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DURAME CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

DEPARTEMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

SENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMRNT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE WECHAMO UNIVERSITY(DURAME CAMPUS) IN
PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF BS.c, DEGREE IN ANIMAL SCIENCE

SHEEP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICAL IN DURAME TOWN KAMBATA

ZONE,CENTRAL ETHIOPIA

prepared by ID

KIFILU TOLASSA 4335

Advisor Mr.Eskindir A.(MSc)

Nov, 2023 DURAME, ETHIOPIA

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
CSA=========▶ central statistical authority

DA==========▶Development agent

DADI========▶Domestic Animal Diversity-Information System

EARO=======▶Ethiopian agriculture research organization

FAO========▶Food and agricultural organization

GDP========▶Growth of domestic production

MOA========▶Minister of agriculture

RDC========▶Respiratory Disease Complex

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Above all, we would like to thanks, the Almighty GOD, Alpha and Omega and next my teacher this
subject for allowing we to pursue our education as well as to start and finish this work.Conducting of
this research proposal could not if it were not a generous assistance of individual sand others. We are
particularly grateful to my advisor Mr. Eskindir.A(MSc) for her encouragement, willingness to
supervise my research proposal and her valuable comments from early stages of proposing the
proposal which helped in the completion of the study.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ………………………………………….................................…………………………………..2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT..................................................................................................................3

LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................4

1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................6

1.1Background.............................................................................................................................7

1.2 Objective...............................................................................................................................7

1.3Statement of the problem…….……………………………………………….........…………………………………..…7

1.4 Research Question...............................................................................................................7

1.5 Significant of the study……….………………………………………………………….....….……………..………….….7

1.6 Scope of the study…………………………………………………………………………………......………………..……….8

2. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………….....………………………….....…….9

2.1. Sheep Production and management in Ethiopia...............................................................9

2.2. General Sheep Management ............................................................................................9

2.3. Role of Sheep for Livelihood of Smallholders.................................................................11

2.4. Factors Influencing Performance of Sheep....................................................................12

2.5. Feed and water shortage..................................................................................................12

2.6. Disease...............................................................................................................................12

2.7. Market access and information........................................................................................13

2.8. Flock Structure and Ownership Patterns..........................................................................14

2.9. Lambing Interval.................................................................................................................14

2.10. Litter size............................................................................................................................14

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 2.11. Lamb mortality...................................................................................................................14

2.12. Birth weight......................................................................................................................15

2.13. Weaning weight...............................................................................................................15

2.14 Constraints of sheep in the study area……………………..…………………………………………………….16

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................................................................17

3.1. Description of the Study Area.............................................................................................17

3.1.1. Geographical Location.................................................................................................17

3.1.3 Soil type, Land Preparation and grazing.....................................................................17

3.2. Sampling techniques............................................................................................................17

3.3. Method of Data collection....................................................................................................17

3.4. Data Analysis........................................................................................................................17

4.WORK PLAN…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....……………………….19

5.BUDGET SUMMERY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20

6. REFERENCE..............................................................................................................................21

7.APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................28

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

Sheep production is a major component of the livestock sector in Ethiopia owing to the large population
of 25.5million head (CSA 2011) and the diverse genetic resources. At the small holder level, sheep are
the major source of food security serving a diverse function including cash income, savings, fertilizer,
socio-cultural functions and fibre (Gizaw 2008). Sheep are particularly important for the
pastoralist/agro-pastoralist and for farmers in the subalpine highlands where crop production is
unreliable. Sheep are also important foreign currency earners accounting for 34% of the live animal
exports. Sheep research and development have been practiced for decades in Ethiopia to improve the
productivity of the local flocks, increase off take rates, and increase their contribution to the livelihoods
of farmers and pastoralists, and to the national economy (Gizaw 2008)

Among the small ruminants, sheep contribute a substantial amount to the farming household income,
mutton and non-food products (manure, skin and wool). They are source of risk mitigation during crop
failures, of property security and of monetary saving and investment in addition to many other socio
economic and cultural functions (Tibbo, 2006) Sheep are the second most important species of livestock
in Ethiopia. The estimated sheep population is about 26 million head (CSA 2008) and there are nine
identified breeds (Gizaw ct al. 2007). Livestock production generates between 30 and 35% of the
Ethiopian agricultural GDP, 19% of total GDP, and more than 85% of farm cash income (Benin et al.
2006).

