ind ices.

(c) (ff' _J (•> (pY' (b) (l,;J-'

Odd 24--JJ
- - - --------- ---
J

'----
cPttl s-11)
 ,~
~ 0 Si mplify the r'o ll nwan,g cxprc.'> sions (\\ here x, y 1- O) and
ex press !h e an!'.. wcrs wi th posi1ivc indices.

(a) <•-:;')_, (b) (;'.; f ~ 2A

Laws o f Int egral Indices 2.9

lmD If m and n a rc int egers

Wit hou t us ing a calcula tor, find the v.i lucs of th e fo llow ing e xp ress ions. and a. b * 0, then
[Nos. 1-12] • a0 = I

1. 3° 2. - 10°
• a"' X rl' = a"' ~"

=X y6 -4- 2
4. -f, 5. 30 + 2- t - Example l{a)
= x6y - 6 • (a"')~= a"' " "
7. ( - 2)- 2
X ( - 5 1) 9. 5- J 56 • (ahl = a"b~
= ~ ' - Ex amp/e l (b)
X

L 10. 10- 2 -;- 10- I 11 , (trl - Exampl e l (c ) 12. (=/- f 2

(b) ( : :~ r4 = {/ - l - 2l f I S imp lify the following express .ions and express. lh e answers
. wi ih posi ti ve indi ces. [Nos. 13-33)
(All the fell ers in rhe expressions represent non-zero numbers.)
= (y3f 4

=: YJ x (- 4) 13. mo 14. (6q)o 15. 8ro

= y - 12 16. -, 17. a- 3 18 . -a'

"
19. ( - d) _,
_,
20. C X C
7
21 . p - 6 X PJ

_,
~011D O,- - - -- - - - - - -
s impli ry th e fo ll owing express ions (where m,
a nswers wit h positive ind ices.
11 * 0) and express the I 22 .

28.
s

25. (h- 2) - s
4

(,Lf'
7 s 23 .

26.

29.
z
- 3 -;- z4

(2x) - J - Exampl e 2(b)

(ab) - 6
24.

27.

30.
(C' J'

---1__,
(3y) -·
(p - lq)B
- Ex.1mple2(c1)

- & ample2(()
(a ) (,,, - ~~ ) - J (b) (m 7 (m - 411°)r 2

aea ,-s
Dtll·I
---- "'- - - - - - - - -
43s1 l
31. (xoy- J)4 32. (fr' 33. (2.ry- •J'

Class ~ 2.1 l!mD

. the values o f th e fo llow
Wi thout using a ca lculator. fmd - 3
ing exp ress ions. (No s- .1 34-39]
x 4 -J .:.. g-6

1. Without us ing n c:1lcula tor. find th e wi !ucs of the fo llowi ng cxrrc~si ons . 35. (-9) -2 X (t) 36. 2 .

(a) (-S J° {b) (¾r' (c) 7° + 7 1 x T' 37. 20 -;- 10- 5 X 10- 8 39. 70 - ro -;- r '4
(dJ r'.,. r '
2. S imp lify th e folio" ing ex press ions (where a. b
indices.
* O) and express the answers with pos iti ve S im lify th e fo llow ing expressions
. and e x prcss the answers wi th posi rive indices. [Nos . 40-51]
(All rhe letters in the expres:Hons rep resem non-zero numbers.)
P . 3( 2 f4
(a) b- 1 7 b- 3
(b) (a J)- 1 (a- 2b -J ) - -~ (2h - ik o)- 4 42. y x y

--
40. 41 .
(c) (ff' {d) (3a - 2).J
(e) (-/ ,r' (f) (a ob - ~)s
(g)
(-2:,-r ' _, - ExampleJ(a)

--
(ba - )
(h)
. . . , , 2. 10 Chapter 2 (
Laws of Integral Indices 2. 11

46. (~~:r - wmple l(b) 48. (:~';,' f

Class ~ 2.3 Q
1. (a) Comp le te the fo ll owi ng tabl e. (Thejirst one is done for you us an example.)

Witho ut using a calcu lator. find the values of the fo llowi ng expressions. [Nos. 52-53] 10
1
= 10
52. 41 010
53. _ 31 000 1 X 2r1m
?off

(b) Us ing th e resu lts of (a). guess the number o f ze ros in the value
54 . Simpli fy the following expressions and express the answers with of IOt. where k is a pos iti ve integer. fJ:!l
positive indices, where II is a positive integer. (c) Cons ider the numbe r 50 000 and complete the followin g

(b)
163- •
F 50 000 = x 10 000 = x 10D
55. If am + = JI· 2. (a) Complete the foll owing table. (Thefirsr one is done/or you as example.)

1··"- l'" '· -1'"· - 1

0 11 011
where m and II are negative iniegers, find a pair
of possible va lues of m and 11 _

· •a ..
f.lJ Scientific Notation (b) Using the results of (a). guess the numbe r o f zeros in th e va lue
of I o-t, where k is a positi ve integer. fJ:!l
Q Introduction
(c) Consider the number 0.000 3 and complete the following .
In science or o ther areas. we often deal wi th ver I
va lues. y arge or very small The 'very smal l va lues' here 10D
refers 10 'values \Cry close to
o·
e .g. (I) The total sea and land area of
(ii) The weight of a pollen groin is about From Class Activity 2.3, we see that numbers can be expressed in the
Hong Kong is about
0.000 000 25 g. form 5 X 10 4 and 3 x 10- 4 We say that these numbers a re ex pressed in
2 755 000 000 m'.
scie11tific 1totatio11. In fact:

A pos iti ve number c..xprcssc,_d in scientifi c notatio n~

is in the fo nn

a ><: 10",
,vhere I a < IO and II is an integer ·a· can be an integer or a
decimal.
Since ~ese values have many digits, it is very inconve . .
work with. I~ Mathematics, such prob lems can be solv:~ent to wri te or Note : A negati ve number can a lso be ex pressed in scientifi c notati on in
the numbers m terms of powers of 10 with inte r . _ by expressing the form -a X 10". whe re I a < 10 and n is an intege r.
it in Class Activity 2.3. ga l indices. l et's explore
e.g. - 123 = -1.23 X 10 2

scicntifi cnotationi+ #"ll.f(i-);

. . . . • , .12 Chapter 2

@J;•JifGl·-M
Determine whet her each of the fo llowing numbers is expressed in scientifi c
nota ti on. Expres s each of the fol lowi ng numbe rs in sc ie ntific
notati on.
(a) 10 X 10 8 (b) 1 X l0- s
(c) - 9 .9 X \OJ
(a) 34 700 000 000
(d) 0.Q7 X W-'

The fo l lowi ng exa mples show how to ex press numbers in scientifi c

notation.
Solution
(b) 0.000 005 9

(a) 34 700 000 000 =

r {4 700 ~00 00~

I Od1,-:1ts
1

(b) 0.000 005 9 =

Tota l sea and land area of Hong Kong oooooos 9
4
= 2 755 000 000 m' !li.lllm!3IOOJ O- - - - - - - - - - ~ ··6 d,gus
= 2 755 X I 000 000 m2 There are 6 zeros in I 000 000. Express each of the fo ll owi ng nu mbe rs in scien tific notation.
= 2 755 X 10 6 m2 (a) 23 600 000 (b) 0.000 000 457
= (2.755 X 103) X 106 m 2 2 755 x ]06 m2 is not the answer OttU l )
= 2.755 X (0 9 m2 because 2 755 is not less lhan JO.

