Differential Calculus (math1), Date October 7, 2023, Time: 11:00-12:30 pm

𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) = (tan−1 𝑥 ) = ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = (sin−1 𝑥 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
(cosh(𝑥)) = sinh(𝑥) , (sinh(𝑥)) = cosh(𝑥) , sinh(𝑥) = ;
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
cosh(𝑥) = ;
2
Differentiation By Chain rule:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑
𝑦 = sin(5𝑥), putting 𝑡 = 5𝑥, = (5𝑥) = 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= ∗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 5 = 5 cos (5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 ) = 5 cos (5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = sin(5𝑥),
𝑑 𝑑
[sin(5𝑥)] = cos(5𝑥) (5𝑥) = 5 cos(5𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = cos4 3𝑥 = (cos(3𝑥))4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
# = (cos(3𝑥))4 = 4(cos(3𝑥))3 cos(3𝑥) = −4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 (cos(3𝑥))3 (3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −12𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 (cos(3𝑥))3
𝑑 2 2) 𝑑 2) 𝑑
# [𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑥(𝑥 ) ] = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑥(𝑥 (cos(𝑥 2 )) = − sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑥(𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2)
−2𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑥(𝑥
Page-204
#7. 𝐹 (𝑥) = (5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )4
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝐹 (𝑥)] = (5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )4 = 4(5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )3 (5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐹′(𝑥) = 4(30𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 2 )(5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )3 Ans.

1 𝑑 1 1 4 𝑑
10. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3 ; 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 1)− 3 = − (𝑥 2 − 1)− 3 (𝑥 2 − 1)
√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = − (𝑥 2 − 1)−3 Ans.
3

Differentiation by Product/division rule:

𝑑 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑉
(𝑖 ) (𝑈𝑉 ) = 𝑈 +𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑈
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑉
𝑑 𝑈 𝑉 −𝑈
(𝑖 ) ( ) = 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑉 𝑉

13. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 −4𝑥 𝑑 −4𝑥 𝑑 3
= (𝑥 𝑒 ) = 𝑥 3 (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 −4𝑥 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 3 (𝑒 −4𝑥 )(−4) + 𝑒 −4𝑥 (3𝑥 2 ) = 𝑒 −4𝑥 (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 ) 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑑𝑥
8
𝑢3 −1
25. 𝑔(𝑢) = ( )
𝑢3 +1

8 7
′(
𝑑 𝑢3 − 1 𝑢3 − 1 𝑑 𝑢3 − 1
𝑔 𝑢) = ( 3 ) = 8( 3 ) ( )
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 1 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢3 + 1
7
𝑢3 − 1
8( 3 ) [(𝑢3 + 1)3𝑢2 − (𝑢3 − 1)3𝑢2 ]
𝑢 +1
=
(𝑢 3 + 1 )2

′(
48 𝑢2 (𝑢3 − 1)7
𝑔 𝑢) = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
(𝑢 3 + 1) 9
Page-188, (Ex.3-15)
𝑡 3 +3𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑡 3 +3𝑡 (𝑡 2 −4𝑡+3)(3𝑡 2 +3)−(𝑡 3 +3𝑡)(2𝑡−4)
15. 𝑦 = , = [ ]= =?
𝑡 2 −4𝑡+3 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 2 −4𝑡+3 (𝑡 2 −4𝑡+3)2

𝑑 𝑑 1
4. 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2√𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 ; (𝑔(𝑥)) = [(𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1
𝑔′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑥 + (1 + 2 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑒 𝑥
2
1
𝑔′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑥 + 2√𝑥) + (1 + )] 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
√𝑥
Page 196 (Ex 1-13)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑦 (1+𝑡)3 (𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1+𝑡)3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
13(i). 𝑦 = ; =
(1+𝑡)3 𝑑𝑡 (1+𝑡)6

𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑡 )3 (𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) − 3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 )2 (0 + 1)

=
𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 )6
𝑑𝑦 (1+𝑡)3 (𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)−3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1+𝑡)2
= (1+𝑡)6
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
5. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 (sec 2 𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
= sec 3 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑑𝜃
Differential Calculus (math1), Date October 21, 2023, Saturday, Time: 11:00-12:30 pm
Limit: By using L. Hospital Rule

0 ∞
( , , 0 × ∞, ∞ × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 𝑘 ∞ , 00 , ∞∞ )
0 ∞
Indeterminate form.

