Hong Kong In i e of Voca ional Ed ca ion (Sha Tin)

Childcare, Elderl and Comm ni Ser ice Di cipline

Higher Diploma in Special Child Care and Incl i e Ed ca ion (CE114305/1)
CED3201M Earl Childhood De elopmen

L 2: P a D

Le on In ended Learning O come

On comple ion of hi lec re, den ill be able o:

1. Iden if he de elopmen al charac eri ic of children aged 0-8 and anal e heir
de elopmen al a in ph ical per pec i e .
2. Anal e he a pical ca e of gro and fine mo or de elopmen of children aged 0-8.

體能 發展
I. T C P a G
Ph ical De elopmen - in ol e change in bod i e, propor ion , appearance,
f nc ioning of bod em , percep al and mo or capaci ie , and ph ical heal h.

(A) D G
Weigh and heigh increa e rapidl d ring he fir o ear
B 5 mon h , bir h eigh ha do bled
B 1 ear of age, infan eigh i 3 ime grea er han a bir h; heir heigh i al o
50 percen grea er han a bir h;
B 2 ear old, oddler are 4 ime hea ier han a bir h, and aller b 75%
Weigh and heigh increa e eadil hro gho he pre- chool o primar chool period
Weigh go p abo 7 o 8 po nd ; heigh increa e abo 2 o 3 inche each ear
D ring p ber (gro h p r ), eenager gro rapidl
T a - head and r nk gro fa er han leg , follo o principle :
1) C ˊ aN a / a 由頭 到 腳

Cephaloca dal de elopmen i he principle ha de elopmen proceed from he

head o he oe .
胚囊
D ring he prena al period, he head de elop fir from he primi i e embr onic
di k, follo ed b he lo er por ion of he bod .
D ring infanc , he head and che con in e o ha e a gro h ad an age, b he
r nk and leg grad all pick p peed.
For example

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 Infant can see objects, then 1

control with their thunk
 ⼤肌 ⼩肌
中線 →
→

1
⼼中 線
2) P ˊ ˊ ˊ ˊa 由內到外
中線
Ma ra ion, gro h and reng h proceed from cen er of he bod hen o ard.
A
From inner o o er / near o far
Ücextremities
ˊ

The head and r nk de elop before he arm and leg , hen he hand and fee ,
and hen he finger and oe . 四肢) 1

(B) M
M cle fiber are pre en a bir h. D ring childhood, he become longer and hicker a
indi id al fiber f e oge her.
Bo ha e 150% grea er gain in m cle han girl a p ber , e.g. larger kele al m cle ,
hear and l ng capaci .

(C) B Fa
1 胎兒期 )
Bod fa begin o increa e in he la fe eek of prena al life and reach he peak a
abo 9 mon h of age.
D ring pre- chool age, i hen become leaner.
D ring primar chool age, children begin o acq ire more fa .
In adole cence, girl gain more fa i e on arm , leg , and r nk (from aro nd 8 ear
old n il p ber ).

(D) B
1) S G
E peciall rapid d ring he fir o ear beca e of a large increa e in brain i e
腦回
The bone of he k ll are epara ed b i gap ( of po ) called f a e a bir h,
o e m be er caref l hen aking care of babie .
2) T
B age 2, he a erage child ha 20 ee h. Gtmonths starttogrowteeth
The permanen ee h ill grad all er p in o he pace lef b he primar ee h.
Too h ran i ion period ar appro ima el a age 6, and end a aro nd he age of 12 or 13.

(E) S Ha
激素
G , hich i nece ar from bir h on for he a
, i relea ed d ring he child leeping ho r .
☆ 成⼈ 睡眠 ~
短期 記憶 → 長期 記憶 , whichiseitherimportunttoadult
(F) B a G a D a
B a G
The brain gro h in ol e he de elopmen of (i) he micro copic le el of
⼤腦⽪層
indi id al a , and (ii) he larger le el of he a .
The brain i ill de eloping o e en i el in infanc ; an infan head ho ld
al a be pro ec ed from fall and o her inj rie .

