Material Models LS-DYNA Theory Manual

Material Model 10: Elastic-Plastic-Hydrodynamic

For completeness we give the entire derivation of this constitutive model based on radial
return plasticity.
The pressure, p , deviatoric strain rate, εij′ , deviatoric stress rate, sij , volumetric strain
rate, and εv , are defined in Equation (19.10.1):

1 1
p = − σ ij δ ij εij′ = εij − εv
3 3

sij = σ ij + pδ ij εv = εij δ ij (19.10.1)

sij∇ = 2μ εij′ = 2Gεij′

The Jaumann rate of the deviatoric stress, sij∇ , is given by:

sij∇ = sij − sip Ω pj − s jp Ω pi (19.10.2)

First we update sijn to sijn +1 elastically

*sijn +1 = sijn + sip Ω pj + s jp Ω pi + 2Gεij′ dt = sijn + Rij + 2Gεij′ dt (19.10.3)

n 2 G Δε ij′
sijR

where the left superscript, *, denotes a trial stress value. The effective trial stress is defined by
1
2
§3 ·
s = ¨ ∗ sijn +1 ∗ sijn +1 ¸
∗
(19.10.4)
©2 ¹

and if s ∗ exceeds yield stress σ y , the Von Mises flow rule:

σ
2
1
φ = sij sij − y ≤ 0 (19.10.5)
2 3

is violated and we scale the trial stresses back to the yield surface, i.e., a radial return

σy
sijn +1 = ∗ n +1
s = m ∗ sijn +1 (19.10.6)
s∗
ij

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LS-DYNA Theory Manual Material Models

The plastic strain increment can be found by subtracting the deviatoric part of the strain
increment that is elastic,
2G
(
1 n +1 Rn
)
sij − sij , from the total deviatoric increment, Δε ij′ , i.e.,

Δε ijp = Δε ij′ −
1 n +1
2G
(
sij − sijR
n

) (19.10.7)

Recalling that,

∗ n +1 n
s − sijR
Δε ij′ = ij
(19.10.8)
2G

and substituting Equation (19.10.8) into (19.10.7) we obtain,

Δε p
=
( ∗
sijn +1 − sijn +1 )
(19.10.9)
ij
2G

Substituting Equation (19.10.6)

sijn +1 = m ∗ sijn +1

into Equation (19.10.9) gives,

§ 1 − m · ∗ n +1 1 − m n +1
Δε ijp = ¨ ¸ sij = sij = d λ sijn +1 (19.10.10)
© 2G ¹ 2Gm

By definition an increment in effective plastic strain is

1
2
§2 ·
Δε = ¨ Δε ijp Δε ijp ¸
p
(19.10.11)
©3 ¹

Squaring both sides of Equation (19.10.10) leads to:

§ 1 − m · 2 ∗ n +1 ∗ n +1
Δε ijp Δε ijp = ¨ ¸ sij sij (19.10.12)
© 2G ¹

or from Equations (19.10.4) and (19.10.11):

2
3 p 2 § 1 − m · 2 ∗2
Δε = ¨ ¸ s (19.10.13)
2 © 2G ¹ 3

Hence,

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Material Models LS-DYNA Theory Manual

1− m ∗ s −σ y
∗

∴Δε p = s = (19.10.14)
3G 3G

where we have substituted for m from Equation (19.10.6)

σy
m=
s∗

If isotropic hardening is assumed then:

σ yn +1 = σ yn + E p Δε p (19.10.15)

and from Equation (19.10.14)

Δε p
=
(s ∗
− σ yn +1 )
=
(s ∗
− σ yn − E p Δε p )
(19.10.16)
3G 3G

Thus,
( 3G + E ) Δε p p
= ( s ∗ − σ yn )

and solving for the incremental plastic strain gives

Δε p
=
(s −σ )
∗ n
y
(19.10.17)
( 3G + E ) p

The algorithm for plastic loading can now be outlined in five simple stress. If the effective trial
stress exceeds the yield stress then

1. Solve for the plastic strain increment:

Δε p
=
(s −σ )
∗ n
y

( 3G + E ) p

2. Update the plastic strain:

n +1
εp = ε p + Δε p .
n

3. Update the yield stress:

σ yn +1 = σ yn + E p Δε p

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LS-DYNA Theory Manual Material Models

4. Compute the scale factor using the yield strength at time n + 1 :

σ yn+1
m=
s∗

5. Radial return the deviatoric stresses to the yield surface:

sijn +1 = m ∗ sijn +1

Material Model 11: Elastic-Plastic With Thermal Softening

Steinberg and Guinan [1978] developed this model for treating plasticity at high strain
rates (105 s-1) where enhancement of the yield strength due to strain rate effects is saturated out.
Both the shear modulus G and yield strength σ y increase with pressure but decrease
with temperature. As a melt temperature is reached, these quantities approach zero. We define
the shear modulus before the material melts as

fE
ª § E−Ec ·º −
G = G0 «1 + bpV −h¨ − 300 ¸ » e Em − E
1
3
(19.11.1)
¬ © 3R ′ ¹¼

where G0 , b , h , and f are input parameters, Ec is the cold compression energy:

x
900 R′ exp ( ax )
Ec ( X ) = ³ pdx − 2 (γ o − a − 12 )
, (19.11.2)
0 (1−X )
where

X = 1−V , (19.11.3)

and Em is the melting energy:

Em (X) = Ec (X) + 3R′Tm (X) (19.11.4)

which is a function of the melting temperature Tm (X) :

Tmo exp ( 2aX )

Tm ( X ) = 2 (γ o − a − 1 3 )
(19.11.5)
(1 −X )
and the melting temperature Tmo at ρ = ρ0 . The constants γ 0 and a are input parameters. In
the above equation, R′ is defined by

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