Sheep production and productivity in the country is constrained by feed shortages, diseases, poor
infrastructure, lack of market information and technical capacity, and an absence of planned breeding
programs and breeding policies. Institutions that are involved in research, extension, and services so far
have failed to have a positive influence on traditional sheep husbandry practices. For instance, the
carcass weight per slaughtered animal remained at the bottom of the low and unimproved category at
about 10 kg, with an average annual off-take rate of approximately 32% for the period 2000 to2009
(FAO 2010b)

. Evidence indicates that breeds and populations that have evolved over the centuries in diverse,
stressful, tropical environments have a range of unique adaptive traits (e.g. Resistance to discases,
adaptation to heat and solar radiation, tolerance to water scarcity, ability to use low quality feed, etc.).
These traits enable them to survive and be productive in harsh environments (; Rege 1994; Baker and
Gray 2004).

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Within-breed selection of the adapted indigenous genotypes is a viable and promising strategy for
efficient, sustainable, on-farm conservation and use (Simon1999; Ruane 2000; Olivier et 2002; Gizaw et
al. 2008), which ensures a contribution to the economy of communities depending on them (Mueller et
al. 2002; Mueller 2006).Sheep types in Ethiopia are highly affiliated to specific ethnic communities.
Several traditional breeds in Ethiopia are reared by and named after specific communities (Gizaw et al,
2007).

1.2 Objective

1.2.1 General objective

To assess sheep production and management practical in Durame town kambata zone,central
Ethiopia.

1.2.2 Specific objectives

To assess sheep management practical in the study area

To assess sheep production and opportunity system in around Durame town.

To identify the constraints of sheep production in Durame town.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Although Ethiopia and our study area have a high population of sheep but their productivity for is low
due to production challenges and constraints, poor management system, like feeding, watering and
health care management practice, and poor marketing system are limiting factor of production systems
in the area. In addition to this, poor linkages have been observed among different organizations involved
with sheep. Therefore, it is a high time and an urgent need to investigate various management factors
(feeding, watering, housing, health care) related to sheep production and marketing techniques in our
study area. As a result, this title is selected as a topic of study to justify this factors that concerned with
sheep productions and management based on the following objectives.

1.4 Research Question

What are the Major challenges and constraints of sheep production in the Durame town?

What kinds of opportunities

1.5 Significance of the study

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In Durame particularly, no formal and systematic analysis of livestock production and marketing has
been carried out. Hence, the information generated by the study is expected to identify major
challenges and strengthen the understanding of sheep production and making, constraints and
opportunities hopefully. The study will significantly contribute to outline challenges and opportunities of
the sheep production system in order to make efficient use of the existing livestock population and
exploit their role as a principal source of rural livelihoods. 1.6 Scope of the Study

The study aim at identifying the potential, challenges, the extent of utilization of existing sheep
production and marketing system in the study area. This study is limit to five Kebele, which is SNNPR
Region Durame town kambata zone This is mainly because of limited availability of resources to
undertake the study on a wider scale. Although the study has limits both in sample size and area
coverage. Moreover, the study can serve as starting point to undertake further researcher in the study
areas.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Sheep Production System in Ethiopia

In several Sub-Saharan African countries similar to those in many other

developing countries mixed crop livestock production in subsistence manner is
the predominant mode of agricultural production system (Tesfaye et al., 2004). In
Ethiopia, the small ruminant production system in different agro-ecological zones
is not studied fully and farmers’ needs and production constraints have not been
identified. Improvement in small ruminant productivity which is low in Ethiopia
can be achieved through identification of production constraints and introduction
of new technologies or by refining existing practices in the system (EARO, 2001).

According to Tibbo (2006), there are two sheep production systems in the country
based on inputoutput flow. These are the traditional smallholder management
system and the private commercial and parastal production system. The
traditional subsistence smallholder management system is the most common one
in the country and shcep are kept as an adjunct to other agricultural activitics
along with other livestock species. But the parastatal and commercial production
system represents a minor portion of the sheep production system in the country.
When closely examined, these two broad categories could be further classified as
three major different production systems: highland shcep-barely, mixed crop-
livestock and pastoral and agropastoral production systems(Tibbo, 2006; Solomon
et al., 2008) characterized by different production goals and prioritics,
management strategies and practices, and constraints (Deribe, 2009).