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 2

 1) I a B a C
神 經元
N , (ner e cell ) ore and ran mi informa ion.
突觸
Once he ne ron are in place, he form a ( in gap here fiber from
differen ne ron come clo e oge her b do no o ch) a a rapid ra e.
Ne ron ha are im la ed b inp from he rro nding en ironmen con in e
o e abli h ne nap e , forming increa ingl elabora e em of
comm nica ion ha ppor more comple abili ie .

⼤腦⽪層
2) C a C
The a rro nd he re of he brain. I i he large and mo
comple brain r c re. I acco n for 85% of he brain eigh and con ain he
grea e n mber of ne ron and nap e .

Ea E a B a
S im la ion of he brain i impor an beca e he brain i ponge-like d ring he
fir fe ear , enabling children o acq ire ne kill ea il and q ickl .

反射 活 动
(G) R 與⽣俱來 ⾃然 反應
The are inborn, a oma ic re pon e o a par ic lar form of im la ion from earl
ne rom c lar de elopmen .
Mo ne born refle e di appear d ring he fir 6 mon h d e o an increa e in con rol
o er beha ior a he cerebral cor e de elop .
Refle e can re eal he heal h of he bab ner o em. So pedia rician need o e
refle e caref ll . Refle e , he her i) eak, ii) ab en , iii) rigid or e aggera ed, and i )
per i be ond he poin in de elopmen hen he ho ld be di appeared normall , can
be a ign of brain damage.

T o pe of refle e :
1) S a ⽣存 机 制 反射

Nece ar for an infan o ain life

E.g. cking refle , roo ing refle , imming refle
2) P 原始 反射

A fe refle e form he ba i for comple mo or kill ha ill de elop and rene

i f nc ion la er.
E.g. moro refle , epping refle , palmar gra p

幫助 學習 更 困難 的 技能

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 3

TABLE 1 TYPES OF REFLEXES
F / A
R S a R
S a D a a a 消失
E Shine brigh ligh a Infan clo e e elid Pro ec he e e Permanen
e e or clap hand q ickl 不會 消失
眨眼 near head

B a Inhale & e hale O gena ing he red blood Help ain Permanen
cell and e pelling carbon life 不會 消失
呼吸 dio ide 維持 ⽣命

R S roke he bab Head rn o ard he Help infan 3 eek

cheek roking and open mo h find he nipple

S Place an objec in Infan ck ha objec Permi feeding Replace b ol n ar

infan mo h in o he mo h cking af er 4
吸啜 mon h
4 个 ⽉ 後麵 ⾏ 吸 啜 ( 可 控制 了
S Place infan face Infan paddle and kick in Help infan 6 mon h
游⽔
do n in pool of imming mo ion r i e if
a er dropped in o
a er

M Prod ce a dden Infan hro arm Help infan 6 mon h

受驚 反應 lo d noi e or o ard, arche back, cling o mo her
dden change in e end leg , and hen
he po i ion of he bring arm in o ard he
infan head bod

Pa a Place finger in Infan pon aneo l Prepare infan 3-4 mon h

a infan hand, and gra p finger for ol n ar
抓握 pre again palm gra ping
建立 ⾃⾏ 抓握 能⼒
T T rn bab head o Infan e end arm in fron Prepare infan 4 mon h
one ide hile of e e on he ide o for ol n ar
infan i l ing hich hi head i rned, reaching
轉 动 頸部 a ake on back al o fle e o her arm
建立 ⾃⾏ 伸⼿ 能⼒
S Hold infan nder Infan lif one foo af er Prepare infan 2 mon h in infan
踏步 arm and allo bare ano her in epping for ol n ar ho gain eigh
fee o o ch a fla re pon e alking q ickl ; ained in
rface ligh infan
建立 步⾏ 能⼒
Baˊ ˊ To ch he ole of Toe fan o and c rl a Unkno n 24 mon h
foo from heel foo i in
o ard oe