We know that in a ve ry large (or very sma ll ) numbe r. some of the digits
Weight of a poll en grain
are less importa nt. For convenience. we often ro und off the numbe rs first.
= 0.000 000 25 g
and th en express the approximate values in sc ienti fic notation.
= 25 X 0.000 000 0 1 g There are 8 zeros in 0.000 000 01.
= 25 X 10· 8 g e.g. Speed of li gh t = 299 792 4 58 mis
= (2 .5 X 10 1) X 10· ' g = 300 000 000 mis. C"Or. IO I Sig.fig.
= 2.5 X 10- 7 g i.e. Speed of light= 3 X 10 8 mis, cor. to I sig.fig.

In fact. we can express a positi ve number P in sc iemific notation in a

fas ter way as shown below: Round off lhe fo ll owing numbers to 3 sign ifi cant figu res
and exp ress the results in scientific notat ion.
Step
(a) 486 274 62 1
1. Note the position of the 2 755 000 000. (b) 0.000 250 69
0.000 000 25
decima l point. !
' (a) 486 274 621 = 486 000 000. cor. to 3 sig.fig.
2. Move the deci mal point to
2 i.e. 486 274 62 1 = ~ . cor. to] sig.fig.
the place just afte r the first m1,?Ri>'!J!i 0~ Recall : 486 000 000.
significant fi gure. to the lefr to th e right The first significant fi gure is +
th enon-zero digit with the (b) 0.000 250 69 = 0.000 25 I. cor. to 3 sig.fig. 8 digits

largest place va lue. i.e. 0.000 250 69 =~ . cor. to 3 sig.fig.

3 . Count the numbe r of digit s 0.000 25 1
th at the dec imal point moved 9 L_. . _
7
to the left or to th e right. !li.Jllm!3(00J u-- - - -- - - - - - -- -~ 4digils

Round off the followi ng numbe rs to 3 signi fi cant figures and express
4. Ex press the numbe r in 2 755 000 000 the results in sc ientific nolation.
0.000 000 25
sc ie ntific notation . = 2.755 X 10 9 = 2.5 X I Q- 7 (a) 146 830.2 (b) 0.003 008 45
Ottl=I 1 J
Note: Fo r I -i::;; P < I 0, P can be exp ressed as p x I o0
·• 14 Chapter 2
j
Ex press the fo ll owi ng numbers as integers or decimals.
(a) 9.7 X 10 7 llimilll:lM O
Laws of Integral Indices 215
'
(b) 5. 16 X IQ_, With out using a calculator, eva lu ate the fo ll o,\ing expressio ns and
ex press the answers in scientific notation
(C) - 7.0 3 X IQ- 6
(a) 4 X 10 7 - 4.4 X JO"
(a) 9.7 X 10 7 =2Z..Q2Q.22Q Move lh e decimal point 10 the (b) ( l.6 X 10 7) X (5 X 10 5 )

.l '· ,·;;,;,/
(b) 5. 16 X 10- 2 = Q;Qill
right.
9.7 000 000
~------------------~ 0®=1 s l
Note : We ca n also use a calculat or to handl e the operations of numbers

I
(C) - 7.03 X IQ - 6 = - 0.000 007 03 ex pressed in scientific notation.
,10,.e the decunal point 10 th e- lcr
005 16 1 c.g In Example 7(a) , we ca n evaluate 3 X 10 11 + 6 X 10 10

i'dii:;,s
directl y \\ ith the keying sequence:
311:rJ II Q61l:IJ IO llJll
hlovc the decimal point to the left Then, thc res ulti sshownonthcd1spbyas 3 . 6 x 10 11
- 0000 007 03
Exp ress the fo ll owing numbe rs as int egers or deci ma ls. ' 6 digits '
II. Practical Applications
(a) 4 .2 1 x 10' (b) 8.633 X 10 3 (c) -2 x IQ_,
In a lo t of rese arch in the sciences and other d iscip l ines such as
O®=t 4 )
economi cs and astronomy, sci entifi c notation is o ft en appli ed to handle
the ope rat io 11 s involving very large or very small data. Sec the fo llowing
© Applications of Scientific Notation example.

I.

a
Simplifying Operations
For operations involving numbers with many dig its , we can use sc ien tifi c Th e d ista nc e between Sirius and th e Ea rth is about
notat ion and lows of ind ices to simplify the process. 8 .6 light-years, where I ligh t-yea r is the distance tra ve lled
by light in I yea r. It is known that the speed of light is

5
5
3 x 10 km /s . Cn lculate the di s tance. in km. between

) ~::::::11~ ~~: e:p;:Lc~l:~o:;w: : ~:~~c~:i~i:~~l~:';:~g

· G) (~~
Sirius and the Ea rth, correc t to 2 significant figures.
(Take I year= 365 days.)
3 X !0 11 + 6 X J0 1o
I year = 365 days
( b) (2 .7 X JO') X (2 X IQ- 6) = 365 X 24 X 60 X 60 S
= 3. 1536 X 10 7 s
3 X 10 11 +6 X 10 10
11
Distance between Sirius and the Earth
11
= 3X J0 +0.6 X J0
11
= 8.6 light-yea rs
= (3 + 0 .6) X l 0 = 0.6 X J0 11 II = 8 .6 X speed of light X I yea r' s time Ligh1-year is a distance. and
= L Extract the common fa ctor IO · = 8.6 X 3 X 105 X 3. 153 6 X l 0 7 km dist:rnce = speed X time

(b) (2 .7 X IO'J X (2 X IQ - 6)
= 8. 1 x 10 13 km. car. ro 2 sig.ftg.
=(2 .7 X 2) X 10 11 - 6 @ Think _____
= ~ In Example 7(a), can we
obtain the sa me result if
all the numbe rs are firs t
expressed with 10 10 "! j
Si rius!:,. 1~.1.
 :w,
- - - -- -• I --
...... • :> 16 Ch,1o t e r 2 of lotegcal Iodice, 2.17

ll;:m;m@1Il) Q -
Thc 'As t rono m ica l Un it' (AU) is a unit o f di stance co mmonly ~ 2B
used in as tronomy, where J AU (i.e. J.496 x 10 km) is about th c
8

mea n di stance from the Ea r1 h to th e Sun. Express the di stance o f

mm,
8.6 light -yea rs in Example 8 in AU. correct to 2 significant fi gures. Otili 14, 1s l 1. Dete rmine whethe r each o f the follow ing is expressed in sc ientifi c
notati on. If no t, ex press the numbe r in sc ie ntific notation .

37.9 x I o' (b) 6.35 X (- 10)3

,eQraG;Q Zone
(a)
(c) 1. 2 X 10° (d) - 4.8 1 X 10 - 1

Scien1ific notation enables simpler

2. Express each of the fo ll ow ing numbers in scientific notat ion.
calcu lations and comparisons of ex tremely
large or small quantities, (a) 50 000 000 - hample 4(a) (b) - 930 000 000
e.g. mass of a proton = 1.67 x io- 27 kg
mass of an electron = 9.1 r x io- 31 kg (c) 657.01 (d) 0.002 34 • b.imple4(bl

Sin ce - 27 > - 3 1, we can easily sec that a (e) -0.000 097 (f) 0.000 500 7
proton is heavier th an an electron.
#a tom
3. Round off the followin g numbe rs to 3 significant figures and express
the results in scienti fi c notation .

