Rational Fractions

{𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠}

Factor in the denominator Corresponding partial fraction

(i) (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝐴
(i) (𝑥−𝑎)

𝐴 𝐵
(ii) (𝑥 − 𝑏)2 (ii) (𝑥−𝑏)
+ (𝑥−𝑏)2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(iii) + (𝑥−𝑐)2 + (𝑥−𝑐)3
(iii) (𝑥 − 𝑐 )3 (𝑥−𝑐)

𝐴𝑥+𝐵
(iv) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (iv) (𝑎𝑥 2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐)

Exercise .A

Integrate the following:

(𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)

(𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)

(𝑥−1) 𝐴 𝐵
Let (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= (𝑥−2) + (𝑥−3) ---------- (a)

(𝑥−1) 𝐴(𝑥−3)+ 𝐵(𝑥−2)

(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)

 (𝑥 − 1) = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 2) -------- (b)

Putting 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3 in equation (b), we get

𝐴 = −1 and 𝐵 = 2

Now,
(𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥−2) + (𝑥−3)} 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥−2) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−3)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 − 3)

𝐼 = − log(𝑥 − 2) + 2 log(𝑥 − 3)

𝐼 = 2 log(𝑥 − 3) − log(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏) = (𝑥−𝑎)
+ (𝑥−𝑏) ---------- (a)

𝑥 𝐴(𝑥−𝑏)+ 𝐵 (𝑥−𝑎)
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)
= (𝑥−𝑎) (𝑥−𝑏)

𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 𝑎) ----------- (b)

Putting 𝑥=𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 in (b), we get

𝑎 𝑏
𝐴 = (𝑎−𝑏) and 𝐵 = (𝑏−𝑎)

𝑁𝑜𝑤,
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥−𝑎) + (𝑥−𝑏)} 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−𝑏) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥−𝑎) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−𝑏)

𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = (𝑎−𝑏) ∫ (𝑥−𝑎) + ∫
(𝑏−𝑎) (𝑥−𝑏)

𝑎 𝑏
𝐼 = (𝑎−𝑏) log(𝑥 − 𝑎 ) + −(𝑎−𝑏)
log (𝑥 − 𝑏)

1
𝐼 = (𝑎−𝑏) (𝑎 log(𝑥 − 𝑎) − 𝑏 log(𝑥 − 𝑏))

(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ (𝑥+2)(𝑥−3)

(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+2)(𝑥−3)
 (𝑥−1) 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (𝑥+2)(𝑥−3)
= (𝑥+2)
+ (𝑥−3) -------- (a)

(𝑥−1) 𝐴(𝑥−3)+ 𝐵(𝑥+2)

(𝑥+2)(𝑥−3)
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−3)

(𝑥 − 1) = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) --------- (b)

Putting 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = −2 in equation (b), we get

3 2
𝐴 = 5 and 𝐵 = 5

Now,
(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+2)(𝑥−3)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥+2) + (𝑥−3)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥+2) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−3)

3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+2) + ∫ (𝑥−3)
5 5

3 2
𝐼 = 5 log(𝑥 + 2) + 5
log(𝑥 − 3)

1
𝐼 = 5 (3 log(𝑥 + 2) + 2 log (𝑥 − 3))

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. (i) ∫ 2 (ii) ∫ 𝑥 2− 𝑥−2
𝑥 −12𝑥+35

𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2−12𝑥+35

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2−7𝑥−5𝑥+35

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥−7)−5(𝑥−7)

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−5)(𝑥−7)

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (𝑥−5)(𝑥−7)
= (𝑥−5) + (𝑥−7) -------- (a)

𝑥 𝐴 (𝑥−7)+ 𝐵 (𝑥−5)
(𝑥−5)(𝑥−7)
= (𝑥−5)

𝑥 = 𝐴 (𝑥 − 7) + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 5) ------------ (b)
 Putting 𝑥 = 7 and 𝑥 = 5 in equation (b), we get
5 7
𝐴 = − 2 and 𝐵 = 2

Now,
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−5)(𝑥−7)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥−5) + (𝑥−7)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−5) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−7) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥−5) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−7)

5 𝑑𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − 2 ∫ (𝑥−5) + 2
∫ (𝑥−7)

5 7
𝐼 = − log (𝑥 − 5) + log(𝑥 − 7)
2 2

1
𝐼 = 2 (7 log (𝑥 − 7) −5log(𝑥 − 5))

3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫
𝑥 2− 𝑥−2

3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ 2
𝑥 −2 𝑥+𝑥−2

3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥−2)+1(𝑥−2)

3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)

3𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
Let, ( =( +( ------ (a)
𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) 𝑥+1) 𝑥−2)

3𝑥 𝐴(𝑥−2)+ 𝐵(𝑥+1)
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)
= (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)

3𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) -------- (b)

Putting 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −1, we get

𝐴 = 1 and 𝐵 = 2

Now,
3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥+1) + (𝑥−2)) 𝑑𝑥
 𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥+1) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−2)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1) + 2 ∫ (𝑥−2)

𝐼 = log(𝑥 + 1) + 2 log(𝑥 − 2)
𝑛 log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 𝑛
𝐼 = log(𝑥 + 1) + log(𝑥 − 2 )2
log 𝐴 + log 𝐵 = log 𝐴𝐵
𝐼 = log{(𝑥 − 2 )2 ( 𝑥 + 1)}

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)

𝑥2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= (𝑥−1)
+ (𝑥−2) + (𝑥−3) -------- (a)

𝑥2 𝐴(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)+ 𝐵(𝑥−1)(𝑥−3) + 𝐶(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)

(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)

𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) -------- (b)

Putting 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3 in equation (b), we get

1 9
𝐴 = , 𝐵 = −4 and 𝐶 =
2 2

Now,

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥−1) + (𝑥−2) + (𝑥−3)) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥−1) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−2) + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥−3)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶 log (𝑥 − 3)

1 9
𝐼 = log(𝑥 − 1) − 4 log(𝑥 − 2) + log(𝑥 − 3)
2 2
 (2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2+1)𝑑𝑥
6. (i) ∫ 𝑥 3+𝑥 2− 2𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2−1)

(2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫
𝑥 3+𝑥 2− 2𝑥

(2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2+𝑥−2)

(2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2+2𝑥−𝑥−2)

(2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥{𝑥(𝑥+2)−1(𝑥+2)}

(2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥{(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)}

(2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)

(2𝑥+3) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, = + (𝑥−1) + (𝑥+2) ------- (a)
𝑥 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) 𝑥

(2𝑥+3) 𝐴 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)+ 𝐵 𝑥 (𝑥+2)+ 𝐶 𝑥 (𝑥−1)

=
𝑥 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) 𝑥 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)

(2𝑥 + 3) = 𝐴 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) ----- (b)

Putting, = 1 , 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0 in equation (b), we get

3 5 1
𝐴=− , 𝐵= and 𝐶 = −
2 3 6
𝑁𝑜𝑤,
(2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ {𝑥 + (𝑥−1) + (𝑥+2)} 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ 𝑥
+ 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−1) + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥+2)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 + 𝐵 log(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 2)

3 5 1
𝐼 = − 2 log 𝑥 + 3 log(𝑥 − 1) − 6 log(𝑥 + 2)