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Getahun (2008) also reported four production system categories based on the
prevalent agricultural activity; small ruminant in annual crop-based systems
(Northern, North Western and central Ethiopia), small ruminant in perennial crop-
based systems (mainly southern and southwestern highlands), small ruminant in
cattle-based systems (agro-pastoral and arid areas).

2.2 General Management of Sheep in Ethiopia

In both extensive and intensive management systems, sheep should be provided clean, uncrowded
shelter that protects them from weather extremes. Adequate ventilation must exist to prevent
overheating in warm climates and the accumulation of ammonia in structures tightly sealed against cold.
Bedding should be clean, dry, and replaced when soiled. Shelter and paddock substrates should be kept
as dry as possible to minimize the risk of foot diseases.

If possible, areas separate from the flock’s primary shelter should be established for sick or quarantined
animals. Likewise, an area that ensures minimal contact with other sheep and that can be easily and
frequently cleaned should be created for lambing and jugging (moving animals into small individual pens
when necessary). Confinement management systems should also allow adequate space for movement
and rest. Grazing management systems should keep stocking densities below the carrying capacity of
the land to avoid overgrazing and environmental degradation.

Fencing, when used, should be kept in good repair to minimize loss of animals and possible entrapment.
Measures should be taken to guard against predators, particularly during lambing season and in large
grazing flocks. In urban and semiurban areas, the greatest predator risk often comes from neighboring
dogs.

In confinement systems, feeders designed to accommodate the natural head-down grazing behavior of
sheep encourage better feed consumption. Sheep like to flock, and they naturally crowd a feed bunk.
However, enough bunk space should be available (20–50 cm/head) to allow easy access for all sheep
being fed. Feeding directly off the ground in confinement systems increases the risk of disease and
should be avoided.

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Animals should be inspected frequently to monitor for obvious clinical signs of disease or injury and to
assess body condition and hoof health. Any sheep isolating or showing clinical signs of weight loss,
limping, injury, or atypical behavior should be removed from the flock for further evaluation and
treatment.

Preventing disease is much less costly than curing disease, so preventive health care measures, such as
vaccinations and hoof trimming, should be encouraged and practiced routinely. Producers should
develop a flock health plan that addresses nutrition, parasite control, breeding selection criteria, disease
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Management practices such as conducting physical examinations
and quarantining sick animals to minimize the introduction of infectious diseases should be followed in
both extensive and intensive systems.

Although prevention of disease should be the aim of any producer, disease diagnosis should be
encouraged as well. When possible, the death of any sheep in a flock should be investigated, even
through techniques as simple as gross field necropsy. In addition to disease diagnosis, tissue samples
harvested postmortem can provide ancillary flock health information, such as in vivo mineral analysis.

Large flocks and producers in resource-rich countries often have access to technology-driven, expansive
management programs and extensive private veterinary care. With diligence, though, flock
management can be accomplished with tools as simple as pencil and paper. In smaller flocks or flocks in
socioeconomic communities with fewer resources, the value of an individual animal may be much
greater to a producer than would be a single animal in a flock of thousands. Producers can work with
local or national agencies for information regarding flock health and management, especially if private
veterinary care is not feasible. Flock improvement, particularly in poorer economies, may be limited;
however, small management changes based on sound principles can improve flock health in any
situation.

2.3. Role of Sheep for Livelihood of Smallholders

Production of Sheep can contribute to the economy and environmental sustainability of the farm under
operation and add value to the farm's biological diversity and may fit economic and biological niches
that would otherwise stay unfilled even in the future (Ann et al., 2000). Sheep play an immense role in
the livelihoods of rural farms and serve as a living bank for many farmers, and closely linked to the social
and cultural life of resource poor farmers (Workench, 2000), particularly youths and women headed

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households. There is a linkage through manure since the manure of small ruminants is commonly used
to fertilize home gardens and crop lands (Legesse et al., 2008). Sheep are 9 the major suppliers of meat
for rural communities, especially during periods of public festivals (Tsedeke, 2007); Ameha (2008)
reported an estimated sheep skin output of 8.3 million in the year 2000 and contribute 77 thousand
metric tons from mutton production. Low capital requirements for starting or expanding small ruminant
production means that risks are low and the enterprise is well suited to low-input systems (Tibbo, 2006).
Increasing human population, urbanization and incomes, coupled with changing consumer preferences
are creating more demand for these animals and their products (Kosgay et. al., 2008).