(a) 2 345 • Example S(a) (b) 609 507.43

Class ~ 2.2 (c) 0.081 072 - uampleS(b) (d) - 0.000 135 79

(e) 890ft (f) 2 ~20

1. Ex press each of the followin g numbers in scientific notalion .
(a) 400 000 4. Express each of the fo llowing numbers as an intege r o r a decimal.
(b) - 278 000 000
(c) 97 53 1 (d) 0.00 1
(a) 9 X 10
5
- Enmplc6(a! (b) 5.028 X 106

(e) 0.06 1 39 (c) - 6.712 X 10 3

(d) 10- ~ - U:ample6(b)
(f) - 0.000 089 4
(g) 86 X I0 - 9 (e) 4.5 X 10- 5
(f) -3. 18 X I0-7
(h) 0.32 X 10 7 - E:o.amp!e6(c)

2, Exp, css each of the followin g numbccs as an in lcgc, o, a decima l. 5. Without using a calculator. eva lu ate the following expressions and
express the a nswe rs in scientific no tation .
(a) 7 X 10' (b) 8.7 X IO'
(a) 6 X 10' + 5.5 X JO' (b) 7.6 X 10- 5 - 2 .4 X IO -s
(c) - 2.14 X 10 5 (d) - IO'
(c) 3.8 X 10 + 8 X 10 5 - Eitample7(.i) (d) 4 .2 X I0- 3 - 5 X 10- ~
6

- 9.77 X I o-i
(e) 6 X IO - J
(f)
(e) (1.3 X 10" ) X (4 X IO- IJ) (I) (8 X I0- 3) + (5 X 10 5)
3. Wi1hou1 usi ng n cn lculuto, , e,a luat e the fol lowing ex ' .· • bample7(b)

ex press th e answe rs in scientific notation . P cssions and 6. Use a calcu lator to eva luate the following express ions and express the
(a) 6 .8 X 10' - 5.2 X 10'
answe rs in scientific notation .
9
(b) 1.2 X 10 5 + 9.8 X 10' (a) 4.6 X 10 + 3.9 X 10 10 (b) 5.7 X 10" - 2.4 X 10 '°

(c) (2 .5 X IO') X (3 X IO - ' ) (c) (3 .6 x Io- ' ) + (2 .5 x IO' ) (d) (2. 1 X I0 - 7) X (3 .4 X I0- 8)

(d) (3 .6 X 10- ') + (4 X 10- ' )

 Laws of Integral Indices 2.19
.... . . ,• • 2.18 Chapt• r 2

7. Express the fo llowing da ta in scientific notation. 11 . Use a ca lcu lator to e va lualc the fo llow ing e:<pressions
(a) The va lue of ;r was found correct (b) The di ameter of a certain kind of (Gh·e 1he a11s ll'ers correct 10 2 .~ignifi aml figures and express 1/te res11/ls
to about 12 000 000 000 000 bacteria is about 0.000 000 l m. in scienlijic nowrion.)
decimal places. (a) ( 3f3 + 4~44 r5
(b) 53 -S- (2 00 I_, X 2 008' )

(c) / 1.oi ~5110 _9

(d) (t07_ 37.816XXIO10_,1)'

(c) The distance between the (d) The wavelength of red lighl is a bout
Sun and the Ea rth is about 0.000 000 635 m. 12. The fo llowi ng map shows the s torage vol umes of 4 reservoi rs in
149 000 000 000 m. Hong Kong. Arrange these 4 volumes in ascending order.

Tai Lam Cbun,c Rete...,olr

1
17626000m

:~~·.c.;;.:,!"..~··
8. l f 159.~ g of chemical substan ce y contains 6 X 1021 molecules, find
the weight of each molecule of chemical substance y
(Give lhe ans wer in scienlific notation.) · U l, • }{o.,\oonR..H...,oi r
Ot296 X t0 m
7 3

lmD
9. Withou t using a calcu la tor. evaluate the fo llowi ng ex ressi c1
express the a nswers in sci entific no1.iti on. p ons and
13. If (8 X 10"' ) X (6 X !On) = 4.8 X 10 -
13
• whe re m and I/ a re
6.5 X I 0 4 - 3 X !03 + I.JS X 10 .s

I
(a)
in tegers. fin d a pa ir of poss ible v.i lucs of m and 11 .

(b) 7.2 X 10 9 + 5.5 X 109 + 9.4 X 1010

14. The s peed of light is 3 x 10 8 m/s. If a s pacecraft ta kes 11.9 hours
(c) 1. 9 X [Q- 7 + I. I X 10- 6 - 3 X 10- 8
to cover a dis tance equivalent to the distance that light travels in I s.
(d) 3.77 X JOI - 1. 258 X 102 - 1.19 X IO I find the speed of the spacecraft in m/s.
(Gil·e the ans wer correct to 3 siR11ifica111 figures and expre~:s !he resull in
10. Wi thout using a calcula tor, e va luate the followin .
sciemific 11oratio11.) - Ei.lm pl e a
express the answers in scien tific notation. g expressions and
6
(a) 0 .8 X 10 ) X (2 X 102) X (5 X w - 1)

(b) (7. 16 X 10 - 3 + 4 X 10- s) ';'" (J X I0 4 )

15. A spacecraft s tarted its flight from the Earth and a rri ved a t 1he
(c) 25 ooo ooo~ooo~oo~o3ooo1~o ooo ooo Saturn afte r 2 450 days. If the ave rage speed of the spacec raft was
1. 65 x 10 4 mis, find the di sta nce travelled in m.
(d) 5oo 000! 210 000 000 ooo (Gil·e the a11s wer correct /0 2 significant fig ures and express !he result in
32 ooo 000- 1
sciemific 11otatio11.)
.,,,,. --:---------------
.. ,... • • 2.20 Chapter 2 Laws of Integral Indice s 2

lmD
16. The ' Rubik's Cube' shown in the figure is a vcr}' famous puzzle.
By shifting th e faces of the smal l cubes. there are as many as
43 252 003 274 489 856 000 combinati ons of 1he square palterns
We can sec thnt the measuring units on the r rc vious page have differen t
buses. In fact, we can use different numeral sys 1cms 10 represent numbers
of differen t bases. In this section, we wi ll stucly 1wo kinds of numeral Please refer 10 th e Enrichment
Topic ' Hcxadcc 1mal System
systems: denary (base- l 0) system and binary (b;ise-2) system.
:md Hcx:1der 1m:i l Numbe rs' in

formed on each surface Appendix r on P 1\7.

(a) Round off the number above to 4 significant figures and express O Denary System and Denary Numbers
the result in scientific notation. Thc denary sysccm 1s also
The d cnary sys/em is the most common numera l system in the world.
called metric sys tem or
(b) Suppose a computer can identi fy one bill ion combinations in
Hindu-Arabic nume r:il ~) Stem
I second. Us ing the result of (a), es timate the time taken by the
computer to ident ify all the combinations of the 'Rubi k's Cube' .
(Take I year = 365 days and gfre lite answer correCI to 1/te nearest
01 2 3 4
year.)