5 3 1
𝐼 = 3 log (𝑥 − 1) − 2 log 𝑥 − 6 log(𝑥 + 2)
 (𝑥 2+1)𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2−1)

(𝑥 2+1)𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥{(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)}

(𝑥 2+1)𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)

(𝑥 2+1) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, = + (𝑥+1) + (𝑥−1) ----------- (a)
𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 𝑥

(𝑥 2+1) 𝐴 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)+ 𝐵 𝑥 (𝑥−1)+ 𝐶 𝑥 (𝑥+1)

𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
= 𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)

(𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝐴 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) ---------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1 in equation (b), we get

𝐴 = −1 , 𝐵 = 1 and 𝐶 = 1

Now,
(𝑥 2+1)𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫
𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ { + (𝑥+1) + (𝑥−1)} 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥+1) + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥−1)
𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 + 𝐵 log(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 log(𝑥 − 1)

𝐼 = − log 𝑥 + log(𝑥 + 1) + log(𝑥 − 1)

log 𝐴 + log 𝐵 = log 𝐴𝐵
𝐼 = − log 𝑥 + log{(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)}

𝐼 = − log 𝑥 + log{(𝑥 2 − 1)}

𝐼 = − log 𝑥 + log(𝑥 2 − 1)

𝐼 = log(𝑥 2 − 1) − log 𝑥

𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−5)
7. (i) ∫ 𝑥 2+ 7𝑥+12 (ii) ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−4) 𝑑𝑥
 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 ⟌𝑥 3 (𝑥−7

𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2+ 7𝑥+12
_____________________
𝑥3
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 −7𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
𝑥 2+ 7𝑥 + 12

37𝑥+84
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 − 7 + 𝑥 2+ 7𝑥 + 12) 𝑑𝑥 −7𝑥 2 − 49𝑥 − 84

37𝑥+84 _________________________
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 7 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2+ 7𝑥 + 12 𝑑𝑥
37𝑥 + 84
1 2 37𝑥+84
𝐼= 2
𝑥 − 7𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2+ 7𝑥 + 12 𝑑𝑥

1 37𝑥+84
𝐼 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2+ 3𝑥+4𝑥+12

1 37𝑥+84
𝐼 = 2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥+4) 𝑑𝑥

37𝑥+84 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (𝑥+3)(𝑥+4) = (𝑥+3)
+ (𝑥+4) ----------- (a)

37𝑥+84 𝐴(𝑥+4)+ 𝐵 (𝑥+3)

(𝑥+3)(𝑥+4)
= (𝑥+3) (𝑥+4)

37𝑥 + 84 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵 (𝑥 + 3) ---------- (b)

𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = −4 in equation (b), we get

𝐴 = −27 and 𝐵 = 64

Now,
1 37𝑥+84
𝐼 = 2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥+4) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = 2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + ∫ ((𝑥+3) + (𝑥+4)) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = 2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+4) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥+3) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥+4)

1
𝐼 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝐴 log(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 + 4)
2

1
𝐼 = 2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 27 log(𝑥 + 3) + 64 log(𝑥 + 4)

(𝑥−1)(𝑥−5)
(ii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−4) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2−6𝑥+5
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2−6𝑥+8 𝑑𝑥
 𝑥 2−6𝑥+8 3
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2−6𝑥+8 − 𝑥 2−6𝑥+8) 𝑑𝑥

3
𝐼 = ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2−6𝑥+8

3
𝐼 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2−6𝑥+8 𝑑𝑥

1
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 3∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2−6𝑥+8

1
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 3 ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−4) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝐴 𝐵
Take, (𝑥−2)(𝑥−4) = (𝑥−2) + (𝑥−4) ----------- (a)

1 𝐴 (𝑥−4) +𝐵 (𝑥−2)
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−4)
= (𝑥−2)

1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 − 4) + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 2) ------------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 4, we get

1 1
𝐴 = − 2 and 𝐵 = 2

Now,
1
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 3 ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−4) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 3 ∫ {(𝑥−2) + (𝑥−4)} 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 3 {∫ (𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−4) 𝑑𝑥}

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 3 {𝐴 ∫ (𝑥−2) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−4)}

𝐼 = 𝑥 − 3{𝐴 log (𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 − 4)}

1 1
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 3 {− 2 log(𝑥 + 2) + 2 log(𝑥 − 4)}

3
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 2 {− log (𝑥 + 2) + log(𝑥 − 4)}

3
𝐼 = 𝑥 − {log(𝑥 − 4) − log (𝑥 − 2)} 𝐴
log 𝐴 − log 𝐵 = log 𝐵
2

3 𝑥−4
𝐼 = 𝑥 − log
2 𝑥−2

1−3𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8. (i) ∫ 3𝑥−𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ (3−𝑥)(3+2𝑥)
 1−3𝑥 2
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 3𝑥−𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

1 3𝑥 2
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥−𝑥 3 3𝑥−𝑥 3

1 3𝑥 2
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥(3−𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥(3−𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(√3 +𝑥)(√𝑥−3) 3−𝑥 2

1 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐼1 − 3𝐼2 Where, 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑥(√3 +𝑥)(√𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥 and 𝐼2 = ∫ 3−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Here,
1
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑥(√3 +𝑥)(√3−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, = +( +( ------------ (b)
𝑥(√3 +𝑥)(√3−𝑥) 𝑥 √3 +𝑥) √3−𝑥 )

1 𝐴(√3 +𝑥)(√3−𝑥)+ 𝐵 𝑥(√𝑥−3)+ 𝐶 𝑥(√3 +𝑥)

𝑥(√3 +𝑥)(√𝑥−3)
= 𝑥(√3 +𝑥)(3−𝑥)

1 = 𝐴(√3 + 𝑥)(√3 − 𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑥(√3 − 𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑥(√3 + 𝑥) ------------ (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = √3 and 𝑥 = −√3 in equation (b) , we get

1 1 1
𝐴 = 3 , 𝐵 = − 6 and 𝐶 = 6

Now,
1
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑥(√3 +𝑥)(√3−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼1 = ∫ { + ( +( } 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 √3 +𝑥) √3−𝑥 )

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( +𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥
√3 √3−𝑥 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼1 = 𝐴 ∫ + 𝐵 ∫ ( +𝑥) + 𝐶 ∫ (
𝑥 √3 √3−𝑥 )

𝑑𝑥
𝐼1 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 + 𝐵 log(√3 + 𝑥) + 𝐶 ∫ (
√3−𝑥 )

𝑑𝑥
𝐼1 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 + 𝐵 log(√3 + 𝑥) + 𝐶 ∫ (
√3−𝑥 )

𝐼1 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 + 𝐵 log(√3 + 𝑥) − 𝐶 log(√3 − 𝑥)

1 1 1
𝐼1 = 3 log 𝑥 − 6 log(√3 + 𝑥) − 6 log(√3 − 𝑥)

1 1
𝐼1 = 3 log 𝑥 − 6 [log(√3 + 𝑥) + log(√3 − 𝑥)]
 1 1
𝐼1 = 3 log 𝑥 − 6 [log{(√3 + 𝑥)(√3 − 𝑥)}]

1 1
𝐼1 = 3 log 𝑥 − 6 [log{(3 − 𝑥 2 )}]

