LS-DYNA Theory Manual Material Models

Material Model 7: Continuum Rubber

The hyperelastic continuum rubber model was studied by Blatz and Ko [1962]. In this
model, the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress is given by

1
§ − ·
Sij = G ¨ V −1 Cij − V 1− 2υ δ ij ¸ (19.7.1)
© ¹

where G is the shear modulus, V is the relative volume, υ is Poisson’s ratio, and Cij is the
right Cauchy-Green strain:

∂ xk ∂ xk
Cij = (19.7.2)
∂ Xi ∂ X j

after determining Sij , it is transformed into the Cauchy stress tensor, σ ij :

ρ ∂xi ∂x j ρ ∂ xi ∂ x j
σ ij = Skl σ ij = Skl (19.7.3)
ρ 0 ∂X h ∂X l ρ0 ∂ X k ∂ X l

where ρ 0 and ρ are the initial and current density, respectively. The default value of υ is
0.463.

Material Model 8: Explosive Burn

Burn fractions, which multiply the equations of states for high explosives, control the
release of chemical energy for simulating detonations. In the initialization phase, a lighting time
t1 is computed for each element by dividing the distance from the detonation point to the center
of the element by the detonation velocity D . If multiple detonation points are defined, the
closest point determines t1 . The burn fraction F is taken as the maximum

F = max ( F1 , F2 ) (19.8.1)

where
­ 2 ( t − tl ) D
° if t > tl
° § v ·
F1 = ® 3 ¨¨ e ¸¸ (19.8.2)
° © Aemax ¹
° 0 if t ≤ tl
¯

1−V
F2 = (19.8.3)
1 − VCJ

19.23