56789
:x 9 Notation for Different Numeral Systems The dem1ry system consists of ten mmiern/s: 0, I, 2. 3. 4, 5, 6, 7. 8 and 9.
Numbers formed by these ten numerals arc called de11ary numbers.
fn our daily lives. we often come across different measuring units. See the
follow ing examples. e.g . 309 10 , 6 10410 and 207 185 10 arc denary numbers.

Note: The number ·Jo· at th e bottom right corn er o f each denary

Base•10 units number indicates its base. We usually omit the base · 10 · in
Thie melon weighs 1.5 1:g,
I km = J 000 m I.e. I 500 g. denary numbers if there is no confusi on.
l m = JOOcrn
1 cm = 10mm In a denary rmmhcr, the va lue of each digit depends on its position. This
l kg= IOOO g va lue is ca lled the pltJce ralue. The pince va lue of cnch digit in ;1 den;:iry
I L = I 000 mL number is IO times that of the ne.xt digit to its right.

Take the Jcnary number 6 I04 ns an e.~ample:

10' I 10' I 10 ' I 10° J0 1 "" IOan<l J0° :. 1.

Base•12 units X 10 X IO X IO
Base•60 un its
I foo t = 12 inches

w
1 hour = 60 minu tes Thercfore,6104 =6 X l OJ+ I X 10 +0 X 10 + 4 X 10°
2 1

1 minute = 60 seconds Thi s numerical e.xpression th at shows the place val ue of each digi t is
ca lled the exp111ulrd f orm .
l'm 50 1nches
tall, 1.e.4 feet
In 6 104, ·o· is called the p /a ci- holder. Thi s ·o· ca nnot be omitted tt\K-)!l/3:HEJ
and 21nches. because it affects the place va lues of certain dig its in the number 6 l 04 \Vhatarethc placcvalucs
signifi cantly. With th is ·o·. we can clearly dis tingui sh between the two of' l"m 614a11J61 04
respecti ve ly? Are the)· the
numbers 614 and 6 I 04.
same?

dcnary sys tem -t- il!. ti numcnil .ft J •i denary number -t- ill.ti:. digit .ft !t
place va lue {i !A exp:rnded form -4\. M 1(. place holder ~ fi .ft =t
 "'£L. Lnap t er 2
La ws of Integral Indices 2 23

0 Consi der the dcnary number 5 0!6.

Jn a binary numbe r. the place va lue of each digi t is 2 l imes that o f the
ct::11 Wr it e down th e pla ce va lue of e:ich dig it in th e

== 2·'~ 2·'~ 2·'~ ,·~/ ,.

(a) nex t di git lo its right. Take the binary number 11 0 10: as an exampl e:

I number.

(b) Hence, ex press 5 0 16 in the cxp:rnded form 2 1 = 2 and 2° = 1.

(a)

(b) 5 0 / 6 - 5 X ]0 3
,~, /,:, /,:,
The place va lue of each digit is listed as follows:

I ,~.

+ 0 X 10 2 + ] X 10 1 + 6 X J0°
= 4
X 2

Th erefore. !he expanded form of 110 I 0 1 is:

110 102 I X 2 + I X 2 3 + 0 X 2 2 + I X
X 2 X 2

2' + 0 X 2°
X 2

The t\\O zeros in I JOJO~ arc

the place holders.

(a) Wri te dow n th e pla ce va lue o f eac h dig it in the

Consider lhe dena ry number 90 40 I. numbe r.
(a) Write down the place value of eac h digit in the number. (b) Hence. ex press 11 0 12 in the expanded form .

==
(b) Hence . express 90 40 I in the expanded fonn .
s., l (a) The pl ace va lue of each digit is li s ted as follows:

© Binary System and Binary Numbers 2'

Bes ides the dcnary system. another numeral sys tem called the binary (b) I 101 ; = I X 23 + I X 2 2 + 0 X 2 1 + I X 2ri
syJtem is commonly used in data s torage and arithmetic operati on in
compu ter systems. llifillil3(ilffl} lllJ
•--------------~
Below arc two applications of bin:;iry system in our d:;ii ]y Jives. Consider the binary number 1000 1;.
(a) Wri te down the place value of each digit in the numbe r.

.~,: ; r •••• • (b) He nce, express 1000 12 in the expanded fo rm .

6.s l

~ci~- =•••!
I I • .. Represent the expression 2
4
+ 2°" + I as a binary number.
• •
OR code label and OR code scanner
l e11ers displayed on a LED board 24 + 22 + I
= J X 24 + 0 X 2 3 + I X 2 + 0 X ]1
2
+ I X 2° The-re are no · 2 '· and •2 1•
The binary sys tem cons ists of on ly two numera ls ·o· and T . Numbers tcnns in the expression.
formed by these two n umera ls arc ca lled binary 11 umbcrs. = !.£!.2l.l
e.g. I 00 2• l IOI 2 and l l OI Oi are binary numbers.
Tl1e number ·2· at the bo1tom
llifillil3(ilffl} Q1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 20 l
+ 2 3 as a binary number.
UBN
5
right corne r o f each num ber Represent t he express ion 2
in<lic:itcs th:11 its b,1sc is 2.

binary :.),tern .=. it!. ~-J binary num ber..::.. ,i -tt · ·

, L ~,': :? 4 Laws oftntegral Indices 2 2 5 •

G:niil;1b GIJ It is !! i \ cn tlt:it [;'" 1c b a ~-diµlt <lc11:1ry nurnb<'r. \,here ·,': _is II. Conversion of Denary Numbers into Binary Numbers
a dig;I from Oto 9. If 10 2 + l* •o = 2110- fi nJ th (' valucof 'i-< .
In Example 11. we see l h.Jt numbers grouped 1n powe rs of 2 c:m bi::
con ve rted int o bin ::i ry num bers. In fact, we can con\'e rl an y denary
Octue numbers into binary numbers Loo.
Express 10: ;111J *
I 10 in their expanded form first.
Take 14 as :rn example. 13y di vidi ng the number s uccessi vel y by 2. \\ C

have
102 + ! * 10 = 21 10
i.e. IX 2 1 +0 X 2° + IX ]0 1 +* X 10° =2 1 ]4 .,- 2 = 7··"'' wh ich mea ns 14 =7 X 2+0
2 + 10+ * =21 7 .,- 2 =3 · .... ] which means 7=3X2 + 1
12 + = 2 1 * 3 .,- 2 =I ...... I which means 3= 1 X 2 +1
*=2
Therefo re. 14 =7 x 2 + 0
111mi13@m! CF) - - =(3X2+ l )X2 + 0
lt is given tha! * 8 10 is a 2-di git dcrrnry number. where -;.,,- is a digit = 3 X22 + 1 X 2 + 0
from I to 9. If I OOi X 11 00, = * 8 10. fin<l the \ 3]uc of 1::. = (I X 2 + I) X 2 2 + I X 2 + 0
zs. 29 1 = I X 2 3 + I X 2: + I X 2 1 + 0 X 2° Thi~ i ~ lhl' ~-,p:inJ L·J form o f J

bin,1r) numbe r
llenee. 14 10 =
@ Interconve rsion between Binary Numbers
The steps of con verting a <lcna ry number into .1 binary numbe r arc a~
and Denary Numbers fo llows
I. Conversion of Binary Numbers into Denary Numbers
Step 1 Di vid e a denar y number succcss i\ cl y by 2 ( u s e s h o r t
In §2. 313. \\ e k:nrnl lo express binary numbcrs in their c, r :i nded torm. In
d h·isio n) until the quotien t is l.
fac t. \\·e c:i u f urther con ve rt them into den.1ry numbers. Sec the following
c\'.:irnple.
•
Step 2 R ea d t he fi nal qu ot ie n t (i .e. I ) f i rst and th en a ll the
~ ® Convert th e binary rrnmbcr 1011 1 into :i dcnary number.
remainders from bottom to top succe~sivc ly.