0 ∞ 0 ∞
( , , 0 × ∞, ∞ × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 𝑘 ∞ , 00 , ∞∞ ) → ( , 𝑂𝑅 )
0 ∞ 0 ∞

𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑦 = lim ( ) = lim ( ) 𝐿. 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥 )

𝑥 1
Ex.51. Evaluate lim ( − ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 (∞ − ∞)
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝑥 1 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 − (𝑥 − 1) 0
lim ( − ) = lim ( ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑙𝑛𝑥 0
Using L. Hospital rule we have
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 +− 1) 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥) 0
lim ( 𝑥 ) = lim ( );
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 0
𝑙𝑛𝑥 +
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 1 1
lim ( )=
𝑥→1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 1 + 1 2
𝑥 1 1
lim ( − )= 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2

52. lim(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) ; ∞ − ∞,

𝑥→0

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
lim(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = lim ( ) ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
lim ( ) = lim ( ) = = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1

1 1
54. lim+ ( − ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ∞−∞
𝑥→0 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥

1 1 tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 0
lim+ ( − ) = lim ( ); 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 𝑥→0+ 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 0

1
2−1 −𝑥 2 0
= lim+ ( 1 + 𝑥 𝑥 ) = lim ( ) ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑥→0+ (1 + x 2 )tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 0
1 + 𝑥2

−2𝑥 0
= lim+ ( ) = − = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 2xtan−1 𝑥+1+1 2
57. lim (𝑥)√𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 00
𝑥→0+

𝑦 = lim+(𝑥)√𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+𝑙𝑛(𝑥)√𝑥 = lim+ √𝑥 ln 𝑥 ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 0 × ∞

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑥 ∞
= lim+ 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 ∞
𝑥 −2
1
= lim+ 𝑥 == lim+ −2√𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0 1 −32 𝑥→0
− 𝑥
2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 0 = 𝑙𝑛1 => 𝑦 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

1
59. lim(1 − 2𝑥)𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 1∞
𝑥→0
1
𝑦 = lim(1 − 2𝑥)𝑥 ;
𝑥→0

ln(1 − 2𝑥) 0
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
 2
− 2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 1 − 2𝑥 ; = lim − = −2
𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 1 − 2𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = −2 = ln(𝑒 −2 ) = . 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

65. lim (1 + 4𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 1∞

𝑥→0+

𝑦 = lim+(1 + 4𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ 𝑙𝑛(1 + 4𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = lim+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ln (1 + 4𝑥)

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

1 0
= lim+ ln (1 + 4𝑥) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0
1 4 4 cos2 𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ [ ] = lim+ [ ] =4=
𝑥→0 sec 2 𝑥 1 + 4𝑥 𝑥→0 1 + 4𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 4 = ln(𝑒 4 ) => 𝑦 = 𝑒 4 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
Differential Calculus (math1), Date October 22, 2023, Sunday, Time: 11:00-12:30 pm
Limit: By using L. Hospital Rule

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
Ex13. lim+ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝜋 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
𝑥→
2

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝜋
lim+ = lim+ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = −tan ( ) = ∞ 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡.
𝑥→
𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥→𝜋 2
2 2
tan(3𝑥) 0
14. lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 sin(2𝑥) 0

3 sec 2 (3𝑥) 3
lim = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 2cos(2𝑥) 2
tan(3𝑥) 3 2𝑥 tan(3𝑥) 3
Another method: lim = lim lim =
𝑥→0 sin(2𝑥) 2 𝑥→0 sin(2𝑥) 𝑥→0 3𝑥 2
1
ln (𝑥 2 ) 1 ln x ∞
22. lim = lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2 2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 ∞
 1
1 1 1 11
lim x = lim 2
= = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2∞