The main reasons household sale sheep are to generate cash for purchasing food and farm inputs,
schoo] and medical expenses, pay credit, purchase livestock and build assets. During drought, the risk of
crop failures and food shortage sheep are the preferred one for sale and to satisfy the farmers need. In
addition to the live animals, skins are important marketable byproduct in Alaba (Deribe, 2009). Even if
skins are used for various household purposes, about 60% of total produced skins are marketed.
However, one-third of the total household sale skins to illegal traders (Tsedeke et al., 2011) and about
90%. meat, 92% skin and hide export trade value from sheep and goat production in the country (FAO,
2004).

2.4. Factors Influencing Performance of Sheep

Identification of constraints which can put obstacle for sheep production and genetic improvement
programmer should be the prior step before trying for its implementation (Baker and Gray, 2004).
Disease, limited market access and information, feed shortage/frequent drought and water shortage are
among the main sheep production constraints in the country. Disease, feed shortage, predators and
labor shortage are the most pertinent constraints for sheep production in Durame and had significant
influence on sheep productivity (Zewdu, 2008 ).

2.5. Feed and water shortage

Feed shortage problem is similar throughout the country, being serious in high human population areas
where land size is diminishing due to intensive crop cultivation and soil degradation. The better use of
available feeds and the use of non-conventional feeds for supplementation are growing (Belete, 2009)
to alleviate the problem. Seasonal feed shortages, both in quality and quantity, and the associated
reduction in livestock productivity in different parts of the country (Tessema et al., 2003). Water
shortages is a common problem for both human and livestock consumption in most rift valley parts of
the country. It has been reported to be a limiting factor for animal productivity in most mid and lowland
areas of Southern region. In south-eastern part of the country there is also critical shortage of water;
however, there are breeds adapted to lowland agro ecologies through their physiological adaptation
mechanisms (Belete, 2009).

2.6. Disease

Diseases and parasites are also contributing for higher production losses, particularly in young stocks.
Respiratory Discase Complex (RDC) is among the most important discases and associated complexes in

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small ruminants’ husbandry and management (Deribe, 2009). Early mortalities (as high as 50°c in lambs)
are among the most important losses associated to managements like cold stress, starvation, mis-
mothering, etc. (Tibbo, 2006).

2.7. Market access and information

Ethiopia's huge livestock population, proximity to the export markets and other conductive conditions
gave the country a comparative advantage in livestock trade (Belachew and Jemberu, 2003). There are
several livestock trading constraints in Ethiopia. They also reported that inadequate market
infrastructure, absence of market information system, absence of market oriented livestock production
system, inadequate number of exporting firms with low level of capacities, inadequate knowledge of
international trade, low level of quarantine facilities and procedures, prevalence of various diseases,
repeated bans, excessive cross-border illegal! trade and stiff competition are the major challenges that
hinder the smooth livestock trade in Ethiopia. Due to lack of market information, the available livestock
markets in the country are loosely integrated. Lack of market information may also increase the
marketing cost. The highland areas in the country are livestock deficit due to higher population density
(Belachew and Jemberu, 2003).

The Ethiopian cattle, sheep and goat are the preferred livestock types in the Middle East Countries. This
is due to the meat produced from this animals is organic in nature and the meat is of good taste
(Belachew and Jemberu, 2003). The major problems in traditional management system is that the
system is not market oriented, under developed marketing and infrastructure system, and poor financial
facility (Azage et al., 2006, Berhanu et al., 2006). Long market chain is an important barrier for producers
and inhibits them from direct benefiting through sell of their animals without involvement of brokers
(Endrias and Tsedeke, 2006). Poor marketing information and problems of credit facilities (Berhanu et
al., 2006, Endrias and Tsedeke, 2006) reduced the benefit gained by the smallholders. Inadequate
infrastructure like road accessibility and marketing facilities are also contributing for the reduced benefit
made from the sale of animals by the producers (Tibbo, 2006).