1 1
𝐼1 = 3 log 𝑥 − 6 log{(3 − 𝑥 2 )}

1 1
𝐼1 = 3 log 𝑥 − 6 log(3 − 𝑥 2 )

And
𝑥
𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3−𝑥 2

1
Taking, 3 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑢  𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑑𝑢

1
− 𝑑𝑢
2
𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼2 = − 2 ∫ 𝑢

1
𝐼2 = − 2 log 𝑢

1
𝐼2 = − 2 log(3 − 𝑥 2 )

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,

𝐼 = 𝐼1 − 3𝐼2
1 1 1
𝐼 = log 𝑥 − log(3 − 𝑥 2 ) − 3 (− log(3 − 𝑥 2 ))
3 6 2

1 1 3
𝐼 = 3 log 𝑥 − 6 log(3 − 𝑥 2 ) + 2 log(3 − 𝑥 2 )

1 4
𝐼 = 3 log 𝑥 + 3 log(3 − 𝑥 2 )

1 𝑛 log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 𝑛
𝐼 = 3 {log 𝑥 + 4 log(3 − 𝑥 2 )}
log 𝐴 + log 𝐵 = log 𝐴𝐵
1 2 )4 }
𝐼 = {log 𝑥 + log(3 − 𝑥
3

1
𝐼 = log{𝑥(3 − 𝑥 2 )4 }
3

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (3−𝑥)(3+2𝑥)

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (3−𝑥)(3+2𝑥) = (3−𝑥)
+ (3+2𝑥) -------- (a)

𝑥 𝐴(3+2𝑥)+ 𝐵(3−𝑥)
(3−𝑥)(3+2𝑥)
= (3−𝑥)(3+2𝑥)
 𝑥 = 𝐴(3 + 2𝑥) + 𝐵(3 − 𝑥) ------------ (b)
3
P𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = − 2 in equation (b), we get

1 1
𝐴= and 𝐵 = −
3 3

Now,
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (3−𝑥)(3+2𝑥)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ {(3−𝑥) + (3+2𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ (3−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (3+2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (3−𝑥) + 𝐵 ∫ (3+2𝑥)

1
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒, 3 − 𝑥 = 𝑢  𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢 and 3 + 2𝑥 = 𝑣  𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑣
1
− 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
2
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ + 𝐵∫
𝑢 𝑣

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
𝐼 = −𝐴 ∫ 𝑢
+ 2
𝐵∫ 𝑣

1
𝐼 = −𝐴 log 𝑢 + 2
𝐵 log 𝑣

1
𝐼 = −𝐴 log(3 − 𝑥) + 2
𝐵 log(3 + 2𝑥)

1 1 1
𝐼 = − 3 log(3 − 𝑥) + 2
 (− 3) log(3 + 2𝑥)

1 1
𝐼 = − log(3 − 𝑥) − log(3 + 2𝑥)
3 6

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9. (i) ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐) (ii) ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑏) (iii) ∫ (𝑥−2)2 (𝑥−1)3 (iv) ∫ (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+2)3

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)

𝑥2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)
= (𝑥−𝑎) + (𝑥−𝑏) + (𝑥−𝑐) ------------- (a)

𝑥2 𝐴(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐) 𝐵(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑐) 𝐶(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)

(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)
= (𝑥−𝑎)
+ (𝑥−𝑏)
+ (𝑥−𝑐)

𝑥2 𝐴(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)+ 𝐵(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑐)+𝐶(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)
= (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)
 𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 𝑎 )(𝑥 − 𝑏) --------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑏 and 𝑥 = 𝑐 in equation (b), we get

𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝐴 = (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐) , 𝐵 = (𝑏−𝑎)(𝑏−𝑐) and 𝐶 = (𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏)

Now,

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥−𝑎) + (𝑥−𝑏) + (𝑥−𝑐)} 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−𝑐) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥−𝑎) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−𝑏) + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥−𝑐)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝐶 log(𝑥 − 𝑐)

𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝐼 = (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐) log(𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑏−𝑎)(𝑏−𝑐)
log (𝑥 − 𝑏) + (𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏)
log (𝑥 − 𝑐)

𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑏)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, (𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑏)
= (𝑥−𝑎) + (𝑥−𝑎)2 + (𝑥−𝑏) --------- (a)

1 𝐴 (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)+ 𝐵(𝑥−𝑏)+ 𝐶 (𝑥−𝑎)2

(𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑏)
= (𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑏)

1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 --------- (b)

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 in equation (b), we get

1 1
𝐵 = 𝑎−𝑏 and 𝐶 = (𝑏−𝑎)2 -------- (c)

𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛, From equation (b), we have

1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2

1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏) + 𝐵𝑥 − 𝑏𝐵 + 𝐶 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 )

1 = 𝐴 𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝐴𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 − 𝑏𝐵 + 𝐶 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝐶𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝐶 ---- (d)

Equating the constant terms on both sides of equation (d), we get

1 = 𝑎𝑏𝐴 − 𝑏𝐵 + 𝑎2 𝐶
1 1
1 = 𝑎𝑏𝐴 − 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 + 𝑎2  (𝑏−𝑎)2 Using (c)
 𝑏 𝑎2
1 = 𝑎𝑏𝐴 − 𝑎−𝑏 + (𝑏−𝑎)2

𝑏 𝑎2
𝑎𝑏𝐴 − + (𝑏−𝑎)2 = 1
𝑎−𝑏

𝑎2 𝑏
𝑎𝑏𝐴 + (𝑏−𝑎)2 = 1 + 𝑎−𝑏

𝑎2 𝑎+𝑏−𝑏
𝑎𝑏𝐴 + (𝑏−𝑎)2 =
𝑎−𝑏

𝑎2 𝑎
𝑎𝑏𝐴 + (𝑏−𝑎)2 = 𝑎−𝑏

𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎𝑏𝐴 = 𝑎−𝑏 − (𝑏−𝑎)2

𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎𝑏𝐴 = − (𝑎−𝑏)2
𝑎−𝑏

𝑎(𝑎−𝑏)−𝑎 2
𝑎𝑏𝐴 = (𝑎−𝑏)2

𝑎 2−𝑎𝑏−𝑎 2
𝑎𝑏𝐴 = (𝑎−𝑏)2

−𝑎𝑏
𝑎𝑏𝐴 = (𝑎−𝑏)2

−1
𝐴= (𝑎−𝑏)2

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑏)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥−𝑎) + (𝑥−𝑎)2 + (𝑥−𝑏)} 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−𝑏) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥−𝑎) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥−𝑏)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥−𝑎) + 𝐵 ∫(𝑥 − 𝑎)−2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥−𝑏)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 − 𝑎) − 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑎)−1 + 𝐶 log (𝑥 − 𝑏)

1 1 1 1
𝐼 = − (𝑎−𝑏)2 log(𝑥 − 𝑎) − 𝑎−𝑏 (𝑥−𝑎)
+ (𝑏−𝑎)2
log(𝑥 − 𝑏)

1 1 1
𝐼 = (𝑎−𝑏)2 {log(𝑥 − 𝑏) − log(𝑥 − 𝑎)} − 𝑎−𝑏 (𝑥−𝑎)

1 𝑥−𝑏 1 1
𝐼 = (𝑎−𝑏)2 {log 𝑥−𝑎} − 𝑎−𝑏 (𝑥−𝑎)

1 𝑥−𝑏 1 1
𝐼 = (𝑎−𝑏)2 log 𝑥−𝑎 − −(𝑏−𝑎) (𝑥−𝑎)
 1 𝑥−𝑏 1 1
𝐼 = (𝑎−𝑏)2 log 𝑥−𝑎 + (𝑏−𝑎) (𝑥−𝑎)

1 𝑥−𝑏 1
𝐼 = (𝑎−𝑏)2 log 𝑥−𝑎 + (𝑏−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑎)

𝑑𝑥
(iii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−2)2(𝑥−1)3

𝒅𝒙
{Integral of the form ∫ (𝒙−𝒂)𝒎(𝒙−𝒃)𝒏 , can be evaluated by putting 𝒙 − 𝒂 = 𝒖(𝒙 − 𝒃)}.