Polar form of a point

Cartesian (Rectangular) Coordinate (𝑥, 𝑦)
Polar coordinate (𝑟, 𝜃)

OP makes the angle with positive 𝑥 −axis, be 𝜃

𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟
𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 => 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = => 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) ; 𝑥≥0
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦
If 𝑥 < 0, 𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan−1 ( ) ;
𝑥

Q1. Covert (−2,5) to polar form (𝑟, 𝜃)

5
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−2)2 + 52 = √29; here 𝑥 = −2 < 0, 𝜃 = 180𝑜 + tan−1 ( ) =
−2
180𝑜 − tan−1 (2.5) == 180𝑜 − 68.19850 = 180𝑜 − 68.20𝑜 = 111.800
 polar form (𝑟, 𝜃) = (√29 , 111.800 )

Q2. Convert polar form (𝑟, 𝜃) = (√29 , 111.800 ) to cartesian(rectangular)

coordinates.

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √29 cos(111.800 ) = −1.9998 ≈ −2

𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √29 sin(111.800 ) = 5.000 ≈ 5

(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−2,5)
𝜋
Q3. Convert polar form (𝑟, 𝜃) = (√2 , ) to cartesian(rectangular) coordinates.
4
𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √2 cos ( ) = 1
4
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √2 sin ( ) = 1
4
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (1, 1)
Q. Covert (−3, −4) to polar form (𝑟, 𝜃)
𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −4

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−3)2 + (−4)2 = 5;
−4 4
here 𝑥 = −3 < 0, 𝜃 = 180𝑜 + tan−1 ( ) = 180𝑜 + tan−1 ( ) = 180𝑜 + 53.130 =
−3 3
0
233.13
(𝑟, 𝜃) = (5, 233.13𝑜 )
Q5. Convert polar form (𝑟, 𝜃) = ((5, 233.13𝑜 )) to cartesian(rectangular)
coordinates.
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 5 cos(233.130 ) = −3
𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 5 sin(233.130 ) = −4
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−3, −4)

Pages, 658 , exam1, page-666 ex. 1-6

Quiz-3 will be held on FIRST class after MIDTERM Exam
Differential Calculus (math1), Date October 31, 2023, Tuesday Time: 11:00 am-12:30 pm
Ordinary differentiation: Function contains one independent variable, differentiating
𝑑
with respect the independent variable is called ordinary differentiation, and is an
𝑑𝑥
ordinary differential operator.
Partial Differentiation: Function contains more than one independent variables,
differentiating with respect to one independent variable and other variable(s) remain
𝜕 𝜕
constant is called partial differentiation, and , are the partial differential
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
operators.

𝑧 = 𝑥2𝑦2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2 2 𝜕
= 𝑧𝑥 = (𝑥 𝑦 ) = 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 2
( )= = 𝑧𝑥𝑦 = (2𝑥𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑥 (𝑦 ) = 4𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Again,
𝑧 = 𝑥2𝑦2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2 2 𝜕
= 𝑧𝑦 = (𝑥 𝑦 ) = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 𝜕
( )= = 𝑧𝑦𝑥 = (2𝑥 2 𝑦) = 2𝑦 (𝑥 2 ) = 4𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
= 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧𝑦𝑥 is called Clairaut rule.
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Q1. Verify Clairaut rule for 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

We have to verify 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑓𝑦𝑧𝑥 = 𝑓𝑧𝑥𝑦

𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕 3 3 3
𝑓𝑥 = (𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥
 𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑦𝑧) = 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 3𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 3𝑧) = 27𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3
𝜕𝑧
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕 3 3 3
𝑓𝑦 = (𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕
𝑓𝑦𝑧 = (3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑧) = 9𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3𝑥
𝜕𝑧
𝜕
𝑓𝑦𝑧𝑥 = (9𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3𝑥) = 27𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3
𝜕𝑥

𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕 3 3 3
𝑓𝑧 = (𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 3𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
𝜕
𝑓𝑧𝑥 = (3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 3𝑥𝑦) = 9𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 3𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
𝑓𝑧𝑥𝑦 = (9𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 3𝑦) = 27𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Q. Differentiate 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 3𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑢𝑧 = 3𝑢
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧, 𝑢𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧, 𝑢𝑧 = 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦

𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑢𝑧 = 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧) + 𝑦(3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧) + 𝑧(3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)

= 3(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 3𝑢

𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝑦 = 𝑙, 𝑧 = 𝑙
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 is homogenous function of degree 3.
Then From Euler theorem 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑢𝑧 = 3𝑢
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 is homogeneous function of degree 4, So from Euler theorem
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
we have 𝑥𝑓𝑥 + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 = 4𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 +𝑦 = 4𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Euler theorem: Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) is homogeneous function of order 𝑛, then

𝑥𝑓𝑥 + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 + 𝑧𝑓𝑧 + 𝑡𝑓𝑡 = 𝑛𝑓
𝑥 𝑧 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙
𝑣= + + ; = = 𝑙1−1 = 𝑙0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑧 𝑦 𝑙
𝑣 is homogeneous function of degree 0,
𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑧𝑣𝑧 = 0𝑣 = 0
𝑥 𝑧 𝑦
Q. Verify Euler theorem for 𝑣 = + + ;
𝑦 𝑥 𝑧

Here, 𝑣 is homogeneous function of degree 0, then from Euler theorem we have

𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑧𝑣𝑧 = 0
1 𝑧 𝑥 1 1 𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = − , 𝑣𝑦 = − + , 𝑣𝑧 = −
𝑦 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧2
1 𝑧 𝑥 1 1 𝑦
𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑧𝑣𝑧 = 𝑥 ( − 2 ) + 𝑦 (− 2 + ) + 𝑧 ( − 2 )
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧
𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑦
= − − + + − =0 verified Euler theorem
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧

Differential Calculus (math1), Date November 05, 2023, Sunday Time: 11 am-12:30 pm
Page-924.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Ex26. 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = sin (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃); , , , , prove the Clairaut rule
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃2

Given, 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = sin (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= sin(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕
2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )] = − cos 2 𝜃 sin (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕
= [sin(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )] = cos(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) = −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕
2
= [−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )]
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
= −𝑟[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (− sin(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )) ∗ (−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + cos(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]

Ex15. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 5𝑥𝑦 3 , 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥

𝑓𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑦 3 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 12𝑥 2
𝑓𝑦 = 15𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 30𝑥𝑦,

𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 15𝑦 2 , 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = 15𝑦 2 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒.

𝑥
Ex22. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥+𝑦)2 Find partial first derivatives

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑓𝑥 = [𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 ] = (𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 (𝑥) + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)−2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 + 𝑥 (−2)(𝑥 + 𝑦)−3 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
1 2𝑥
= 2
−
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 )3
𝜕 2𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 [(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 ] = − 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 3
𝑠
Ex41. 𝑅(𝑠, 𝑡 ) = 𝑡 exp ( ) ; 𝑅𝑡 (0,1)
𝑡
𝑠
𝑅(𝑠, 𝑡 ) = 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡
𝜕 𝑠 𝜕 𝑠 𝑠 𝜕
𝑅𝑡 (𝑠, 𝑡 ) = (𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 ) = 𝑡 ( 𝑒 𝑡 ) + 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 ) =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑠 𝜕 𝑠 𝑠
= 𝑡 𝑒𝑡 ( ) + 𝑒𝑡 . 1
𝜕𝑡 𝑡
𝑠 1 𝑠
= 𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 (− ) + 𝑒 𝑡
𝑡2
𝑅𝑡 (0, 1) = 𝑒 0 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
1
42. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 sin−1 (𝑥𝑦); 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 (1, )
2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = [𝑦 sin−1 (𝑥𝑦)] = 𝑦 [sin−1 (𝑥𝑦)] + sin−1 (𝑥𝑦) [𝑦]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
 1 𝜕
=𝑦 (𝑥𝑦) + sin−1 (𝑥𝑦)
2
√1 − 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = + sin−1 (𝑥𝑦)
√1 − 𝑥2𝑦2
1
1 2 1
𝑓𝑦 (1, ) = + sin−1 ( )
2 2
√1 − 1
4
1 1 𝜋
𝑓𝑦 (1, ) = + 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2 √3 6
58. 𝑤 = √1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 all second partial derivative
𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
We need to find ; ;
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑤 𝜕 1 1 𝜕 1 1
= √1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 = (1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 )−2 (1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 ) = (1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 )−2 𝑣 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑤 1 2 𝜕 1
2 )− 2
1 4 3
2 )− 2
= 𝑣 ( 1 + 𝑢𝑣 = − 𝑣 ( 1 + 𝑢𝑣
𝜕𝑢2 2 𝜕𝑢 4
Exercises 53-58 will be done by you.