Reports indicate that because of lack of standardized marketing systems with transparent market price
information farmers cannot receive their sufficient retum from sheep production as they gain according
to trader prices and also lack of access tw domestic and export markets hold back them from obtaining
incentive benefits. As the result of poor quality skins farmers received low prices from skin marketing.
The extension system provides little or no technical support to farmers regarding production,
preservation and marketing of skin (Tsedeke et al., 2011). To boost the enormous contribution of the
livestock sector to the national economy, improving animal productivity and establishing standardized
marketing systems are very important.

2.8. Flock Structure and Ownership Patterns

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Flock structure is defined as the proportion (in terms of head) of the flock of sheep, which is formed by
different age and sex classes of animals. Flock composition in terms of age and sex classes has been
taken as an indicator of the management objectives for the owner and the production (reproductive,
mortality and off-take rate) of the flock (Ayalew et al., 2002). The proportion of different age and sex
classes in the flock can form flock structure. Most of the time flock structure can reflect objective and
strategy of the production. Sheep ownership varies depending on the wealth status and the overall farm
production objectives (Deribe, 2009). In the highlands, sheep are kept in small flocks of about 5 sheep
per house hold by nearly 40 % of all smallholders. However, at higher altitudes (2800-3006 m) one can
find flocks with 30 to more than 100 sheep (Awigichew, 2000; Samuel, 2005). An average flock size of
sheep of Alaba is 5.0 (Tsedeke, 2007). High percentage of single ownership was reported from
traditional sector of Ethiopian highlands (Amelmal, 2011), which gives guarantee for testing
technological innovations. The owner and care taker relationship was also reported.

2.9. Lambing Interval

The interval between two successive parturitions is called lambing interval and it can be affected by
season of lambing or nutritional accessibility. breed and number of panty of ewes and management
practice (Amelmal, 2011). Reproductive efficiency is related to the length of parturition interval; i.e. ewe

is expected per two years under normal circumstances (Girma, 2008).

with long lambing interval has lower reproductive efficiency (Deribe, 2009). At least three times lambing

2.10. Litter size

Litter size rate mainly influenced by breed, level of nutrition, season and age. Significantly age of the
dam can have effect on number of lambs per lambing. Until the age of five years or fourth parity litter
size can be increased then it decreased slightly above this age (Baker et al., 2002), The average litter size
of Dorper ewes is 1.19 to 1.5 and was affected by ewe age. multiple birth rates increasing to an age of 4
years, followed by a tendency towards a decline. Ewes bom as multiples had a higher litter size than
single contemporaries (Snyman and Herselman, 2005). According to Zewdu (2008) a twining rate of 39.9
% or litter size of 1.40 and 36% or litter size of 1.36 were obtained for Horro and Bonga sheep breeds,
respectively and the two breeds showed relatively better multiple births under the existing feed
shortages. And report of Tesfaye (2008) where low twining rate of both Menz and Afar sheep breeds
was recorded.

2.11. Lamb mortality

Lamb losses during pre-weaning period due to poor milking ability of dam and poor management before
one year of age vary from 6.4 % to 45% (Deribe, 2009). This could be a major influencing factor of
productivity of a flock (Awigichew, 2000; Abegaz et al., 2002). Lamb mortality rate varies from one flock
to another depending mostly on management level (Awigichew, 2000).

Slow growth rate associated with mortality has been limiting factors for profitability of the indigenous
sheep breeds and more than half of the causes of mortality were similar and attributed to pneumonia as
reported from the study on Horro and Menz sheep of Ethiopian highlands (Mukasa-Mugrewa et al.,

PAGE14
2002; Tibbo, 2006). Mortality rate was higher for lambs born in dry Season, compared to those born in
the wet season (Denbe, 2009). Significant effect of season, flock size and sex of animals on survival was
reported (Gemeda et al., 2002) for Horro sheep. The same as to that coughing (23.8) and diarrhoea
(23.5) are among the major clinical signs for mortality of sheep.

2.12. Birth weight

Birth weight of animals is one of the most important factors influencing the pre-weaning growth of the
young and has a positive correlation between birth weight and subsequent live body weight
development (Awgichew, 2000). For breeding (selection), feeding and health care and for market age
determination knowing the body weight of a sheep is important. However, this fundamental knowledge
is often unavailable for sheep in the small scale farming sector, due to unavailability of scales (Zewdu,
2008). The average birth weight of pure and cross breed under intensive production system was 3.5kg
and 3kg, respectively (Gavoydian et al., 2013).