Let, 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑢 (𝑥 − 1) and differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑥 − 2 = 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑢

𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥 = 2 − 𝑢

𝑥 (1 − 𝑢) = 2 − 𝑢
2−𝑢
 𝑥 = 1−𝑢 -------- (a)

Differentiating with respect to 𝑢, we get

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 (1−𝑢) (2−𝑢)−(2−𝑢) (1−𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= (1−𝑢)2

𝑑𝑥 −(1−𝑢)+(2−𝑢)
𝑑𝑢
= (1−𝑢)2

𝑑𝑥 −1+𝑢+2−𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= (1−𝑢)2

𝑑𝑥 1
= (1−𝑢)2
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = (1−𝑢)2

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−2)2(𝑥−1)3

𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2 2−𝑢
𝐼=∫ 2−𝑢 2 2−𝑢 3 Since, 𝑥 =
( −2) ( −1) 1−𝑢
1−𝑢 1−𝑢

𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2
𝐼=∫ 2−𝑢−2(1−𝑢) 2 2−𝑢−(1−𝑢) 3
( −) ( )
1−𝑢 1−𝑢

𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2
𝐼=∫ 2−𝑢−2+2𝑢 2 2−𝑢−1+𝑢 3
( −) ( )
1−𝑢 1−𝑢
 𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2
𝐼=∫ 𝑢2 1
(1−𝑢)2 (1−𝑢)3

𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2
𝐼=∫ 𝑢2
(1−𝑢)5

𝑑𝑢 (1−𝑢)5
𝐼 = ∫ (1−𝑢)2  𝑢2

(1−𝑢)3
𝐼=∫ 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢

1−3𝑢+3𝑢2−𝑢3
𝐼=∫ 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢

1 3𝑢 3𝑢2 𝑢3
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2 𝑢2 𝑢2 𝑢2

1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑢 −2 𝑑𝑢 − 3 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 3 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1 1
𝐼 = − − 3 log 𝑢 + 3𝑢 − 𝑢2
𝑢 2

We take, 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑢(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥−2
𝑢=
𝑥−1

Thus,
1 1
𝐼 = − − 3 log 𝑢 + 3𝑢 − 𝑢2
𝑢 2

1 𝑥−2 𝑥−2 1 𝑥−2 2

𝐼 = − 𝑥−2 − 3 log 𝑥−1 + 3 𝑥−1 − 2 (𝑥−1)
𝑥−1

𝑥−1 𝑥−2 𝑥−2 1 𝑥−2 2

𝐼 = − 𝑥−2 − 3 log 𝑥−1 + 3 𝑥−1 − 2 (𝑥−1)

𝑑𝑥
(iv) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+2)3

Let, 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢 (𝑥 + 2)

𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑢

𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑢 − 1

𝑥 (1 − 𝑢) = 2𝑢 − 1
2𝑢−1
 𝑥= 1−𝑢
 Differentiating with respect to 𝑢 , we get
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 (1−𝑢) (2𝑢−1)−(2𝑢−1) (1−𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= (1−𝑢)2
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑥 2(1−𝑢)+(2𝑢−1)
= (1−𝑢)2
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑥 2−2𝑢+2𝑢−1
𝑑𝑢
= (1−𝑢)2

𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑢
= (1−𝑢)2

𝑑𝑢
 𝑑𝑥 = (1−𝑢)2

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)2(𝑥+2)3

𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2 2𝑢−1
𝐼=∫ 2𝑢−1 2 2𝑢−1 3 Since, 𝑥 = 1−𝑢
( +1) ( +2)
1−𝑢 1−𝑢

𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2
𝐼=∫ 2𝑢−1+1−u 2 2𝑢−1+2−2𝑢 3
( ) ( )
1−𝑢 1−𝑢

𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2
𝐼=∫ u 2 1 3
( ) ( )
1−𝑢 1−𝑢

𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2
𝐼=∫ 𝑢2 1

(1−𝑢)2 (1−𝑢)3

𝑑𝑢
(1−𝑢)2
𝐼=∫ 𝑢2
(1−𝑢)5

𝑑𝑢 (1−𝑢)5
𝐼 = ∫ (1−𝑢)2  𝑢2

(1−𝑢)3
𝐼=∫ 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢

1−3𝑢+3𝑢2−𝑢3
𝐼=∫ 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢

1 3𝑢 𝑢2 𝑢3
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + 3 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢

1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑢 −2 𝑑𝑢 − 3 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 3 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1
𝐼 = −𝑢−1 − 3 log 𝑢 + 3𝑢 − 2 𝑢2

1 1
𝐼 = − 𝑢 − 3 log 𝑢 + 3𝑢 − 2 𝑢2
 We take, 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢 (𝑥 + 2)
𝑥+1
 𝑢 = 𝑥+2

1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 1 𝑥+1 2

𝐼 = − 𝑥+1 − 3 log 𝑥+2 + 3 𝑥+2 − 2 (𝑥+2)
𝑥+2

𝑥+2 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 1 𝑥+1 2

𝐼 = − 𝑥+1 − 3 log 𝑥+2 + 3 𝑥+2 − 2 (𝑥+2)

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (3−𝑥)
10. (i) ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)2 (ii) ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)2

𝑥2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) 2
= (𝑥+1) + (𝑥+2) + (𝑥+2)2 ------ (a)

𝑥2 𝐴(𝑥+2)2+𝐵(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)+ 𝐶 (𝑥+1)
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) 2
= (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) 2

𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1) ----------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = −2 in equation (b), we get

𝐴 = 1 , 𝐶 = −4

Again, from (b), we have

𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1) ----- (c)

Equating the coefficient of 𝑥 2 on both sides of equation (c), we get

1= 𝐴+𝐵

1= 1+𝐵 Since, 𝐴 = 1

𝐵=0

Now,

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥+1) + (𝑥+2) + (𝑥+2)2 } 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+2)2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥+1) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥+2) + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥+2)2
 𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 ∫(𝑥 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 + 2) − 𝐶 (𝑥 + 2)−1

1
𝐼 = log(𝑥 + 1) + 0 log(𝑥 + 2) − (−4) (𝑥+2)

4
𝐼 = log(𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥+2)

(3−𝑥)
(iii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+𝑥 3

(3−𝑥)
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2(1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