Differential Calculus (math1), Date November 12, 2023, Sunday Time: 11 am-12:30 pm
Verify Clairaut’s rule:
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = cos(𝑥 2 𝑦),
𝜕 2
𝑢𝑥 = − sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) (𝑥 𝑦) = −2𝑥𝑦 sin (𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
𝑢𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑥 [𝑦 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦)] = −2𝑥 [sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2 𝑦). 𝑥 2 ]
𝜕𝑦
𝑢𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑥 [sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦 cos(𝑥 2 𝑦)]
𝜕 𝜕
𝑢𝑦 = cos(𝑥 2 𝑦) = − sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) (𝑥 2 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) ,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2
𝑢𝑦𝑥 = − [𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦)] = −[2𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑥 2 cos(𝑥 2 𝑦) 2𝑥𝑦]
𝜕𝑥
 𝑢𝑦𝑥 = −2𝑥 [sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦 cos(𝑥 2 𝑦)]
Verified Clairaut’s rule.
Page925,
76. Determine whether the following functions satisfy the Laplace equation
Laplace equation:
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Let 𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) then ∇2 𝑓 = 0 𝑂𝑅 + =0 𝑖𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

76(a). 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑦, 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2

𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2 + 2 = 4 ≠ 0,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
(b) 𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2, 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑢𝑦 = −2𝑦, 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = −2

(a) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2 − 2 = 0 therefore 𝑢 satisfies the Laplace equation.

1
(𝑑) 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = ln (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
2

1 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑢𝑥 = 2 2
= 2
2 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
((𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )1 − 𝑥2𝑥) 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = = 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑢𝑦 = 2 ; 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
Laplace equation: 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥2 + (𝑥2 = 0 satisfied Laplace equation.
+𝑦 2 )2 +𝑦 2 )2

Ex.78 Show that the following function is the solution of the wave equation
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 .
(a) 𝑢 = sin(𝑘𝑥) sin(𝑎𝑘𝑡 ) ,𝑢𝑡 = 𝑎𝑘 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑘𝑡);
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = −𝑎2 𝑘 2 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑘𝑡)
𝑢 = sin(𝑘𝑥) sin(𝑎𝑘𝑡 ) , 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑘 cos(𝑘𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑘𝑡);
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = −𝑘 2 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑘𝑡);
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = −𝑎2 𝑘 2 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑘𝑡 ) = 𝑎2 𝑢𝑥𝑥
Therefore 𝑢 = sin(𝑘𝑥) sin(𝑎𝑘𝑡 ) is the solution of wave equation.

(d) 𝑢 = sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) + ln (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡)

1
𝑢𝑥 = cos(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) +
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡
1
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = − sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) −
(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 )2
𝑎
𝑢𝑡 = −𝑎 cos(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) +
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡

2
𝑎2
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = −𝑎 sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) −
(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 )2
𝑎2
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎2 [− sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) − (𝑥+𝑎𝑡)2] = 𝑎2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 verified wave equation, therefore

𝑢 = sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) + ln (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) is the solution of the given wave equation.