According to Sisay (2002) variation exists between indigenous and exotic sheep breeds for body weight
traits. There are number of reports on body weight and linear body measurements among them
recently, Mengiste (2008) reported 28.3 for body weight for Washera female sheep. Similarly the same
author reported 32.3 for body weight for Washera male sheep. Among the indigenous sheep breeds
Bonga male sheep had 48 kg body weight (Tibbo and Ginbar, 2004), So Bonga sheep can be mentioned
as large sized breed and superior in its body weight.

2.13. Weaning weight

Weaning weight is a trait of great economic importance in meat sheep production since it has influence
on growth rate and survival (Taye et al., 2009). When Dorper ewes are mated annually, it is usually
attemped to market lambs directly from the ewes. Under accelerated lambing systems, where carly
rebreeding is a pre requisite, it is necessary to subject lambs to early weaning (Schoeman, 2000). Birth
type and sex are sources of variation in lamb pre-weaning growth rate (Taye et al., 2009). The indication
is that lambs heavier at birth have larger adult weight and higher growth capacity (Awgichew, 2000;
Taye ct al.. 2009). Parity can also affect pre-weaning growth rate, from birth to 30 days of age. Lambs
from second and third parity dams grew better than first and fifth parities (Tibbo, 2006).

Dorper lambs that were weaned at 2 3 months with an average age of 52.8 days and an average live
weight of 18.2 kg had a survival of 0.96 from weaning to 100 days of age (Cloete et al., 2000). Similarly
that post weaning growth in these lambs is 0.206 kg per day to 100 days of age. Pre weaning
performance of Dorper sheep ranged from 0.24 to 0.28 kg per day. It also underlines the ability of the
Dorper breed to thrive under sub-optimal conditions. Dam age affected lamb pre-weaning gain in
Dorpers, the general pattern being an incline to a dam age of 4 6 years, followed by a decline
(Schoeman, 2000).

2.14. Constraints of sheep in the study area

Identifying the constraints of sheep production is a basis to solve the problems and to improve sheep
genetic resource and sheep productivity (Baker and Gray, 2003). . The ranking index value for sheep

PAGE15
production constraint in this study shows feed shortage as the leading challenge both in the rural and
urban part of the study area. Next to feed shortage disease and water shortage are the constraints in
rural and urban past of this study. The third constraints in the rural and urban area of this study are
water shortage and disease/lack of labor forces respectively. Next to these constraints genotype,
predators and drought are listed by few respondents as constraints of sheep production in the study
area. Good understanding of the relative importance of the different constraints is fundamental prior to
initiating any genctic improvement programmed (Baker and Gray 2003)

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Description of the Study Area

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3.1.1. Geographical Location

The study can carries out in and around Durame town, which is located in SNNPR Regional state. It is
situated at about 290km away from Addis Ababa to the south, along the road to hossana. The study area
will be done in Gamela Kedida Woreda Is bordered by south of ,North East hadiya hossana and West of
kacha bira which is located south west of Addis Ababa the hossana of the districts) population of this
town female 32,938 and male 29,964 total population Durame town is 62,902 members. The annual
rainfall average of district about 900 to 1400 mm and has an average of temperature 7-25°C. It has an
approximately 10602 7 km2 hectare of land size. The districts found in south west hadiya zone, having
forest covered 31.54 percent, grazing land is about 6.03 percent and cultivable land is about 249 percent
.Tophographically, its altitude: 7.25 North, Longitude: 35.88 East and lattitude 2101m.

3.1.3 Soil type, Land Preparation and grazing

Soil type of the experimental site is dominantly black with medium moisture. The Land is preparing for
purpose of ploughed in April; the grazing land was kept to save edible crops. And sheep as well other
animals shift from grazing methods.

3.2. Sampling techniques

Before conducting the real research work general survey will Carry out. Then discussion is held with
district animal science expert and development agent (DA) to identify the potential kebelles on their
sheep population in Durame town. Then sample kebelle will select by purposive sampling method. And
house hold/ respondents will be numerate with the same sampling technique.

3.3. Method of Data collection

Before data collection we are select the targeted kebelle and targeted house hold which are located in
and around Durame town. Primary data will collect by using questionnaires interview prepare for this
purpose and checklists for focus group discussion and by observation. The questionnaires include
information's on challenge and opportunities in sheep production around Durame area. Secondary data
will collects from district animal and forage production office.