3
!0 11 : = ! X 2 +0 X 21 + J x zi + I y 2° Step 1: fa pro.::~:- in the e,\p,mdcd form e.g. (i) 2 L.l:!. (ii) 2 U:!_
= 8+2 +1
= II Slep 2: Find the va lue of the
2
2
Ll ······
Ll. ...... I
o) 2LJ1. "·· " 0 t
2 L!.2_ • .... 0 The L-~11.1pcd :irrow shows the
e,pre-.s1<l!l obl:iined 2 L.§. .... .. 0 ,\,I} of pl::icing the numera ls to
[ ...... J
~@mlilD- - - - - - - -- fo rm the binar ) number.
2L_± · .. , o
r om-c n the foll owing bi n:.iry numbers into den:.iry number:- . [

(a) 10 100, (b) 111 011 , - - J 9 14 l

2L.1_ .... · 0
I .... · 0
64 io = 12,22000 !
 Laws o f Integral Ind ices 2.27 1
I :
.. . • 26 Ch:lp t c- r 2

~ @ C'on\ Crl 2 110 into a bin ary number

C/ass ~ 2.3
m::D 1. For eac h of lh c fo l lowing numbers.
2 L2!. (I) w rit e down the place v::i luc of the di git ·o , and

2LJQa·····I '
2LJ ······ 0
2LJ·· ···· I
(Ii)

(a)
express the numbe r in the c,p,n dcd fo rm.
73 0 15 ,, (b) 1101 11 ,
I ··· ··· 0
2Ji o = 2. Express each of the follo wi ng numbers in the expanded form .

(a) 167 " (b) 100 10,

Checking
By evalua ting the expanded form of IOIOI 2, we have
101 0 12 = I X 24 +0 X 23+ ! X 22 +0 X 21 + I X 20 3. Re prese nt each of the follo wing ex pressions as a denary nu mber.
1
= 16 +0 + 4+0+ I (a) 5 X 10 + I X 10 1 + 9 X JOO
= 21 3
(b) 3 X I0 + 3 X l 0 + 6
The answer is correc t.
4. Rep resent each of the fo ll owing expressions as a bina ry numbe r.
3
(a) I X 2 + I X 2 2 + I X 2 1 + 0 X 2°
Convert 23 io into a binary number. Offii 21-24 J
4
(b) 2 + I

-~-~-~---~
Note: Some calcu lators can be sel to o pc rnt e in the 'BA SE-N" mode by
5. Convert the fo llow ing binary numbers into dc nary numbe rs.
ressin g G,>D.
(a) I I I, (b) 101101 ,

D~,y \ B~y
Some ca lc11 la10rs th e 1he letter 6. Conve rt the fo llowing de nary numbers into bi nary numbe rs.
d fo r denary. and b fo r binary.
(a) 24 ,o (b) 71 .,
We can perform conversions in different numeral systems effectively
with a calculator.

e.g. (\) Convert 111 0 12 into a dcna ry numbe r. @ Calculator

11 10 1: = ~ Keyi ng sequences:
(i) li111 01 mla 1
x~ 2c
(ii) Convert 201 10 into a bin::iry numbe r.
[29.J
20 110 =
Mal 20 III!JC'.I j lmD
CII00I00l .l 1. Write down the place value of each digit in e ach of the fo ll ow in<>
denary numbers. ::.
Please refer to the STEM Work shop
'Binary Encoding' in Append i)( II on P.A9. (a)

(b)
 Law s o f In t egr al Ind ices 2 29

)" • .' ] 28 Chap ter 2

Convert th e fo ll ow i ng bi nary numbers into denary numbers. [Nos. 9-1 4]
.,,. in each of the follo," ing 9_ (a ) I 1,
2. W rilc do,, n the pl ace ,:i.luc n f each d1_.. 1t (b) I 00: - Uample 13
bi nary numbers. (a) 100 12
10. (b) 1111,
(a)
11 . (a) 10 111 2 (b) 11 0 112

12. (a) 10 111 0 , (b) 1111 0 12

(b) I I JOO, (a) 100 100 1, (b) I 1001 10,

13-

14. (a) 10 10 10 10 , (b) l 1!000 1112

3. Wr ite down th e place value of th e digit ·o· in each of the follow ing 15. Represent each of the foll ow ing expressions as a denary number.
1
numbers. (a) 2 X 10 + 8 X 10° (b) 9 X 10 2 + 0 X ]0 1 + 4 X 10°
(b) I JOI 11,
(a) I 607 10 16. Represent ea ch of the followi ng express ions as a bi nary number.
4. Wri te down the pl ace ,-alue of the underlined di git in each of the 2 1
(a) I X 2 + 0 X 2 + 0 X 2° (b) I X 2 1 + 0 X 22 + I X 2 1 + 0 X 2°
foll owing numbers
17. Represent each of the fo llow ing ex pressi ons as a denary number.

93910 (a) 7 X ] 00 +6 X IO+ ) X I (b) 5 X I 00 0 + 2 X l 00 + 4 X J0 + 0 X I

(a)
(b) i 32 1,o 18. Represent each of the fo ll ow ing expressions as a bi na ry number.
(c) IOIOl l (a) I X 4 + I X 2+I X I (b) I X 16 + 0 X 8 + I X 4 + I X 2 + 0 X I

(d) ! JOJO! 11

lmlD
5. Consider the dcnary number 2 309 io-
19. Represent ea ch o f the foll owing expressions as a dcnary number.
(a) W r ite down th e place value of each digit in the numbe r.
4
(a) I X 10 2 +8 X 10 1 (b) 7 X 10 + 3 X 100 + 9 X I
(b) Hence, exp ress 2 309 10 in the expanded form. - Uam?'e 9
(c) 6 X I 000 +9 X I 00 000 + 5 X IO+ 6
6. Consider t he bi nary num ber 10 \ 0z.
20. Represent ea ch o f the foll ow ing express ions as a bi nary number.
(a) W r it e dow n the place value of e;.ich digit in the number.
4 2
(b) Hence. ex press I OI 0: in th e expanded form. .. Elample 10 (a) 25 + 2 + 2
(c) 2 11 +2 9 + 5 - E.rample 11
7. Express the fo ll owing dcnary numbers in the expanded form.

(b) I I I ., (c) 4 056,. Conve rt the foll o wi ng dcnary numbers inlO binary numbers. [Nos. 21-24)
(a) 65 10
21 . (a) 20 10 (b) 39 io - Example 14
e. Ex press the fo l low ing bin ary numbers in Lhe expanded form.

