Saint Columban College

Pagadian City

Seminar in Mathematics
2018

Concept of Topology

Submitted by:
Angelica L. Gupio
Submitted to:
Mrs. Jean Escalante
Introduction

Topology is a kind of math in which we study shapes and you

might be thinking that it’s Geometry. In geometry, we also study shapes
but the difference is that when we do study Geometry we care a lot
about the exact measurement, we care about measuring lengths, angles,
areas, volume, and so on. But when we study Topology it is the
mathematical study of the properties that are preserved through
deformations, twisting, and stretching of objects. However, tearing
edges or puncturing holes is not allowed. There is more to topology
though, Topology began with the study of curves, surfaces, and other
objects in the plane and three-space. One of the central ideas in topology
is that spatial objects like circles and spheres can be treated as objects in
their own right, and knowledge of objects is independent of how they are
"represented" or "embedded" in space. A circle is topologically
equivalent to an ellipse (into which it can be deformed by stretching)
and a sphere is equivalent to an ellipsoid. Topologically equivalent it is
the relationship of two geometric figures capable of being transformed
one into the other by a one-to-one transformation continuous in both
directions.

Example:

For example, a square can be deformed into a circle without

breaking, it simply by pushing in the corners and rounding the sides.
Therefore, a square and a circle is topologically equivalent.
 Is square is a topologically equivalent to figure 8? No, it’s not
topologically equivalent, you can continuously transform the circle to
the figure 8, but not the figure 8 to a circle

Another example, we could take a square of paper and simply

glue two of the sides to get an open-ended cylinder. To illustrate this
process, we can put arrows on the sides of a square: the cylinder is
formed by manipulating the square so that the arrows match.

Similarly, the Mobius band is created by taking a rectangle of

paper and twisting it once before gluing the ends.
 Taking a cylinder and bending it round so that the open ends
meet and givs a torus, which is just the shape of a doughnut.

These examples are straightforward, as they can be easily

visualized in three dimensional space. Two other topological spaces
which can be formed a square are less to understand.