(3−𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, = + + (1+𝑥) ------- (a)
𝑥 2(1+𝑥) 𝑥 𝑥2

(3−𝑥) 𝐴𝑥(1+𝑥)+ 𝐵(1+𝑥)+ 𝐶𝑥 2

𝑥 2(1+𝑥)
= 𝑥 2(1+𝑥)

(3 − 𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥(1 + 𝑥) + 𝐵(1 + 𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥 2 -------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = −1 in equation (b), we get

𝐵 = 3 and 𝐶 = 4

Again, From (b), we have

(3 − 𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥(1 + 𝑥) + 𝐵(1 + 𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥 2

(3 − 𝑥) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵 (1 + 𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥 2

Comparing the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of equation (c), we get

0= 𝐴+𝐶

𝐴 = −𝐶

 𝐴 = −4

Now,
(3−𝑥)
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2(1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ {𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + (1+𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ 𝑥
+ 𝐵 ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ (1+𝑥)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 − 𝐵 𝑥 −1 + 𝐶 log(1 + 𝑥)
 𝐵
𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 log(1 + 𝑥)

3
𝐼 = −4 log 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 log(1 + 𝑥)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11. (i) ∫ 𝑥 3−𝑥 2−𝑥+1 (ii) ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥+1)2

𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 3−𝑥 2−𝑥+1

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2(𝑥−1)−𝑥+1

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2(𝑥−1)−1(𝑥−1)

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2−1)

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)2

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, (𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)2
= (𝑥+1)
+ (𝑥−1) + (𝑥−1)2
------- (a)

1 𝐴(𝑥−1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)+ 𝐶(𝑥+1)

(𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)2
= (𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)2

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1) -------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1 in equation (b), we get

1 1
𝐶 = 2 and 𝐴 = 4

Again, from (b), we have

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1)

1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1) -------- (c)

Equating the constant terms on both sides of equation (c), we get

1= 𝐴−𝐵+𝐶
1 1
1= 4−𝐵+2

3
1= 4−𝐵

3
𝐵 =4−1

1
𝐵=−
4
Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥+1) + (𝑥−1) + (𝑥−1)2
} 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1)2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥+1) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−1) + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥−1)2
𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶 ∫(𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 − 1) − 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1)−1

𝐶
𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥−1)

1
1 1 2
𝐼 = 4 log (𝑥 + 1) − 4 log(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥−1)

1 1
𝐼 = 4 {log(𝑥 + 1) − log(𝑥 − 1)} − 2 (𝑥−1)

1 𝑥+1 1
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥−1 − 2 (𝑥−1)

𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫
𝑥 (𝑥+1)2

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, 𝑥 (𝑥+1)2
= 𝑥 + (𝑥+1) + (𝑥+1)2
----- (a)

1 𝐴(𝑥+1)2 + 𝐵 𝑥 (𝑥+1)+ 𝐶𝑥
𝑥 (𝑥+1)2
= 𝑥 (𝑥+1)2

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥 ------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = −1 in equation (b), we get

𝐴 = 1 and 𝐶 = −1

Again, from (b), we have

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥 ------ (c)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of equation (c), we get

0= 𝐴+𝐵

𝐵 = −𝐴

𝐵 = −1
 Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥+1)2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ {𝑥 + (𝑥+1) + (𝑥+1) 2
} 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝐼 = 𝐵∫ + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥+1) + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 + 𝐵 log(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 + 𝐵 log(𝑥 + 1) − 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1)−1

−1
𝐼 = log 𝑥 − log(𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥+1)

𝑥 1
𝐼 = log 𝑥+1 + (𝑥+1)

𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
12. (i) ∫ (𝑥 2−1)2 (ii) ∫ (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+2)2

𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2−1)2

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2−1)(𝑥 2−1)

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)2(𝑥−1)2

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Let, (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−1)2 = (𝑥+1) + (𝑥+1)2 + (𝑥−1) + (𝑥−1)2 -------- (a)

1 𝐴(𝑥+1) (𝑥−1) 2+ 𝐵(𝑥−1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥−1) (𝑥+1)2+ 𝐷 (𝑥+1) 2

(𝑥+1)2(𝑥−1)2
= (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−1)2

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐷 (𝑥 + 1)2 --------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1, we get

1 1
𝐷= and 𝐵 =
4 4

Again, from (b), we have

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐷 (𝑥 + 1)2

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) + 𝐷 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) ---- (c)

Equating the constant terms on both sides of equation (c), we get

1= 𝐴+𝐵−𝐶 +𝐷
1 1
1= 𝐴+4−𝐶 +4

1
1= 𝐴−𝐶 +2

1
𝐴−𝐶 = 2

1
𝐴 = 𝐶 + 2 ------- (d)

Again, equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of equation (c), we get

0 = −𝐴— 2𝐵 − 𝐶 + 2𝐷

 𝐶 = −𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 2𝐷 --------- (e)

Solving (d) and (e), we get

1
𝐶=−
4

1
Again, putting 𝐶 = − 4 in (d), we get

1
𝐴=
4

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−1)2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥+1) + (𝑥+1)2 + (𝑥−1) + (𝑥−1)2} 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥+1) + 𝐵 ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥−1) + 𝐷 ∫(𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 + 1) − 𝐵 (𝑥 + 1)−1 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 − 1 ) − 𝐷(𝑥 − 1)−1

𝐵 𝐷
𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥+1) + 𝐶 log(𝑥 − 1 ) − (𝑥−1)

1 1
1 4 1 4
𝐼 = 4 log(𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥+1)
− 4 log(𝑥 − 1 ) − (𝑥−1)

1 1 1
𝐼 = 4 {log(𝑥 + 1) − log(𝑥 − 1)} − 4(𝑥+1) − 4(𝑥−1)

1 𝑥+1 1 (𝑥−1)+(𝑥+1)
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥−1 − 4 ( (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) )
 1 𝑥+1 1 2𝑥
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥−1 − 4 (𝑥 2−1)

1 𝑥+1 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥−1 − 2 (𝑥 2−1)

(𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)2(𝑥+2)2

(𝑥+1) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Let, (𝑥−1) 2(𝑥+2)2
= (𝑥−1) + (𝑥−1)2 + (𝑥+2) + (𝑥+2) 2 ------- (b)

(𝑥+1) 𝐴(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)2+ 𝐵(𝑥+2)2 + 𝐶 (𝑥−1)2(𝑥+2)+ 𝐷 (𝑥−1) 2

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+2)2
= (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+2)2

(𝑥 + 1) = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷 (𝑥 − 1)2 ----- (c)

Putting, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −2 in equation (c), we get

2 1
𝐵 = 9 and 𝐷 = − 9

Again, from (c), we have

(𝑥 + 1) = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷 (𝑥 − 1)2

𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐶 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐶 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) ----- (d)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 on both sides of equation (d), we get

1 = 4𝐵 − 3𝐶 − 2𝐷
2 1
1 = 4 9 − 3𝐶 − 2 (− 9)

8 2
1 = 9 + 9 − 3𝐶

10
1= − 3𝐶
9

10
3𝐶 = 9
−1

1
3𝐶 = 9

1
𝐶 = 27

Again, equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides of (d), we get