Taylor’s series of the function contains multiple independent variables

Taylor series of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) about (𝑎, 𝑏) is
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
1
+ [(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)]
2
+ ⋯∞
Q1. Determine the 1st order Taylor series of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 near the point
(0,0).
We know the 1st order Taylor’s seirs near the point (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≈ 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)

Here, 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ≈ 𝑓 (0,0) + 𝑥𝑓𝑥 (0,0) + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 (0,0)

𝑓 (0,0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1

𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 cos(2𝑥) , 𝑓𝑥 (0, 0) = 2cos ) = 2
 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ≈ 1 + 2𝑥 Ans.

Q1. Determine the 2nd order Taylor series of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 near the point
(0,0).
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≈ 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
1
+ [(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)]
2
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
≈ 𝑓 (0,0) + 𝑥𝑓𝑥 (0,0) + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 (0,0)
1
+ [𝑥 2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) + 2𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) + 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0)]
2

𝑓 (0,0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1

𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 cos(2𝑥) , 𝑓𝑥 (0, 0) = 2cos ) = 2
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = 0

𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −4 sin(2𝑥) ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 0, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −1
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ≈ 1 + 2𝑥 + [𝑥 2 0 + 2𝑥𝑦0 + 𝑦 2 (−1)]
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ≈ 1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 Ans.
Differential Calculus (math1), Date November 19, 2023, Sunday Time: 11 am-12:30 pm
Local maximum value and local minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑠), 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑎, 𝑏) is called critical point.
𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) is either maximum or minimum if
2
(𝑖) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 > 0 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏)
If 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) < 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 < 0 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏)

Then point (𝑎, 𝑏) is called Saddle point (Neither max. nor min.)
2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏)

Information is not found.

Ex.5 Find the max. or minimum and saddle point of
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1

For critical point(s), 𝑓𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑦 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 => 𝑦 = −2𝑥

1 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0, 𝑥 = , 𝑦=−
3 3
1 2
Critical point is ( , − )
3 3
2
Discriminant 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 1
2
Discriminant 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 =4−1=3>0
2
𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2 > 0
1 2
𝑓( ,− ) has a minimum value
3 3

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦
1 2 1 2 4 2 1
𝑓( ,− ) = − + − = − is minimum value of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦).
3 3 9 9 9 3 3
Ex11. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 3 + 3𝑦 2
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥𝑦

For critical point(s), 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 6𝑥𝑦 = 0

Either, 𝑦 ≠ 0, 𝑥 = 0, => 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑦 2 − 1 = 0, (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1) = 0, 𝑦 = 1, −1
(0,1), (0, −1)
OR 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 2 = 1, 𝑥 = −1,1,
Points (−1,0), (1,0)
All critical points (−1,0), (1,0), (0,1), (0, −1)
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑦
2
Discriminant 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 36𝑥 2 − 36𝑦 2
2
At the point (1,0), 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 36 > 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1,0) = 6 > 0 indicates 𝑓 (1,0) = −2 is
minimum value
2
At the point (−1,0), 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 36 > 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,0) = −6 < 0 indicates
𝑓 (−1,0) = −1 + 3 = 2 is maximum value
2
At the point (0,1), 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −36 < 0, indicates (0,1) is saddle point
2
At the point (0, −1), 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −36 < 0, indicates (0, −1) is saddle point

Ex9. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦

𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 = 4𝑦 3 + 2𝑥

For critical point(s), 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = −𝑥, 2𝑦 3 = −𝑥, => −2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = 0

1
𝑥 (2𝑥 2 − 1) = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = ±
√2
1 1
𝑦 = 0, − ,
√2 √2
1 1 1 1
Critical points are (0,0), ( ,− ) , (− , )
√2 √2 √2 √2

𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 2, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 12𝑦 2

2
𝐷 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 24𝑦 2 − 4
At the point (0,0), 𝐷 = −4 < 0, indicates point (0,0) is saddle point.
1 1 24 1 1 1 1 1
At the point ( ,− ), 𝐷= = 12 > 0 indicates 𝑓 ( ,− ) = + − 1 = − is
√2 √2 2 √2 √2 2 4 4
minimum value
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
At the point (− , ), 𝐷 = 12 > 0 indicates 𝑓 (− , ) = + − 1 = − is
√2 √2 √2 √2 2 4 4
minimum value.