(b) I 100, (c) IOI 11, 22. (a) 48 io (b) 77 10

(a) 10 1,

23. (a) 105 10 (b) 16010

24. (a) (b) 22 310

1931 0
...-· ,
, t' l..j U Chapter 2

lawsoflntegrallndlces 23 1
25 , Con ve rt the fo llowing binary numbe rs into dcnary numbers

(a) JOoooooooo 1, (b) 10000 1o Io I oo, (j Chapter Summary 0 ·······;;; ·.;

; Studying
i r,pr
26. Us ing each of the digit s 0. 4. 7. I o nce only. form th c sma lleS t
4-digit d c nary number a n d the largest 4-digit dena ry n umbe rs .
Express th ese two numbers in the expanded form. 1_ zero Index and Negative Integral Indices
(a) If a =I=- 0 and II is a positive integer. then
27. (a) F ind th e s mallest 5-digi t binary numbe r in which only two (I) a
0
=I
digits a re 0. Express the number in the expanded form . 2020° = l
(Ii) a-"=~
(b) F ind the larges t 5-digi t binary number in which on ly two digits rl=-}
a re 0. Express the number in the expanded fo rm.
(b) Laws of integral indices =½
28. It is given that 3* 10 is a 2-digit denary num ber. where * is a digi t If m an<l II arc in tegers and a. b * 0, then
(I) a"' X a" = a"' - n
fro m0to 9 . If I 00 I0 J 1 - 3 * 1o = J 1 ,findtheva lueof *. - ui.imple ll
a"'-;- a"= a"' - n
Given that.t,)' * 0.
(a"' ):== aah::
(ii)
29. It is given th at * 4 * Jo is a J-digit dcnary number, where * is a digit (iii) n
.t ~!~~ =x · l - ~y3 -l- 5)
X y
from I to 9. If * 4 * ,o -;-- 10 11 1 = 10 11 0 2, find the vafue of * · (Iv) (ab) = ...- 6 )'8
30. Cons ider the fo llow ing three numbers: (v) (f)" = f =~
,'
11 0 100 1 .101111 1, (7,ol
2. Scientific Notation
Arrange th e above numbers in descending order.
(a) A positi ve number e .l prcsscd in scientific 123 000 = 1.23 X 10 5
31. Conside r the followi ng four numbers: no tation is in the fo rm a X 10~. where 0.001 23 = 1.23 X 10 - '
62 10 , 10000001 • 11 ! 1001 , 69 ,0 1 a < JO and n is an integer

(a) Jo hn ny claims th at I 0000001 mus! be g rea te r than I J 11 00 (b) For numbers with man y digits. we ca n 20 000 000 X 0.000 06
30 000
beca use I 000000 1 has more digits th an Ill J00 . Do you agree?
1 express the m in scientific notation for easr
Explain your a nswe r.
2 7
2 X 10 X 6 X IO -$
operations and compa rison.

l ,~;. . . . . _. · ·-
3 X IOi

~ (b) Pa uline c la ims that I 11 100, must be greater than 62 because = ( 2 ; 6 ) X 107•! -51 - ~
10
1111 00 1 h as more digits than 62 1 . Do you agree? Explain your
0
answer. = 4 X I0- 1

(c) A rra nge the above fou r numbers in ascending order.

(a) Denary system Consider the denary numbe r 215 w. . .
mzm (I) Den:iry system consists of ten (a) Write do wn the place va lue of each d1gll

n ume rals:
32. Write down a 7-digit binary number whi ch is less than 80 . in the nurenxbpe: ~ss 2 15 ,o in th e ex pand e d

:~h:
0 I. 2. 3, 4. 5. 6, 7. 8 and 9 (b) Hence. '
§: 10
form .
(ii) T~e p lace value o f each digit
33. Hcprcsent each of the fo llowi ng expressions as a binary numbe r. de nary number is IO times \hat o (a) Dig it i11 2 151 0
7
(a) 9 X 2 + 11 X 25 + 21 next digil to its right. Plau valur 10' 10"
11
(b) 2 + 2 + 2~ - 3
8

(c) 3 X (2 3/ + 5
 l
2.32 ChaptN 2

Example ~?
Note
I
(b) Bin nry system Consider th e bi nary number 11101 2•
(i) Bin a ry system cons ists of two (a) Write down the place value of euc h di git C, Checkpoint l I
muncra ls: 0 and 1

(II) The place va lu e of eac h digit in a

I in the number.
(b) Hence. ex press 11101 2 in the ex pand ed In each of the foll owing, in o T .
form. i JI is correct, and ., . if it is wrong.
b in n ry number is 2 times th at of the I
1. a- 4 = J.,whcre a -=1=- 0.
next di git to it s ri ght. a
(a) Digit in I /IOI 1 I
Ploct i•o[Ul' 2. -¼
m
= -1 , where m * O.

I (b) • 0 X 21 + I X 2°
3
111 0 1, = I X 2'+ I X 2 + I X 2 1 + 3. (ff 1
=f. whcrcs=l=- O.

(c) Int e rconve rs io n between binary numbers and I 4. (,-

2
,6 = - 112 . where I* 0.
dcnary numbers
5. 11
3
X n-
1
+ 11-
3
= n~. where 11 * O.
(I) Co n ve rsion o f binar y num bers int o 1 101 1! = I X 23 + 0 X 2 2 + I X 2 1 + ] x 20
5
denary numbers =8 + O+ 2 + I 6. 12 X I 0 is ex pressed in scientifi c notati on.
= 11 4
7. 0.99 X 10- is ex pressed in scientific notation.
(II) Co nversio n of dcnnry numbe rs into

:t:
2 2..1.Q
binary numbers 5
8. The value of I X 10 is greate r than that of 2 x 104 .

I ...... 0
;1 9. The re a re 3 signi fi cant figures in the number 6.40 x 10 7

10. 5.23 X 10- 5 = 0.000 523

20 1ij = 10 1002
~ 11 . In Lhe number 40 110 , the place va lue of the digi t O is 0.

i?<i 2. In the number IO I 112 , the largest place value is 2\

3 1
~ 13. T he expanded fo rm of 123 10 is I X 10 + 2 X 10: + 3 x 10 •

:<14. 1000 1000 1,=2 8 + 2' + I

~ 15. The va lues of the den ary number 25 10 and the binary number I 1001 2 arc the same.
,_,.r.- · 2 34 Ch ap i.,r 2
Laws of Integral Indices 2.35
I...,

I (i ) I 7. Without us ing a ca l~ul at~ r, :~a luate the following expressions and
express the answers 1n sc1cnt1f1 c notat ion.
3 2
(a) J.3 X 10 - 8 .7 X 10
lmD
I 1. \Vill1out usi ng

(a) (4 + 6 - 5) '
.i calculator, fin d tile values of the following expressions.

(b) r' x s· 1 s.
(b) (Q.054 + 3.6 X 10· ')'

Use a ca lc ulator lo e va lu ate the fo llow ing expressions.

(Give the ans wers correct to 3 Jignifica111 figures and express rhe
r J- gO r
I
1
(C) 9- I 7 (dJ 1° - 5 - 1 x res ults in s cientific norarion. )

2. Si mplify lhc fo llowing express ions and express the a11swcrs wilh (a) 204168 (b) _ i_
r _' - (c) ( ~ ) -'

I
51 X !O~II
3.4 JO -r
pos iti ve indices. X

(A ll !he f eller s in !he expressions represenl 11011-zero 1111mbers. )

[For Questions 9-11 . give the answers correc t to 3 significa nt figures

I
(a) 4(p - ' )° (b) - ( 3q) - 2 (c) - / X (- r )- 1 and express th e res ult s in sc ientifi c notation.J
0
3 1
u(- u- 1) -

I
(d) : ·-4 (e) 5(21 - 3 ) (f)
g, Th e ring-shaped part of a lase r di sk is 35 mm wide. It has 2.2 X JO~
3
3. sma ll ditch es ca lled sound tra cks. Find. in mm. the width of each
Express each of I/Jc following numbers in scientific notation.
sound track .
(a) 42 (b) 61 500 (c) -30 3 700
(d) 0.89 (e) 0.034 7 (f) -0.0009 18
(g) JOO X JO' (h) 0.999 X /0 -9 (i) 0.052 X 10' I 10. Suppose your heart beats 70 times per minute and your life-sp:rn is
4. Round off the fo llowing numbe rs to J sig11ifican1 figures and express 80 yea rs. How many times will your heart bea t in your whole life?
!he res ults in sci entifi c notat ion. (Take I year = 365 days.)