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 4

 II. D G a F M S
ˋ

GROSSMOTOR ⼆
⼤ 肌⾁
FINEMUTOR = ⼩ 肌⾁
(A) D a C a a M D
Mo or de elopmen i he hro gh coordina ed ac i i ie of
協調
神經 肌⾁
{ he ner o em and he m cle .
獨立 地 協調
Skill de e a before he are c d a ed
Wi h each ne mo or kill, children ma er heir bodie and he en ironmen in a ne a .
E.g. i ing req ire combined con rol of head and pper che
⾥程碑
M in mo or de elopmen gi e a clear idea abo he order for ph ical
de elopmen ; i i ef l for in erpre ing if par ic lar ph ical beha ior and
charac eri ic are de eloping a e pec ed.
Organi a ion and eq ence of mo or de elopmen
People de elop mo or kill in a niform order and i hin pecific ime frame .
Ho e er, he ra e ill be aried for indi id al difference .
T o pe of mo or de elopmen : and

(B) P a M D
TABLE 2 PHASES OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A a A P a
反射 动 作 ⾃动 化 动 作
B -6 R & a
6 -2 a R a 未充分 發展動作

2-6 a F a a 基礎 動作
6 - 12 a S ( a ) eg ⽻⽑球 踢 沒
,
ete

12 - 18 ear Gro h & refinemen

18 - 30 ear Peak performance
30+ ear Regre ion

無意識 反應
P a I: R &S a M
a. Refle e :
I ,a a o a par ic lar form of im la ion
Some refle e ha e a a
Some refle e help infan r i e d ring o r e ol ionar pa
A fe refle e form he ba i for ha ill de elop and
rene i f nc ion la er

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 5

 0 -6 months
b. Spon aneo Mo emen : ged
非 ⾃願性 ⾏為 [ Uncontrollable, rhythmic types of motions
It is believed that these involuntary movements set the stage for future motor
growth.
搖擺
E.g. repeated kicking of legs, waving of arms, rocking on hands and knees, and
彎曲
flexing of fingers.

Phase II: R a M Gged 02

years
⾃願
Vol n ar mo emen ar
Infants exhibit a combination of reflexes/spontaneous movements along with
some new voluntary movements.
Infants are able to have more postural control under the principle of
由頭 到 腳 由內到 外
cephalocaudal and proximodistal trend.

☆P a III: F a a M ged 2 -6
years

I mark a major mile one in earl childhood de elopmen .

O er 30 charac eri ic f ndamen al mo or mo emen ar o emerge.
These skills build a foundation for efficient and more complex movements that
are needed in later child developmental stages.
移动 性 非 移动 性 操作 性
Skills include: locomotor, stability and manipulative movement skills

Phase IV: Sports Skills (Specialized Movements) qed 6 -12

years

The change in ph ical gro h, bod r c re, and ph iological de elopmen

allo he child o ho ignifican impro emen in heir mo or kill .
F ndamen al mo emen kill become more refined and fl id, o more por and
recrea ional ac i i ie can be adap ed.

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 6

(C) T T M D
1) G M S
Mo or kill are coordina ed mo emen of he m cle and limb , in ol ing
hole-bod re che .
Coordina ing he fac or of:
i. Cen ral Ner o S em
ii. Mo emen capaci of he bod
iii. The goal he child ha in mind
iv. En ironmen al ppor for he kill (in en e prac ice in order o ma er
a mo or kill)
Gro mo or kill can be ca egori ed in o hree par of mo emen :

i. L - he capaci o mo e aro nd place

ii. Sa - he rela ion hip of he bod o gra i ; for main aining

eq ilibri m or balance

iii. Ma a - mo emen in ol ing bo h he bod and an objec

Skill in ol e i h he gro mo or manip la ion: kicking, hro ing

and bo ncing
Skill o do i h he de elopmen of fine mo or mo emen ( he e of
he hand ), e.g. holding, gra ping, gripping objec and ool

TABLE 3 EXAMPLES OF GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

L S Sa Ma a S
Walk S re ch S rike
Leap T rn Bo nce
J mp Bend Thro
Hop T i Kick
Slide S ing Ca ch