Math-1 Sunday, November 26, 2023

Parabola:
Vertex=(0,0)
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦

𝑃𝐹
For parabola eccentricity 𝑒 = 1 = => 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑅

√(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = √(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦)2

𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is equation of parabola.
Q1. Find the axis of parabola, vertex, focus, equation of directrix of the following curves
, finally sketch the curves.
(𝑖) 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥, (𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 2 = −3𝑥, (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑥 2 = 𝑦, (𝑖𝑣 ) 𝑥 2 = −5𝑦
 (𝑖) 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 = 4(2)𝑥
Axis of parabola is 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Vertex (0,0), Focus (2,0), equation of directrix 𝑥 = −2.

5
(𝑖𝑣 ) 𝑥 2 = −5𝑦 = 4 (− ) 𝑦
4
Axis of parabola is 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (0, −1.25), 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑥 (0,0), 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑦 = 1.25

Equation of hyperbola:

From the definition of hyperbola:

Centre (0,0), vertices (±𝑎, 0) 𝐹𝑖𝑔1, (0, ±𝑏) 𝑓𝑖𝑔2.
𝑃𝐹 ′ − 𝑃𝐹 = 2𝑎 (𝐹𝑖𝑔1), 𝑃𝐹 ′ − 𝑃𝐹 = 2𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1 (𝐹𝑖𝑔1); − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2
𝑐 𝑐
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑖 𝑐 = ±√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ; 𝑒= , 𝑒=
𝑎 𝑏
 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑏
Asymptote: 2
− = 0; 𝑦 = ± 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑎

Q. Find the axis, vertices, foci, eccentricity , asymptote, of following hyperbola

(𝑖) 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 36, (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = −4
𝑥2 𝑦2
(𝑖) − = 1;
4 9

Axis of hyperbola is 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 (0,0), 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 (±2,0), 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑐 = √4 + 9 = 3.6

3.6
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑖 (±3.6,0); Eccentricity 𝑒 = = 1.8,
2
9 3
Asymptotes: 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 => 𝑦 = ± 𝑥
4 2

𝑥2 𝑦2
(𝑖𝑖) − + = 1; Center (0,0), 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of hyperbola is 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 (0, ±1),
22 12

𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐 = √5, Focii (0, ±1), 𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒 = 2.24

𝑥2 𝑥
Asymptotes: − + 𝑦 2 = 0, 𝑦 = ± = ±0.5𝑥
4 2
Q. Find the center, foci, axis, vertices and eccentricity of the following curves, finally
sketch the curves.
(𝑖 ) (𝑥 − 2) 2 − 4(𝑦 + 1)2 = 4 , (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 = 8
(𝑖) Given (𝑥 − 2)2 − 4(𝑦 + 1)2 = 4; 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑋, 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑌 => 𝑥 = 𝑋 + 2,
𝑦 =𝑌−1
𝑋2 𝑌2
− = 1, Axis of hyperbola is 𝑋 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
22 12

New Axes(𝑋, 𝑌) Old Axes (𝑥, 𝑦); 𝑥 = 𝑋 + 2, 𝑦 = 𝑌 − 1

Center (0,0) Center (2, −1)
Vertices (2,0), (−2,0) (4, −1), (0, −1)
Foci ((2.24,0), (−2.24,0) (4.24, −1); (−0.24, −1)

2.24
𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒 = = 1.12
2
𝑥
Asymptote 𝑦 = ±
2