0= 𝐴+𝐶

𝐴 = −𝐶
 1
𝐴=−
27

1 2 1 1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐴 = − 27, , = 9 , 𝐶 = 27 and 𝐷 = − 9

Now,
(𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)2(𝑥+2)2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥−1) + (𝑥−1)2 + (𝑥+2) + (𝑥+2)2} 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+2)2 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 ∫(𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷 ∫(𝑥 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 − 1) − 𝐵 (𝑥 − 1)−1 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 2) − 𝐷 (𝑥 + 2)−1

𝐵 𝐷
𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥−1) + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥+2)

2 1
1 1 −
9 9
𝐼 = − 27 log(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥−1) + 27 log(𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥+2)

1 1 1 2
𝐼 = − 27 {log(𝑥 − 1) − log(𝑥 + 2)} + 9 {(𝑥+2) − (𝑥−1) }

1 𝑥−1 1 1 2
𝐼 = − 27 log 𝑥+2 + 9 {(𝑥+2) − (𝑥−1)}

1 1 2 1 𝑥−1
𝐼 = 9 {(𝑥+2) − (𝑥−1)} − 27 log 𝑥+2

1 1 2 1 𝑥−1
𝐼 = 9 {(𝑥+2) − (𝑥−1) − 3 log 𝑥+2}

𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
13. (i) ∫ (𝑥−1)3 (𝑥+1) (ii) ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥+1)3

𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)3 (𝑥+1)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Let, (𝑥−1)3 (𝑥+1)
= (𝑥−1)
+ (𝑥−1)2 + (𝑥−1)3 + (𝑥+1)
-------- (a)

1 𝐴 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1)+ 𝐵 (𝑥−1) (𝑥+1)+ 𝐶(𝑥+1)+ 𝐷 (𝑥−1)3

(𝑥−1)3 (𝑥+1)
= (𝑥−1)3 (𝑥+1)

1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷 (𝑥 − 1)3 ----- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1 in equation (b), we get

 1 1
𝐶 = 2 and 𝐷 = − 8

Again, from equation (b), we have

1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷 (𝑥 − 1)3

1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1)

1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1) ------ (c)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides of equation (c), we get

0= 𝐴+𝐷

𝐴 = −𝐷
1
𝐴 = − (− )
8

1
𝐴=
8

Also, equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of equation (c), we get

0 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 − 3𝐷

𝐵 = 𝐴 + 3𝐷
1 1
𝐵 = 8 + 3 (− 8)

1 3
𝐵= −
8 8

2
𝐵 = −8

1
𝐵 = −4

1 1 1 1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐴 = 8 𝐵 = − 4 , 𝐶 = 2 and 𝐷 = − 8

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)3 (𝑥+1)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ { (𝑥−1) + (𝑥−1)2 + (𝑥−1)3 + (𝑥+1)
} 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼=∫ (𝑥−1)
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1)3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ (𝑥−1)
+ 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥−1)3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐷 ∫ (𝑥+1)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 ∫(𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫(𝑥 − 1)−3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐷 log(𝑥 + 1)

 𝐶
𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐷 log(𝑥 + 1) − 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)−1 − 2 (𝑥 − 1)−2

1
1 1 1 1 1
𝐼 = log(𝑥 − 1) −
8 8
log(𝑥 + 1) +
4 (𝑥−1)
− 2
2
 (𝑥−1)2

1 1 1 1
𝐼 = {log(𝑥 − 1) − log(𝑥 + 1)} + {(𝑥−1) − (𝑥−1)2 }
8 4

1 𝑥−1 1 𝑥−1−1
𝐼 = 8 log 𝑥+1 + 4 {(𝑥−1)2 }

1 𝑥−1 1 𝑥−2
𝐼 = log + {(𝑥−1)2 }
8 𝑥+1 4

(3𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫
𝑥 (𝑥+1)3

(3𝑥+2) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Let, 𝑥 (𝑥+1)3
=𝑥 + (𝑥+1)
+ (𝑥+1)2
+ (𝑥+1)3
-------- (a)

(3𝑥+2) 𝐴(𝑥+1)3 + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥+1)2 +𝐶 𝑥(𝑥+1)+ 𝐷𝑥

𝑥 (𝑥+1)3
= 𝑥 (𝑥+1)3

(3𝑥 + 2) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷𝑥 ------ (b)

Putting, = 0 , 𝑥 = −1 in equation (b), we get

𝐴 = 2 and 𝐷 = 1

Again, from equation (b), we have

(3𝑥 + 2) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷𝑥

(3𝑥 + 2) = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐷𝑥 ------ (c)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides the equation (c), we get

0 = 𝐴+𝐵

𝐵 = −𝐴

𝐵 = −2

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides the equation (c), we get

0 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶

𝐶 = −3𝐴 − 2𝐵

𝐶 = −32 − 2(−2)

𝐶 = −6 + 4

𝐶 = −2
 Hence, 𝐴 = 2 , = −2 , 𝐶 = −2 and 𝐷 = 1

Now,
(3𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑥 (𝑥+1)3

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫{ + (𝑥+1)
+ (𝑥+1)2
+ (𝑥+1)3
} 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)3
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ 𝑥
+ 𝐵∫ (𝑥+1)
+𝐶 ∫ (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥 + 𝐷 ∫ (𝑥+1)3
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ + 𝐵∫ (𝑥+1)
+ 𝐶 ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐷 ∫(𝑥 + 1)−3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 + 𝐵 log(𝑥 + 1) − 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1)−1 − 2 𝐷(𝑥 + 1)−2

1 1 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑥 + 𝐵 log(𝑥 + 1) − 𝐶 (𝑥+1)
− 𝐷 (𝑥+1)2
2

1 1 1
𝐼 = 2 log 𝑥 − 2 log(𝑥 + 1) + 2 (𝑥+1)
− 2 (𝑥+1)2

2 1
𝐼 = 2{log 𝑥 − log(𝑥 + 1)} + (𝑥+1) −
2(𝑥+1)2

𝑥 4(𝑥+1)−1
𝐼 = 2 log 𝑥+1 + 2(𝑥+1)2

𝑥 4𝑥+3
𝐼 = 2 log +
𝑥+1 2(𝑥+1)2

𝑑𝑥 2+ 𝑥 2
14. (i) ∫ 1−𝑥 3 (ii) ∫ 1−𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ 1−𝑥 3

Here, 1 − 𝑥 3 = (1 − 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )

1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Let, 1−𝑥 3
= 1−𝑥 + 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 ------- (a)

1 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 )(1 − 𝑥) -------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 in (b), we get

1
For, 𝑥 = 1 , 𝐴=3
 For, 𝑥 = 0

𝐴+𝐶 = 1

𝐶 = 1−𝐴
1 2
 𝐶 = 1−3 = 3

Again, equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 , we get

0= 𝐴−𝐵

𝐵=𝐴
1
 𝐵=3

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 1−𝑥 3

𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (1−𝑥 + 1+𝑥+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 1+𝑥+𝑥 2

1 1 2
𝑥+
3
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3 3 2 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 1+𝑥+𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥+2
𝐼= ∫ + ∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 1−𝑥 3

1 𝑑𝑥 1 1 2𝑥+4
𝐼 = 3 ∫ 1−𝑥 + 3
 2 ∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥+1+3
𝐼 = 3 ∫ 1−𝑥 + 6
∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥+1 1 3
𝐼= ∫ + ∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 6 ∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 1−𝑥 6

