ANIMALS

Two Kingdom Classification (Linnaeus) = Animal and Plant

Five Kingdom Classification (R.H. Whittaker) = Monera, Protista, Fungus, Plant, Animal
Animals are divided into phylum and Plants are divided into division

INVERTEBRATA
Nematoda
Q. State three features shown by the three annelid species that are not shown by the
nematode species.
unsegments; antennae / ‘feelers’; projections over whole of the body; heads / tails; free living

Nematode = Long cylindrical body; pointed at both end

ANNELIDA
Q. Annelids and nematodes are both worm-like animals. State two features that distinguish
annelids from nematodes.
Annelids are segmented; annelids have terminal mouth / anus;
annelids can have clitellum; annelids may have chaetae / bristles ;
Annelida = Many segments on long body; Body covered with mucus; Hermaphrodite

Mollusca

Q. State two features that are shown by all molluscs. (3)

shell; Soft body; unsegmented body; muscular foot; tentacles; gills;
slimy body; mantle; visceral mass; radula/ rasping tongue; hydrostatic skeleton

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Mollusca = Unsegmented body; Shell made of calcium carbonate (protection from predators and
drying out); Muscular foot for movement or burrowing; Often eyes on retractable tentacles.

Q. State one feature of molluscs that is not a feature of crustaceans.

Unsegmented; shell; muscular foot

Q. State two visible features, in which the octopus differs from the other three molluscs
8 tentacles; suckers on tentacles; large eye; has a head;
no shell; completely soft body; no exoskeleton;

Q. Suggest how an edible mussel is adapted to attach to rocks and survive when exposed to
the air.
Attachment threads / muscular foot with sticky fluid;
survival in the air = shell prevents water loss or shell protects against predator(s)

Q. State the type of reproduction shown by the mussel. Explain your answer.
Type of reproduction = sexual / external; explanation = involves, gametes / fertilisation

Q. (i) suggest one advantage to a mussel larva of attaching itself to fish gills.
Current of water provides good source of oxygen; losing carbon dioxide;
protection from predators; blood or mucus from gills, may be food source

ARTHROPODA
Body part = 3 segment = Head + Thorax + Abdomen
2 segments = Cephalothorax (Head + Thorax) + Abdomen
2 segments = Head + Trunk (Thorax + Abdomen)

Arachnids = 2 pairs of antennae and no wings

Insects= Breath through tracheae
Myriapods = Long, thin body with many segments for moving easily through soil and leaf litter.

Q. Two features, that are common to all arthropods (2) = Exoskeleton; jointed legs;
segmented body; Pairs of legs; bilateral body symmetry

Q. Four main groups of arthropods

1. Myriapods 2. Crustaceans 3. Arachnids 4. insects;
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Q. State two features of myriapods that can be used to distinguish them from other
arthropods = Many body segments; head and, body segments;
many pairs of legs; elongated bodies

Q. State two common features of all arachnids that can be used to distinguish them from
other arthropods. (2) = Two body parts, cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) + abdomen
four pairs of legs; pedipalps

Q. Visible features that could be used to distinguish adult insects from other arthropods. (3) =
Three pairs of legs; three body segments (head + thorax + abdomen);
wings ; one pair of antennae / feelers; compound eyes

VERTEBRATA
Q. Name vertebrate classes. = fish; Amphibians; Reptile; Bird; Mammal

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Fish
• Body covered in moist scales • Has fins to swim and gills for gas-exchange
• Lays eggs in large amounts (eggs are soft with no shells)

AMPHIBIAN
Q. Characteristics of an amphibian = • Moist, smooth and non scaly skin.
• Some can camouflage e.g. frogs • Young live in water & have gills & adults live on land &
have lungs • Have 4 limbs • Lays soft non shell eggs • Has an ear drum

Q. Name one external feature that identifies an animal as an amphibian. = moist skin without
scale

Q. State one piece of information to show that the Common toad and Natterjack toad are
closely related species. = Both belonging to the same genus (or ref. to Bufo);

Q. From the information provided, state two reasons why Natterjack toads are becoming
endangered.
Loss of habitat = sand dunes becoming developed for + camp sites ; habitat is changing e.g. to
woodland. Naterjacks cannot survive in colder habitats.

