NAME: S.

ABINAYA

ROLL NO: 13N103

CLASS: IV B.Tech(IT A)
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication):

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is
widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division
multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony
technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it
down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at
either the 900 MHZ or 1800 MHz frequency band.

Mobile devices are taking over the IT landscape, making Mobile Device Management
(MDM) more important now than ever before; and at the top of MDM priority list should be is
mobile data security.

Mobile services based on GSM technology were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today, more
than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents
82.4% of all global mobile connections. According to GSM World, there are now more than 2
billion GSM mobile phone users worldwide. GSM World references China as "the largest single
GSM market, with more than 370 million users, followed by Russia with 145 million, India with
83 million and the USA with 78 million users."

Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with foreign operators, users can
often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel to other countries. SIM cards
(Subscriber Identity Module) holding home network access configurations may be switched to
those will metered local access, significantly reducing roaming costs while experiencing no
reductions in service.
GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet
Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service (UMTS).

Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 90% of the world’s population. GSM satellite
roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available.

COMPONENTS OF GSM:

The additional components of the GSM architecture comprise of databases and messaging
systems functions:

 Home Location Register (HLR)

 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 Authentication Center (AuC)
 SMS Serving Center (SMS SC)
 Gateway MSC (GMSC)
 Chargeback Center (CBC)
 Transcoder and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
DEMAND ASSIGNED MULTIPLE ACCESS (DAMA):

Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) is a protocol used in satellite communications,

particularly Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) systems. DAMA enables efficient and
instantaneous assignment of transponder channels on a first come, first served basis according to
data priority.

In computing, DAMA refers to switching circuits in a manner designed to meet infrequent or

periodic system and/or user demand requirements.

DAMA, which was developed by the United States government, is not a new technology. In
1968, it was used along with KRUG, a similar satellite communication system developed by the
Russians.

DAMA does not require continuous connection from user terminals to a network control system.
Typically, an assigned channel consists of a pair of frequencies--one for transmission and
another for reception.

After DAMA assigns a pair of frequencies to a user terminal, other network terminal users may
not be assigned to those frequencies until the session is completed. Then, the frequencies are
returned to a list, or central pool, of frequencies available to other terminal users.

The number of transient clients that use DAMA network terminals increases according to
efficient user sequencing at specific frequencies and different timeslots. Thus, DAMA is used for
infrequently-used networks, versus Permanently Assigned Multiple Access (PAMA) technology.
Both technologies are related only by channel or frequency resource allocation and should not be
confused with multiple access/multiplexing, which divides a single communication channel into
multiple channels.

Typical VSAT systems use DAMA for point of sale (POS) transactions, such as credit card,
polling or radio frequency identification; remote location Internet access and mobile maritime
communications. DAMA is also used by the military for satellite communications (SATCOM).

Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) is a technology used to assign a channel to clients
that don't need to use it constantly. DAMA systems assign communication channels based on
requests issued from user terminal to a network control system. When the circuit is no longer in
use, the channels are then returned to the central pool for reassignment to other users.
Channels are typically a pair of carrier frequencies (one for transmit and one for receive), but can
be other fixed bandwidth resources such as timeslots in a TDMA burst plan or even
physical party line channels. Once a channel is allocated to a given pair of nodes, it is not
available to other users in the network until their session is finished.
It allows utilizing of one channel (radio or baseband frequency, timeslot, etc.) by many users
sequentially at different times. This technology is mainly useful with sparsely used networks of
transient clients, as opposed to PAMA (Permanently Assigned Multiple Access). By using
DAMA technology the number of separate nodes that can use a limited pool of circuits can be
greatly increased at the expense of no longer being able to provide simultaneous access for all
possible pairs of nodes. A five-channel DAMA network can only have five simultaneous
conversations but could have any number of nodes. A five-channel PAMA network permanently
supports five simultaneous conversations, with channel ownership remaining with their
permanently assigned nodes even when idle.
DAMA and PAMA are related only to channel/resource allocation and should not be confused
with the Multiple access/multiplexing methods (such
as FDMA frequencies, TDMA slots, CDMA codes, or others) intended to divide a single
communication channel into multiple virtual channels. These systems typically use resource
allocation protocols that allow a more rapid (although often less deterministic, consider CDMA
collisions) near-real-time allocation of bandwidth based on demand and data priority. However,
in sparsely allocated multiple-access channels, DAMA can be used to allocate the
individual virtual channel resources provided by the multiple-access channel. This is most
common in environments that are sufficiently sparsely utilized that there is no need to add
complexity just to recover "conversation gap" idle periods.
DAMA is widely used in satellite communications, especially in VSAT systems. It is very
effective in environments comprising multiple users each having a low to moderate usage
profile.
DAMA is often used in military environments due to the relative simplicity of implementation,
ease of modeling, and the fact that military usage profiles are a very good fit. In
military SATCOM, it has the added advantage that it can function in a bent pipe environment,
thus requires no special security or coordination hardware on the satellite. This allows the master
and slave ground stations to be upgraded repeatedly to change or improve security and
compression without requiring an expensive satellite replacement.
PERMANENTLY ASSIGNED MULTIPLE ACCESS (PAMA):
Permanently Assigned Multiple Access (PAMA) is one of the two major techniques used to
allocate channels to users.

In PAMA, every user is assigned a fixed channel, irrespective of whether it is used or not. This is
very inefficient as the channels are allotted to users even when there is no requirement.

Therefore, the majority of multiple-access systems make use of demand-assigned multiple access
(DAMA), where the available channels are assigned to users on an "as-required" basis.

PAMA is also known as Fixed Assigned Multiple Access (FAMA).

The PAMA protocols are considered the most effective techniques for those satellite networks
with a small number of terminals (for example, less than 10) having stable as well as predictable
traffic patterns.

A PAMA protocol can be employed on a frequency, code, or time basis. Key techniques are
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).

In PAMA, the capacity assignment is allocated in a fixed mode between various stations. The
fluctuation in demand can result in considerable underuse of capacity.

On the contrary, in DAMA, the capacity assignment is modified as required to respond in a best
way to demand modifications among the various stations.

ADVANTAGES OF PAMA:

 Perfect for constant-bit-rate-type sources

 Straightforward scheduler
 Channel usage is contention-free

DISADVANTAGES OF PAMA:

 Considerable bandwidth usage

 Not flexible while working with terminals having variable bit rates