1 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥+1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 3 ∫ 1−𝑥 + 6
∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2

Putting, Putting,

1−𝑥 =𝑢 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 = 𝑣

 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢  (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣

1 −𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 3∫ 𝑢
+ 6
∫ 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2

1 1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − 3 log 𝑣 + 6
log 𝑣 + 2
∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2
 1 1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − 3 log(1 − 𝑥) + 6
log(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2
∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2

1 1 1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − 3 log(1 − 𝑥) + 3
 2 log(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2
∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2

1
1 1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − 3 log(1 − 𝑥) + 3
log(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )2 + 2
∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2

1 1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − log(1 − 𝑥) + log(√1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + ∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2
3 3 2

1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − 3 {log(1 − 𝑥) − log √1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 } + 2
∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2

1 1−𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − 3 log √1+𝑥+𝑥 2 + 2
∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2

1 1−𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − 3 log √1+𝑥+𝑥 2 + ∫ 2
2 1 2 √3
(𝑥+ ) +( )
2 2

1
1 1−𝑥 1 1 𝑥+
𝐼 = − 3 log √1+𝑥+𝑥 2 + 2
 √3 tan −1
( √3
2
)
2 2

1 1−𝑥 1 2𝑥+1
𝐼 = − 3 log √1+𝑥+𝑥 2 + tan−1 ( )
√3 √3

1 2𝑥+1 1 1−𝑥
𝐼= tan−1 ( ) − log
√3 √3 3 √1+𝑥+𝑥 2

2+ 𝑥 2
(ii) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 3

Here, 1 − 𝑥 3 = (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )

2+ 𝑥 2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Let, 1−𝑥 3
= 1−𝑥
+ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 ------- (a)

2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 )(1 − 𝑥)

2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶 (1 − 𝑥) ------ (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 1 in (b), we get

3 = 3𝐴  𝐴=1

Putting, 𝑥 = 0 in (b), we get

2= 𝐴+𝐶

𝐶 = 2−𝐴

𝐶 = 2−1  𝐶=1

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of equation (b), we get

1 = 𝐴−𝐵
 𝐵 = 𝐴−1

 𝐵 = 1−1 = 0

Now,

2+ 𝑥 2
𝐼 = ∫ 1−𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (1−𝑥 + 1+𝑥+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ +𝐶 ∫ Since, 𝐵 = 0
1−𝑥 1+𝑥+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 1−𝑥 + ∫ 2
1 2 √3
(𝑥+ ) +( )
2 2

1
1 𝑥+
−1 2
𝐼 = − log(1 − 𝑥) + √3
tan ( √3
)
2 2

2 2𝑥+1
𝐼 = − log(1 − 𝑥) + tan−1 ( )
√3 √3

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
15. (i) ∫ 𝑥 4−1 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 4−1)

𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 4−1 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2−1)(𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥

1
Take, 𝑥 2 = 𝑢  𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑢

Now,
𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2−1)(𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑑𝑢
2
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑢−1)(𝑢+1)

1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 2 ∫ (𝑢−1)(𝑢+1)

1 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (𝑢−1)(𝑢+1)
= 𝑢−1
+ 𝑢+1 -------- (a)

1 = 𝐴(𝑢 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑢 − 1) ------ (b)

Putting, 𝑢 = 1 in (b), we get

1
1 = 2𝐴  𝐴=
2
Putting, 𝑢 = −1 in (b), we get
1
1 = −2𝐵  𝐵 = −2

Now,
1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 2 ∫ (𝑢−1)(𝑢+1)

1 𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑢 Using (a)
2 𝑢−1 𝑢+1

1 𝐴 1 𝐵
𝐼 = 2 ∫ 𝑢−1 𝑑𝑢 + 2
∫ 𝑢+1 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 2 𝐴 ∫ 𝑢−1 + 2
𝐵 ∫ 𝑢+1

1 1 1 1
𝐼 =  log(𝑢 − 1) +  (− 2) log(𝑢 + 1)
2 2 2

1 1
𝐼 = log (𝑢 − 1) − log(𝑢 + 1)
4 4

1 1
𝐼 = 4 log (𝑥 2 − 1) − 4
log(𝑥 2 + 1)

1
𝐼 = 4 {log(𝑥 2 − 1) − log(𝑥 2 + 1)}

𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫
𝑥(𝑥 4−1)

𝑥 3𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑥(𝑥 4−1)

𝑥 3𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫
𝑥 4 (𝑥 4−1)

1
Take, 𝑥 4 = 𝑢  𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4
𝑑𝑢

1
𝑑𝑢
4
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑢 (𝑢−1)

1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑢 (𝑢−1)

1 𝐴 𝐵
Let, = + -------- (a)
𝑢 (𝑢−1) 𝑢 𝑢−1

1 = 𝐴(𝑢 − 1) + 𝐵𝑢 ------ (b)

Putting, 𝑢 = 𝑜 in (b), we get

𝐴 = −1

Putting, 𝑢 = 1 in (b), we get

 𝐵=1

Now,
1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑢 (𝑢−1)

1 𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = 4 ∫ (𝑢 + 𝑢−1
) 𝑑𝑢

1 𝐴 1 𝐵
𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 4 ∫ 𝑢−1 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 4𝐴 ∫ 𝑢
+ 4 𝐵 ∫ 𝑢−1

1 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑢 + 𝐵 log(𝑢 − 1)
4 4

1 1
𝐼 = − log 𝑢 + log(𝑢 − 1)
4 4

1 1
𝐼 = − 4 log 𝑥 4 + 4
log(𝑥 4 − 1)

4 1
𝐼 = − 4 log 𝑥 + 4
log(𝑥 4 − 1)

1
𝐼 = − log 𝑥 + 4
log(𝑥 4 − 1)

1
𝐼 = log (𝑥 4 − 1) − log 𝑥
4

𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
16. (i) ∫ 1−𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑥 4−1

𝑥2
(i) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ 1−𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑥 2
𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 1−𝑥 4

1 (1+𝑥 2)−(1−𝑥 2 )
𝐼 = 2∫ (1+𝑥 2)(1−𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥

1 (1+𝑥 2) (1−𝑥 2)
𝐼 = 2 ∫ ((1+𝑥 2)(1−𝑥 2) − (1+𝑥 2)(1−𝑥 2)) 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1
𝐼 = 2 ∫ ((1−𝑥 2) − (1+𝑥 2)) 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1 1
𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 1−𝑥 2 2

1 1 1
𝐼 = 2 ∫ (1+𝑥)(1−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − 2
tan−1 𝑥

1 𝐴 𝐵
Here, (1+𝑥)(1−𝑥)
= (1+𝑥) + (1−𝑥) -------- (a)
 1 𝐴(1−𝑥)+ 𝐵 (1+𝑥)
(1+𝑥)(1−𝑥)
= (1+𝑥)

1 = 𝐴(1 − 𝑥) + 𝐵 (1 + 𝑥) ------- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = 1 in (b), we get

1
𝐵=2

Putting, 𝑥 = −1 in (b), we get

1
𝐴=2

𝑁𝑜𝑤,
1 1 1
𝐼 = 2 ∫ (1+𝑥)(1−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − 2
tan−1 𝑥

