LS-DYNA Theory Manual Material Models

In the current implementation, α is given by

­ σˆ 33( 0)
° , if σˆ 33( −1) − σˆ 33( 0) ≥ 10 − 4
α = ®σˆ 33( −1) − σˆ 33( 0) ,
° − 1, otherwise
¯

and the stresses are determined from this value of α . Finally, to make sure that the normal stress
through the thickness vanishes, it is set to 0 (zero) before exiting the stress update routine.

Material Model 78: Soil/Concrete

Concrete pressure is positive in compression. Volumetric strain is defined as the natural
log of the relative volume and is positive in compression where the relative volume, V , is the
ratio of the current volume to the initial volume. The tabulated data should be given in order of
increasing compression. If the pressure drops below the cutoff value specified, it is reset to that
value and the deviatoric stress state is eliminated.
If the load curve ID is provided as a positive number, the deviatoric perfectly plastic
pressure dependent yield function φ , is described in terms of the second invariant, J 2 , the
pressure, p , and the tabulated load curve, F ( p ) , as

φ = 3J 2 − F ( p ) = σ y − F ( p )

where J 2 is defined in terms of the deviatoric stress tensor as:

1
J2 = Sij Sij
2

assuming that if the ID is given as negative, then the yield function becomes:

φ = J2 − F ( p)

being the deviatoric stress tensor.

If cracking is invoked, the yield stress is multiplied by a factor f which reduces with
plastic stain according to a trilinear law as shown in Figure 19.78.1.

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Figure 19.78.1. Strength reduction factor.

b = residual strength factor

ε1 = plastic stain at which cracking begins.
ε2 = plastic stain at which residual strength is reached.

ε1 and ε 2 are tabulated functions of pressure that are defined by load curves (see Figure
19.78.2). The values on the curves are pressure versus strain and should be entered in order of
increasing pressure. The strain values should always increase monotonically with pressure.
By properly defining the load curves, it is possible to obtain the desired strength and
ductility over a range of pressures. See Figure 19.78.1.

Figure 19.78.2. Cracking strain versus pressure.

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Figure 19.78.3.

Material Model 79: Hysteretic Soil

This model is a nested surface model with five superposed “layers” of elasto-perfectly
plastic material, each with its own elastic modulii and yield values. Nested surface models give
hysteretic behavior, as the different “layers” yield at different stresses.
The constants a0 , a1 , a2 govern the pressure sensitivity of the yield stress. Only the
ratios between these values are important - the absolute stress values are taken from the stress-
strain curve.
The stress strain pairs ( γ 1, τ 1) , ... ( γ 5, τ 5) define a shear stress versus shear strain
curve. The first point on the curve is assumed by default to be (0,0) and does not need to be
entered. The slope of the curve must decrease with increasing γ . Not all five points need be to
be defined. This curve applies at the reference pressure; at other pressures the curve varies
according to a0 , a1 , and a2 as in the soil and crushable foam model, Material 5.
The elastic moduli G and K are pressure sensitive.

G = G0 ( p − p0 )
b

K = K 0 ( p − p0 )
b

where G0 and K 0 are the input values, p is the current pressure, p0 the cut-off or reference
pressure (must be zero or negative). If p attempts to fall below p0 (i.e., more tensile) the shear
stresses are set to zero and the pressure is set to p0 . Thus, the material has no stiffness or
strength in tension. The pressure in compression is calculated as follows:

p = ª¬ − K 0 ln (V ) º¼
1
1−b

where V is the relative volume, i.e., the ratio between the original and current volume.

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