I
(a) 414 21 3.56 (b) -84 392 10 (c) 0.000 02 7 J82
11. Th e speed of light is 1.08 X 10 9 km/ h. If th e Galaxy in wh i~ h
5. Express each of the following 11umbe r.~ as an int eger or a decimal. the Eart h is located is about one hundred thousand light-yea rs m
(a) 3.2 X 10 4 diame te r. how many km is thi s distance equivalent to?
(b) - 5.84 X 10 5 (c) 1.2 34 789 X 10 6
('light-year' is the distance tra velled by light in a year and rake
(d) 4 X 10· ' (e) - 1. 9 X 10-l
(f) 9.07 X J0 - 6 I year = 365 days.)
6. Withou t using a calcu lator. eva luat e !he fol/owi11g expressions and
12. Write down the pl ace va lue of the underlined digit in each of the
ex press fil e a nswers in scientific nola lion.
fo llowing numbe rs.
(a) .J. / 4 X 10 - 6 + 2.086 X 10 - S
(a) ?_ 963 ,, (b) JOQ I JOI, (c) I! 001 O!O rn
(b) 7.5 X /0 7 - 6.4 X 10 6
. o . x ress ions as a denary number.
(C) 200 000 X (5 X 10 - 2) X 13. Represent each of the fo ll owmc e. P

(d) 8.8 X 10 · 3 (4 X 10 · ') (a) I X 10'+ 9 X J0 '+2 X 10 ' + 0 X 10'

(b) 7 X l0'+6 X I0+4 X l

(c) 5+3 x l 0 3 +8X JOOOO + IO'
 2.37,
f/1 ..... • - 1 36 Ch:-ip t (!I 2

== of lnt<gcal 1,dim

::-c:: l4. l{ l' p rc.;c 111 c·.i cl1 or 1111· follm\ ing expressions as a bin:iry number. 21• Simplify_th_e fo ll owi ng express ions and ex press
posit ive 1nd1ces. where n is a pos iti ve integer. the answe rs wi th
1
(a) l >< 2-1 + I X 2 + 0 X 2: + 0 X 2 1+ J X 2°
(a) 6- J, . 6"
1
(b) 1':.:..'_
(b) 2M + 2 4 + 2 2 + 2 16" -
2
(c) 9 2,,+i X (-:}-=,)" + 3 5"
(c) I X 32 + + + I X 2 + +0 22 _ (a) Write down th ree sets of Possi bl e valu -
(2x) 3Y = I .
I X 8 I 0 X 4 X 16
cs of .t and Y such tha1

15. Fo r each of th e fo ll owing dcnary numbers. ex press the number in th e cxpa nd ed form.
(b) Write down lhrec possi ble va lues of x such that , < xi.
2
(a) 647 ,, (b) I 083 ,,
23- (a) Use a ca lcul at~r ~o- find the va lues of the foll ow ing numbers
:X 16. Fo r each of the following bina ry numbers. cor rc ~t . to 3 s~gn1 f1cant fi gures and exp ress the answers in
(I) express lhe number in the expanded form . sc ienttf1 c no tati on.

(II) convert th e number into a denary number. s - 12. 9- 11. I , - 10. i r"
(a) 1110 2 (b) !0001 2 (b) Hence. arrange the above numbers in descending order.

17. Convert th e foll owing binary numbers into denary numbers.

24, Convert the fo ll ow ing denary numbers into binary numbers.
(a) 10101 JOO, (b) 11001011 2 (a) J 18 ,o (b) 157 ,o (c) 273 10

lmD 25. Represent each o f the fol low ing numbers as a binary number.

18. Without using a ca lcu lator, find the values of the following express ions.
(a) 2
6
+ 22 + 3

(f) (f r'
3
28 + 2 + 2 + 2 - I
(¾f' .;. r'
0 5 1
(b)
(a) (b)
9 4 4
(c) 2 + 17 X 2 - 2 + 12

:}<: 26. Eva luate 1101011 2 + + 101012 and express the answer as a
(!f'xHJ'+(t)'
1231 0
(e) ( r 2 X 51 ' ) -c 18 - l (I) denary number.

19. Simplify the follo wi ng expression s and ex press lh e answers with :}<: 27. fl is given that 2x 10 is a 2-digit denary number. where x is a digil
positive indices.
from o to 9. If JO 101 0 2 + 1410 = 2x 10 - 10010 2• find the value of x .
(All the letters in lhe expressions represent non-zero numbers.)
(a) xoy-2 X x~J/ a Jb - 8 X bs 28. From the cartoons below. rind the age of Mr Wong.
(b) {l - J (c) (r -ss1fr - s- 1
(p"q - J)l
(d) --_,
p
- (e)
(n4) -s
( nm - 4) - 2
(I)
(.t - 1y) - l
-,-,,-
60th of them are my sisUrs. One
is I year younger than me and the
lfthesumofouragesis
repre5t!nUd by a binary number,
-' y each digit of the number is I.
1 other is 2 years younger than me.
(h - Je ) - (2d) - 1
(g) (xsy -z)J My age is below I 00.
<-1, r 3r
(h) (i)

1-irl
2 2 0
(cr )-(c- 1d) y(xz - 1) - -i

20. W ithout using a calculator. evaluate the follo wi ng express ions and
express the answers in scientifi c notati on.

(a) (-6.4 X I0 - 3) -c (2 X 10- 1) - 2.2 X 10- 1

(b) (4.7 X JO 'J' + (4.7 X 10 5)( 5.3 X JO' ) Our ages are
all above 60.
ti.fr Wong
 2 9. A wat e r mo lecu le consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen ... ' 33. (a) Although a fl ea and a \'irus are both .
f:inyorganisms, a \ irus is
L,w, of'""'" ' '°'"" 2 39,
a tom . Th e we ights of a hydroge n a tom and an oxygen ntom a re
1.67 X l0- 27 kg a nd 2.67 x 10- 26 kg respec ti ve ly. ..
. ··- -.... ~ -.. ,._ ... -
''
muc h small e r than a flea in size A
2 ~m and 10 -1 m in length res~cti v ea a~d a \'in.is are about
. -
- ·:, ... ·. :
- :..,.,_,,, .._: he ight of adults is 1.7 m. If th

•
ely. Suppose the <Hcraee
(Express the answers o/ (a) and (c) in scien tific notation, and gii·e th e
the he ight of an adult, find th e length ~f a virus is enl arged ~o
ans wers correcr to 3 sig11ificanr fig 11res if,recessary.)
is e nl a rged in the same p e _eng th · in m, of the fle a arter it
1