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 7

T D a M G M D (F R )

TABLE 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSTURE

A G M S
A e eek Lif heir head hen prone
2 mon h Si ih ppor on a lap or in an infan ea
6 - 7 mon h Si independen l
8 mon h P ll elf o and
10 - 12 mon h S and alone
13 - 18 mon h U e hand and leg o climb p a n mber of ep
13 - 24 mon h Walk q ickl or r n for a hor di ance
S and and kick/ hro a ball
J mp in a place

TABLE 5 THE DEVELOPMENT OF KICKING

A ( a ) D a C a a
2 3 Kick a ball
3 4 Kick a mo ing ball
5-6 Hold a ball hile r nning
Kick a mo ing ball
Pla ball i h a racke

TABLE 6 THE DEVELOPMENT OF WALKING

A ( a ) D a C a a
1 Walk alone
2 3 Walk a heir o n ill
Walk p air i h bo h fee on one ep
3 4 Walk p air i h al erna e fee
Walk along a line or on foo prin
4 5 Walk on a balance beam
5-6 Walk p and do n air alone i h al erna e fee

TABLE 7 THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUNNING

A ( a ) D a C a a
2 3 H rried alk change o r n
4 5 R n more moo hl
Pick p objec on he gro nd hile r nning
5-6 Fa r n a di ance of fif fee , i ho feeling ired
R n ell b heir oe if l and ake q ick bend .

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 8

 2) F M S
Fine mo or kill in ol e mall m cle mo emen , e e-hand coordina ion, and
coordina ed arm, hand and finger mo emen .

S T F M S
i. R a a G a
For reaching, an infan mo e hi hand o he loca ion of a de ired objec .
Gra ping need coordina ed mo emen of indi id al finger in order o gra p
an objec . Mo l , he pick hing p i h he fir hree finger .
A 4 mon h , infan can reach for objec . Their arm and hand do no mo e
direc l and moo hl o he de ired objec . I mo e a hor di ance and lo l .

ii. Ma a
E.g. hake, bea , pre , p h and p ll, pick, open, p do n, i ch

iii. T - a C a
A 4 mon h , infan can e bo h hand , b mo ion are no coordina ed.
A 5-6 mon h , infan can coordina e he mo ion of heir hand o ha each
hand perform differen ac ion .
A 1 ear old, infan are able o reach for mo objec i h one hand; While b
age 2, he can reach i h one or o hand depending on he i e of he objec .
T pe of T o-hand Coordina ion:
- T o hand o ch oge her
- Pa hing from one hand o ano her
- Bo h hand do he ame ac ion
- One hand hold an i em and ano her manip la e i
- Bo h hand manip la e hing in differen a

iv. E - a C a
S ack hing (e.g. block ), ring bead , pick p and p do n

v. G P
The a o grip pen , cribble, con rol he pen, dra line , cop ing line and
imple hape , imi a e dra ing hape and ri ing, color, dra pic re

vi. Ma a Sa a U
U ing magne , pla doh cla , r ler , ape, ela ic band , ci or , gl e, paper,
era er , paper clip , apler , e c

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 9

 T D a C a a F M D (F R )

TABLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRAWING SKILLS

A ( a ) D a C a a
2-3 Dra line and circle
3-4 Dra a cro and inclined line b imi a ion
Begin o hold a pencil properl o do dra ing
4-5 Dra imple pic re e.g. people, ho e , ree , ehicle , e c
Dra q adrila eral
5-6 Dra raigh line i h a r ler
Fill color in an a igned area hen pa ing a en ion

TABLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CUTTING SKILLS

A ( a ) D a C a a
2-3 Tr folding paper and ing ci or
3-4 U e ci or o c paper rip
4-5 C imple pa ern
5-6 C o a pa ern from a book

TABLE 10 THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING BRICKS SKILLS

A ( a ) D a C a a
2-3 Pile p piece of o brick
3-4 B ild p a pillar of nine piece of o brick
U e hree piece of ood o make a bridge
4-5 Con r c a mall o er i h i piece of o brick b imi a ion
5-6 Follo in r c ion o con r c a hree- ep air i h big q are o
brick

(For more informa ion, plea e refer o he Kindergar en C rric l m G ide 2017)

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 10

III. P a D
P a D
I i he gro ing capaci o e , a , , a , and o in erpre
he en ironmen .
To a ain and manip la e differen ne kill , children m con in all coordina e heir
mo or beha ior i h percep al informa ion.

