LS-DYNA Theory Manual Material Models

and K is the unloading bulk modulus computed from

Es
K=
3 (1 − 2v )

where Es is the input tangent modulus for concrete and v is Poisson's ratio.

Volumetric Strain Pressure (MPa)

-p1/K 1.00xp1

-0.002 1.50xp1

-0.004 3.00xp1

-0.010 4.80xp1

-0.020 6.00xp1

-0.030 7.50xp1

-0.041 9.45xp1

-0.051 11.55xp1

-0.062 14.25xp1

-0.094 25.05xp1
Table 19.84.1. Default pressure versus volumetric strain curve for concrete if the curve is not
defined.

Material Model 87: Cellular Rubber

This material model provides a cellular rubber model combined with linear
viscoelasticity as outlined by Christensen [1980].
Rubber is generally considered to be fully incompressible since the bulk modulus greatly
exceeds the shear modulus in magnitude. To model the rubber as an unconstrained material a
hydrostatic work term, WH ( J ) , is included in the strain energy functional which is function of
the relative volume, J , [Ogden, 1984]:

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Material Models LS-DYNA Theory Manual

¦ C (J − 3) ( J 2 − 3) + WH ( J )
p q
W ( J1 , J 2 , J ) = pq 1
p ,q =0
−1
J1 = I1 I 3
3
(19.87.1)
−2
J 2 = I 2 I3
3

In order to prevent volumetric work from contributing to the hydrostatic work the first and
second invariants are modified as shown. This procedure is described in more detail by Sussman
and Bathe [1987].
The effects of confined air pressure in its overall response characteristics are included by
augmenting the stress state within the element by the air pressure.

σ ij = σ ijsk − δ ijσ air (19.87.2)

where σ ijsk is the bulk skeletal stress and σ air is the air pressure computed from the equation:

p0γ
σ air = − (19.87.3)
1+ γ −φ

where p0 is the initial foam pressure usually taken as the atmospheric pressure and γ defines
the volumetric strain

γ = V −1 + γ 0 (19.87.4)

where V is the relative volume of the voids and γ 0 is the initial volumetric strain which is
typically zero. The rubber skeletal material is assumed to be incompressible.
Rate effects are taken into account through linear viscoelasticity by a convolution integral
of the form:

∂ε kl
σ ij = ³ gijkl ( t − τ )
t
dτ (19.87.5)
0 ∂τ

or in terms of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress, Sij , and Green's strain tensor, Eij ,

∂ Ekl
Sij = ³ Gijkl ( t − τ )
t
dτ (19.87.6)
0 ∂τ

where gijkl (t − τ ) and Gijkl ( t − τ ) are the relaxation functions for the different stress measures.
This stress is added to the stress tensor determined from the strain energy functional.
Since we wish to include only simple rate effects, the relaxation function is represented
by one term from the Prony series:

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LS-DYNA Theory Manual Material Models

N
g (t ) = α 0 + ¦ α m e − β t (19.87.7)
m =1

given by,

g (t ) = Ed e − β1 t (19.87.8)

This model is effectively a Maxwell fluid which consists of a damper and spring in series. We
characterize this in the input by a shear modulus, G , and decay constant, β1 .
The Mooney-Rivlin rubber model is obtained by specifying n=1. In spite of the
differences in formulations with Model 27, we find that the results obtained with this model are
nearly identical with those of 27 as long as large values of Poisson’s ratio are used.

Figure 19.87.1. Cellular rubber with entrapped air. By setting the initial air pressure to zero, an
open cell, cellular rubber can be simulated.

Material Model 88: MTS Model

The Mechanical Threshhold Stress (MTS) model is due to Mauldin, Davidson, and
Henninger [1990] and is available for applications involving large strains, high pressures and
strain rates. As described in the foregoing reference, this model is based on dislocation
mechanics and provides a better understanding of the plastic deformation process for ductile
materials by using an internal state variable called the mechanical threshold stress. This
kinematic quantity tracks the evolution of the material’s microstructure along some arbitrary
strain, strain rate, and temperature-dependent path using a differential form that balances
dislocation generation and recovery processes. Given a value for the mechanical threshold
stress, the flow stress is determined using either a thermal-activation-controlled or a drag-
controlled kinetics relationship. An equation-of-state is required for solid elements and a bulk
modulus must be defined below for shell elements.

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