3.4. Data Analysis

All data collected by household interview, focus discussion, observation and from secondary source will
be inter in Microsoft excel version 1997-2003. These data will analyze by descriptive statistics
particularly means and standard deviation. frequency count and ranking index. The data will be
subjected to descnptive statistics using statistical analysis software (SAS 2008).

PAGE17
4. WORK PLANS

Submission /completion date

No Activities aug sept oct nov des

1 Preparation of research ✔
proposal

2 Writing research ✔

PAGE18
 proposal

3 Developing the interview ✔

4 developing research ✔
question

5 data collection and ✔

literature

6 Data analyzing and ✔

writing up of the result

8 correcting of the ✔
comment

9 submission of the final ✔

research to the advisor

11 final research paper ✔

submission

5.BUDGET REQUIREMENT

s.no Item Unit No of item Total cost

1 Pen Stack 25

2 Binder Pack -

3 paper Page1 2

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4 Transportation Trip 100

5 Training cost search info 50

Total 176

6. REFERENCE

Abegaz, S., Negussie E.. Duguma G. and Rege J.E.O.. (2002): Genetic parameter estimates for growth
traits in Horro sheep. Anim. Breed. Genet, 119.35-45

Ameha, S., (2008): Sheep and Goat Meat Characteristics and Quality. In: AlemuYami and R.C. Merkel
(Eds). Sheep and Goat Production Handbook for Ethiopia. Ethopian Sheep and Goats Productivity
Improvement Program (ESGPIP), Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 323-328.

Amelmal, A., (2011): phenotypic characterization of indigenous sheep types of Dawuro zone and Konta
special woreda of SNNPR, Ethopa. Msc. ThesisHaromaya University, Haromaya, Ethiopia, 25-30

PAGE20
Ann, W., Gegner L. And Earles R., (2000): Sustainable Sheep Production. NCAT Agriculture Specialists,
138.

Awgichew, K., (2000): Comparative performance evaluation of Horro and Menz sheep of Ethiopia under
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7. APPENDIX

SHEEP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT IN STUDY AREA

Questioner

Questionnaire number (code) Date:........enumerator: Region: ...... Zone: ___Woreda: kebele/PA/Village:

1. _________________is a trait of great economic importance in meat sheep production since it has
influence on growth rate and survival?

a. birth weight b. lamb mortality c. litter size d. Weaning weight

2.he main reasons household sale sheep are to generate cash for purchasing food and farm inputs?

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a. school and medical expenses b. pay credit c. purchase livestock d.build assets e. all

3. ___________________ is a common problem for both human and livestock consumption in most rift
valley parts of the country?

a. litter size b. lamb mortality c. weaning weight d. water shortage

4, which of the following is sheep Production system?

a. intensive b. semi intensive c. Extensive d. All

5. which is Purpose of keeping sheep

a. income source b. wealth indicator c. cultural activities

d. manure e. all

6, Feeding, grazing and watering

4. Feed source

a. Natural pasture

b. Established pasture

c.Hay

d. Crop residues e. all

8. Grazing method

a. Free grazing b. Herded c.Paddock d.all

9 . Supplementation regime

a. Roughage b. Minerals (salts)/vitamins c. Concentrates d.all

10. Source of water

a. Borehole/water well

b. Spring

c.Dam/pond

d.Pipe water

e. River f.all

11 Water quality

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 a. Clean b.Salty c. Muddy d. all

12. Housing/enclosure for sheep;

a. Kraal b. Yard c. a&b

13. Type of housing materials

a. Iron sheets

b. Grass/Bushes

c Wood

c. Stone/bricks e. all

14, Method of sale

a. Sold at market

b.. Sold to neighbor c. a&b

15.Which of the Reproductive Performance?

a. Average age at sexual matunty

b. Age at first lambing

c. Lambing interval

d. Average reproductive lifetime of ewe (in years e.all

e. all

16 . Sheep types selected for future breeding should hold what types of production features/traits?

a. Body size b.Ferthty c. Drought tolerant d. Growth rate e. all

17. What are the main constraints and opportunities for sheep production and productivities?

a. Feed shortage b. Disease c. Drought d. Lack of superio genotypes

e.water shortage e.all

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