1) V
Ne born ee objec be een 7 o 15 inche di ance ( he di ance of a paren
face holding hi bab )
The infan e racking and canning in ie ing he orld.
Tracking mean he abili o i all follo a mo ing objec i h one e e .
Scanning i a i al abili o look o er all he fea re of an objec and ge a
comple e pic re of ha i i like.
T pe of percep ion:
i. Fa - infan ha e i al preference for ha he look a .
H man face are he mo in ere ing one. Then, e end o non-h man
animal face like ca and ild iger .
ii. D - he abili o j dge he di ance of objec from one
ano her and from o r el e . E.g. a i al cliff (Eleanor Gib on & Richard
Walk, 1960).
iii. Pa - babie are en i i e o pa ern , b gi ing he con ra
in o or more pa ern , he prefer he one i h more con ra .

2) H a
Infan can hear q i e ell.
Fe e aro nd 26 eek can re pond o o nd i h accelera ed hear ra e and
increa ed mo emen .
Ne born can di ing i h o nd like high & lo pi che , lo d & of ol me .
The prefer inging and omen oice , e peciall heir mo her .
5-mon h-old infan are able o loca e he direc ion of o nd , earch for and
rack heir o rce , and elec i el li en o one o nd o er ano her.

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 11

 3) Ta a S
Ta e and mell de elop earl .
The abili o di crimina e among mell and a e ma be acq ired before bir h.
Ne born can di ing i h a e like o r, bi er, al , ee and ne ral.
The can al o di ing i h be een plea an and nplea an mell .

4) T
The en e of o ch de elop before bir h.
I i a cri ical f nc ion ince paren al o ch ha a po i i e effec on an infan
emo ion and heal h.
To ch can be er ed a a medi m for learning abo hing .

IV. Fa A P a G (A )
Ph ical gro h i he con in o infl ence be een heredi and he en ironmen .

1) H
When en ironmen al condi ion are adeq a e, heigh and ra e of ph ical ma ri
are rongl infl enced b heredi .
Reaching gene ic po en ial in an a pec of ph ical gro h depend on an
appropria e en ironmen al ppor and good n ri ion pro ided.
M a ion can di r p hi proce , leading o de ia ion in ph ical i e. (Refer o
Lec re 1)

2) N
N ri ion i impor an a an ime d ring de elopmen and i i e peciall cri ical
d ring 0-2 ear a he brain and bod are gro ing rapidl . A bab energ need
are ice a grea a ho e of an ad l .
Ea ing habi - pre chooler arine of ne food i adap i e, if he ick o
familiar food , he are le likel o allo dangero b ance . The can
compen a e for ea ing li le a one meal b ea ing more a a la er one. Children end
o imi a e he food choice and ea ing prac ice of people (ad l and peer ) he
admire. Al o, paren al con rol o er ea ing limi children oppor ni ie o de elop
elf-con rol.
N ri ional-rela ed di ea e : mara m , k a hiorkor and obe i .

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 12

 3) I D a
Ordinar childhood illne e ha e no effec on he ph ical gro h among ell-
no ri hed o ng er .
In de eloping na ion , man children do no recei e ro ine imm ni a ion and
ome illne e like mea le and chicken po ill ha e ad er e effec on hem.
Toge her i h poor die , i depre e he bod imm ne em and make children
more cep ible o di ea e . Un afe a er and con amina ed food ma lead o a
ide pread of cholera.
Illne e (e.g. in e inal infec ion ) red ce he appe i e of children and limi heir
bodie abili o ab orb food , hich in rn affec heir ph ical gro h.