(a) Find th e weight of a wa te r mol ec ul e. sc ie nt ific notation . roport ,on, 3nd e'<press the answer in
(b) What is th e pe rcentage of the total we ight of two hydrogen
(b) A biol ogy teacher said 'if the length of a _. _ .
a toms in a water mol ec ul e? be the he ight of an ad ul1 aft er enla reem: 1rus is imagin~ to
H5N1 Virus of Avian Influenza

(c) How man y wate r mo lecules are the re in 300 g of pure wa ter? s peaking. the length of a flea is greater-than::: . then rel~t1 ve ly
Qomolangma Feng.· ice the height of
12
30. Th e di s tance travelled by li ght in a year is 9.46 X 10 km. The . _. , ·. :
di sta nce be tween a s tar X and the Earth is 5.913 X 10
15
km. . : . .,, "":.. ·,:· ·.
G iven th a t the height ~f Qomolangma Feng is 8 844 m, using the
res ult of (a). de te rm ine wheihe th . -
(a) Co ns ide r the image of the star X th a t we can see now. How
many years ago was the s tar X at the re actua ll y?
~-~,._,_, ~.
reasonabl e. r e teachers statement is

(Gi ve the ans wer correct to the nearest year.)

. .
(b) S uppose the star X ex ploded and va ni shed in 1484. Can we sti ll

sec th e s tar X in the s ky a t night in 2020? Explain your answer.
3 63 squares s uc h that the number of grai ns on a square is twice that
31 . The volume of th e sa nd in a desert is a bout 42 800 km •
3
(a) Write down the vo lume of the sand in the desert in m
(b) If the des e rt is cons ide red as a rectangu lar block whose length
a nd depth are 3 600 000 m and 5 m respecti vely . find its width
in m .
(c) Suppose the vo lume of a si ng le gra in of sand is 0.4 mm
many grains of s and are there in the desert ?
(Express the ans wers in scientific notation. and give the answers correct
to 3 s ignificant figures 1f necessary.)
32. Archimedes was an anc ie nt G ree k philosoph e r. He estimated the
number of g rains of sa nd required to fill the uni verse to be 10 63
(a) If these grai ns of sand a re a rranged in a row one by one and the
d iameter o f each g ra in of sand is 0.5 mm, what is the le ngth
of the row of san d? Express the answer in km and in sc ientifi c
m
34. The re arc 64 sq ua res on a chessboa rd. Suppose one grai n of rice
is put on th e firs t square. and ri ce is subsequent ly put on the Olher
on th e prev ious one.
.
(Express the answers in (a) and (b)(i) in scientific no,a1ion, and gire
the ans wers correct to 3 significam fig ures. )
(a) Calc ul ate the number of grai ns of rice on the 64th squa re.
(b) (i) G iven that the weight of ::i grai n of rice is 0.2 g. wha t is
3
. How the tota l weight in g of the rice on the 641h sq uare?
(ii) Suppose each person in Ch ina on average e::its 200 g of
rice eve ry day. The current population of China is about
1.4 bill ion (assume it remains unchanged). For how many
yea rs can the ri ce on the 6-lth square feed all the peop le in
Chi na?
(Take I year == 365 days and gii'e the answer correct 10 Ihe
nearest JOO years.)
>c: 35. (a) Convert the first three multipl es of 410 into bi nary numbers.

nota tion . (b) By obse r ving the resu lt s in (a) . \\ rite down the c~rnmon
characte ris ti c of the bi nary numbe rs \\hich arc ihe mul uples of
~ (b) Suppose th e di ame le r of the uni ve rse is 13.7 billion light -years. J billion = I 000 000 000
Can the uni ve rse ho ld the row of sand ? Expla in your answer.
write do1\n ihc 13rgest 6-digit binary
(Take I light-year = 9.46 X 10 12 km.) (c) Us ing th e result in (b).
number whi ch is a mult iple of 410·
 C:il

?< 36, nd
1 is a 7•di g it b inary numbe r. where ~ .
• a +
represent digit O or I . If it is con verted in to a dcnary number, it will
o peratio ns on Larg e Num bers
be a multip le o f 14 10 • Fi nd all the possible binary numbers

IM!II!r:1M,/.ii3i•M®MI
37. (a :2) J

A. I
= 1
6 x JO •
in scientific notation.
5
41 . Eva luate 2.4 x ~, and express the ;ins\v
' er
II
.
B. as
A. 4 000 000
,,~
;;o-
,.-
6
C. 8. 4 X 10
7
C. 0.4 X 10
D. J_ 7
a' D. 4 X !0 [n our dail y_ li fe. many_ practi ca l problems invol\e calc ul a1i ons wi th large numbers. Le t's take the
:,< weights of d ifferent so lid waste disposa l al Hong Kong landfills as an exa mple.
38. Simplify ( 2 r-i)-'-
5y'
42. Which of the following underl ined d ig its has
the greatesl p lace va lue? Z0/6 Z0/7
A. _ _ 4_ A. I 1_3 110 Dmnrstic '111111 II Ill
25x 1 y6
B. 11!11 2 Cummrrciol
B. - 4-
2sx l
1
C. IQOOOO,
I 108 000 000 kg 1 175 000 000 kg

D. 305 602 m lnduJtrial 339 000 000 kg -1 05 000 000 kg

2
C. 4x :,< Comtruction 16 19000000kg I 536 000 000 kg
25/' 43. I IO IOO IOI 12 =
A. 21 0+ 29+ 21 + 22 Sprciol tt.•a.t lr 207 000 000 kg 2 IO 000 000 kg
D. 25/1
4x B. 2 rn + 2 9
+ 2 + 117
Suppose we have to find the percentage change in the weight of domestic waste di sposal from 2016
39. 2JJJ . g - 111 = c. z9 + zs + z6+ 22
10 2017 . We can simplify the calculation by using scien ti fic notalion shown be low:
D. z9+ zS+ z6 + 11
!lS
A. _ 2666 9
:,< we ight of domestic waste disposal in 20 16 = 2.339 x 10 kg.
B. - I 44. 5 X 25 + 2 4 +J= 9
C. weight of domesti c waste disposal in 2017 = 2.337 X 10 kg.
A. II OIO !,
D. _l_ B. I 10110, pe rcentage change= 2.337 x 109 2.33~ x 109 X 100% Percentage ch:mge
2"" 2.339 X 10 new \'a luc - origina l value X I 00 %
C. IOI IOOOJ 7 orig m:i l ,aluc

40. Whi c h of the followin g numbers a re in D. 11 0 10001, = -0.085 5%. cor. ro 3 sig.fig.
scientific notation?
0.34 X I 0 - 2 C:llJ (a) For e ach of the other four types of solid \\ aste,
II. -5 X JO' (I) e xpress the weighls of waste disposal in 20 16 and 2017 in scientific noiation .
Ill. 2.7 x io - 1 (II) find the percentage change in the weigh t of wasle disposa l fro m 2016 to
A. I and II on ly
2017.
B. I and 111 on ly (Give the a11swers correcr to J s;g11ifica111~gures.) .
C. II and UI only ( b) S uggest a reason why the comme rci al waste disposa l has an increase from 20 16 to
D. I, II and Ill
20 17 · / abour rhe tourism or the level of co11s11mp1;on
(S111de11ts can search 011 nteme1
activities i11 Hong Kong in recenr years.)