Q. Suggest measures that could be taken to protect the Natterjack toad from extinction.
Some heathland or sand dunes becoming protected areas; removal of trees / seedling trees from
heathland ; creation of more heathland / sand dunes and introduction of natterjacks ;
captive breeding programmes

REPTILE
Q. (i) State features that are used to classify animals, as reptiles.
• Covered in dry scaly skin to prevent water loss; • Lay water proof eggs with hard shells
• 4 limbs (except snakes) • Has a third transparent eye lid for protection

AVES
Q. Characteristics of birds / Aves (3)
• Body covered in feathers / plumage; • wings; • Beak for feeding; • scaly legs;
• Lays water proof hard-shelled eggs; • air sacs; •light-weight skeletons • no teeth

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MAMMALS

Q. State three features of mammals that are not found in reptiles.

pinna / external ear; fur; mammary glands; sweat glands; warm blooded;
different types of teeth; middle ear bones

Q. Explain how some mammals are able to stay in cold water for a long time.
1 redirects blood away from skin to internal vital organs; 2 vasoconstriction ; 3 fat under the skin;
4 fur / hair traps air; fat / air, poor conductors of heat; 5 reduces heat loss by conduction/convection;
6 generate heat, by metabolism / shivering; endothermic
7 small surface area to volume ratio / large size

Q. State features that distinguish mammals from all other vertebrates. (2)
external ears; 4 limbs; mammary glands that produce milk; diaphragm; sweat glands;
three bones in the middle ear; red blood cells without nuclei; two sets of teeth;
four types of teeth: Incisors, Canines, Premolar, and molars; Breath through lungs
uterus/placenta/navel ; presence of hair/ fur is a feature that is only found in mammals.

Q. State visible feature, which identifies as a mammal. (4)

fur / hair / whiskers / vibrissae; external ear(s); nose/snout; 4 limbs;
Mammary glands that produce milk; four types of teeth: Incisors, Canines, Premolar, and molars

Q. State feature, not visible which distinguishes mammals from all other vertebrate group
Internal development / young develops in uterus / ‘gives birth to live young’; sweat glands ;
red blood cells without nuclei; diaphragm; 3 bones in middle ear; seven neck vertebrae

Q. Write the formula that would be used to calculate the magnification of the diagram =
image size ÷ actual size
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Q. The mouth parts of the aphid reach the phloem tissue of the stem.
(i) State the name of the foods the aphid could suck out of the phloem tissue
Sucrose / sugar; amino acids;

Q. State the name of one other type of feature that can also be used in classification.
1. Anatomy; 2. DNA sequences/genes; 3. sequences of amino acids in proteins; 4. behaviour

Q. Explain how DNA extracted from spider webs can be used to identify different species
Identification can be done using base sequences in DNA/genes. Each species, has unique,
DNA/genes. Compare with, reference DNA base sequences of known species; if it matches with
DNA from known species then DNA is from that species OR closely related species have fewer
differences in their DNA base sequences /genes.

Q. Organisms are given two names, e.g. Nereis diversicolor. State what is meant by the first
name = genus name

Q. Suggest how a study of the DNA of iguanas helps to classify them.

Different species have different, genes / DNA

Q. Suggest two reasons why it is important to conserve individual species, such as the
four species of iguana on the Galápagos Islands.
Maintaining, genetic diversity; important in food web; possible medical application / useful genes

Q. (i) name an animal that could be found in a lake with a pH of 4.0 = frogs / black-fly larvae

(ii) Name the animals that are most sensitive to a decrease in pH = clams / snails / molluscs

(iii) Suggest why some animals cannot tolerate living in water of pH as low as 4.0.
1 enzymes do not function well; 2 acid damages, shells / scales / skin;
3 calcium ions not available for shells so difficult to make shells;
4 low pH dissolve aluminium in water bodies. Aluminium in solution is toxic to fish results in the
death of fish; 5 acid / low pH, kills fish; 6 fish produce lots of mucus that blocks gills

Q. (i) With reference to an example from the passage, describe what is meant by the
term binomial system.

MOLLUSCA

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