4) E a W -
A gro h di order ma re l from a lack of affec ion and im la ion.
O er re ed children ma no be able o leep ell or ma leep oo m ch, and i
ma al o infl ence heir de elopmen , e.g. gro h fal ering, p cho ocial d arfi m.

5) Pa A
Paren gi e more oppor ni ie o promo e children mo or abili ie a prac ice
can promo e mo or de elopmen .

6) S
Girl ma re earlier han bo
D ring prep ber al age of gro h and de elopmen , bo are aller han girl .

V. A a M D a Ca
A a G M D
Children charac eri ic :
look cl m d e o poor balance.
ha e diffic l ie r nning, j mping, alking p and do n air

A a F M D
Children charac eri ic :
nable o pick p mall objec
nable o hold objec i h one/bo h hand
diffic l in dra ing and ri ing

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 13

 Po ible Ca e of A pical Ph ical De elopmen :

1. A pical M cle Tone De elopmen

H a - he m cle are en e and con rac ed. The mo emen ma be jerk ,
e aggera ed and poorl coordina ed.
H a - he m cle are eak and flopp , par ic larl in he neck and r nk.

2. Sen or Proce ing Di order

Children i h en or proce ing di order ma ha e diffic l ie in recei ing and
re ponding o informa ion ha come from differen en e .

3. Mo or Di order
Children i h mo or di order ma ha e ro ble in coordina ion and balancing.

4. Brain Damage
Cerebral pal occ r beca e of inj r o he brain before, d ring, or af er bir h.
Children i h cerebral pal picall ha abnormal m cle one, mo or
coordina ion and mo or pa ern .

R
Kail, R. V. (2014). C d e a d e de e e . US: Pear on.
Berk, L.E. (2013). C d De e e (9 h ed.). US: All n and Bacon, Pear on In erna ional
Edi ion.
N r e, A.D. (2009). P ca de e e e ea ea : f da age. London; Ne
York : Ro ledge.
Tra ich-Smi h, J. (2003). Ea c d d de e e .A c a e ec e. Uppder
Saddle Ri er, Ne Jer e : Merrill Pren ice Hall.
展 (2017)。幼 教育 指引( 定 後 ) 。香 特別行政區政府。
h p:// .edb.go .hk/a achmen / c/c rric l m-de elopmen /major-le el-of-
ed /preprimar /kgecg2017_c.pdf

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 14

V a a
1) D arfi m 侏儒症
2) Embr onic di k 嚢
3) Fine mo or kill 小 動作技
4) F ndamen al mo emen 基 動作
5) Gro mo or kill 大 動作技
6) K a hiorkor 惡性營 不 病
7) Locomo or kill 動性
8) Manip la i e kill 操作性
9) Mara m 因營 不 導 弱、消瘦
10) Obe i
11) R dimen ar mo emen 未充分發展動作
12) S abili 定性
13) S re che 伸展
14) Cerebral pal 性癱瘓
15) Sen or proce ing di order 感 合失

G a

E Ta a D
Cephalocaudal 由 到尾 The principle ha de elopmen proceed from he head o
he oe .

Pro imodi al 由 到 The principle ha de elopmen proceed from he cen er

of he bod hen o ard.

Mile one 碑 Mile one in mo or de elopmen gi e a clear idea abo

he order for ph ical de elopmen .

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 15

 L 2: P a D
S a N

T D A a B a Y A

In o r de crip ion, o ho ld incl de:

For Gro Mo or:

1. Ac ion erb( )
2. S abili ( able or no able) (if an )
3. Direc ion (if an )
4. Di ance (if an )
5. N mber of ime (if an )
6. Speed (Fa or lo ) (if an )
7. Loca ion / objec ed (if an )

For Fine Mo or:

1. Ac ion erb( )
2. S abili ( able or no able) (if an )
3. U e of hand( ) / finger (if an )
4. Di ance (if an )
5. N mber of ime (if an )
6. Objec ed (if an )

CED3201M/L2 Physical Development/2020-2021 16