1 𝐴 𝐵 1
𝐼 = {∫ ((1+𝑥) + (1−𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥} − tan−1 𝑥 Using (a)
2 2

1 𝐴 𝐵 1
𝐼 = {∫ (1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (1−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥} − tan−1 𝑥
2 2

1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝐼 = 2 {𝐴 ∫ (1+𝑥) + 𝐵 ∫ (1−𝑥)} − 2
tan−1 𝑥

1 1
𝐼 = {𝐴 log(1 + 𝑥) − 𝐵 log (1 − 𝑥)} − tan−1 𝑥
2 2

1 1 1 1
𝐼 = 2 {2 log(1 + 𝑥) − 2
log(1 − 𝑥)} − 2
tan−1 𝑥

1 1 1
𝐼 = 4 log(1 + 𝑥) − 4
log(1 − 𝑥) − 2
tan−1 𝑥

1 1
𝐼 = {log(1 + 𝑥) − log(1 − 𝑥)} − tan−1 𝑥
4 2

𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let , 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 4−1

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+1)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
Here, (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 = (𝑥+1)
+ (𝑥−1) + (𝑥 2 ------- (a)
+1) +1)

1 𝐴(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+1)+ 𝐵(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2+1)+ (𝐶𝑥+𝐷) (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)

(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+1)
= (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+1)

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 − 1) -----(b)

For, 𝑥 = 1, we have
1
𝐵=4
 For, 𝑥 = −1, we have
1
𝐴 = −4

For, 𝑥 = 0, we have

1 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐷
1 1
𝐷 =4+4−1

1
𝐷 =2−1

1
𝐷 = −2

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides of (b), we get

0= 𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
1 1
0 = −4+ 4+ 𝐶

 𝐶=0

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2
+1)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥+1) + (𝑥−1) + (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)
+1)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐷
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥+1) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−1) + ∫ (𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 Since,𝐶 = 0

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥+1) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥−1) + 𝐷 ∫ (𝑥 2
+1)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐷 tan−1 𝑥

1 1 1
𝐼 = − 4 log(𝑥 + 1) + 4
log(𝑥 − 1) − 2 tan−1 𝑥

1 1 1
𝐼 = log(𝑥 − 1) − log(𝑥 + 1) − tan−1 𝑥
4 4 2

1 1
𝐼 = 4 {log(𝑥 − 1) − log(𝑥 + 1)} − 2 tan−1 𝑥

1 𝑥−1 1
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥+1 − 2 tan−1 𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
17. (i) ∫ (𝑥 2 2)(𝑥 2 2) (ii) ∫ (𝑥 2 2)(𝑥 2 2)
+𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑎 +𝑏
 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let , 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2)

1
Take, 𝑥 2 = 𝑢  𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2

1
𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑢+𝑎22)(𝑢+𝑏2)

1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 2 ∫ (𝑢+𝑎2)(𝑢+𝑏2)

1 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (𝑢+𝑎 2)(𝑢+𝑏 2)
= 𝑢+𝑎 2
+ 𝑢+𝑏2 ------- (a)

1 = 𝐴(𝑢 + 𝑏2 ) + 𝐵(𝑢 + 𝑎 2 )

Putting, 𝑢 = −𝑎2 in (b), we get

1 1
𝐴= =−
𝑏 2 −𝑎 2 𝑎 2 −𝑏 2

Again, putting 𝑢 = −𝑏2 in (b), we get

1
𝐵 == 𝑎2−𝑏2

Now,
1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑢+𝑎2)(𝑢+𝑏2)
2

1 𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = 2 ∫ (𝑢+𝑎2 + 𝑢+𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑢 Using (a)

1 𝐴 1 𝐵
𝐼 = 2 ∫ 𝑢+𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 + 2 ∫ 𝑢+𝑏2 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 2 𝐴 ∫ 𝑢+𝑎2 + 2 𝐵 ∫ 𝑢+𝑏2

1 1
𝐼 = 2 𝐴 log(𝑢 + 𝑎2 ) + 2 𝐵 log(𝑢 + 𝑏2 )

1 1 1 1
𝐼 = 2 (− 𝑎2−𝑏2 ) log(𝑢 + 𝑎2 ) + 2 (𝑎2−𝑏2 ) log(𝑢 + 𝑏2 )

1 1
𝐼=− log(𝑢 + 𝑎2 ) + log(𝑢 + 𝑏2 )
2(𝑎 2−𝑏 2) 2(𝑎 2−𝑏 2)

1
𝐼 = 2(𝑎2−𝑏2) {log(𝑢 + 𝑏2 ) − log(𝑢 + 𝑎2 )}

1 𝑢+𝑏 2
𝐼 = 2(𝑎2−𝑏2) {log 𝑢+𝑎2}

1 𝑥 2+𝑏 2
𝐼= log
2(𝑎 2−𝑏 2) 𝑥 2+𝑏 2
 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2)

Substituting, 𝑥 2 = 𝑢 , for a partial fraction, we have

𝑥2 𝑢
(𝑥 2+𝑎 2)(𝑥 2+𝑏 2)
= (𝑢+𝑎2)(𝑢+𝑏2)

Here,
𝑢 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑢+𝑎 2)(𝑢+𝑏 2)
= (𝑢+𝑎 2) + (𝑢+𝑏2) ------- (a)

𝑢 = 𝐴(𝑢 + 𝑏2 ) + 𝐵(𝑢 + 𝑎2 ) ------ (b)

Putting, 𝑢 = −𝑎2 in (b), we get

𝑎2
𝐴=
𝑎 2−𝑏 2

Putting, 𝑢 = −𝑏2 in (b), we get

𝑏2
𝐵=−
𝑎 2−𝑏 2

Now,

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2
+𝑎 2)(𝑥 2+𝑏 2)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑢+𝑎2) + (𝑢+𝑏2)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+𝑎2) + (𝑥 2+𝑏2)) 𝑑𝑥 Since, 𝑥 2 = 𝑢

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+𝑎 2 𝑥 +𝑏

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑎2 + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑏2

1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝐼=𝐴 𝑎
tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐵 𝑏 tan−1 𝑏

𝑎2 1 𝑥 𝑏2 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑎2−𝑏2  𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 − 𝑎2−𝑏2  𝑏 tan−1 𝑏

𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥
𝐼= tan−1 − tan−1
𝑎 2−𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑎 2−𝑏 2 𝑏

1 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑎2−𝑏2 {𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 − 𝑏 tan−1 𝑏}

𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
18. (i) ∫ (𝑥 2 2)(𝑥 2 2) (ii) ∫ (𝑥 2 2)(𝑥 2 2)
+𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑎 +𝑏
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2)
 𝑥3 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥
Let, (𝑥 2+𝑎 2)(𝑥 2+𝑏 2)
= (𝑥 2+𝑎 2)
+ (𝑥 2+𝑏2) ----- (a)

𝑥3 𝐴𝑥(𝑥 2+𝑏 2 )+𝐵𝑥(𝑥 2+𝑎 2)

(𝑥 2+𝑎 2)(𝑥 2+𝑏 2)
= (𝑥 2+𝑎 2)(𝑥 2+𝑏 2)

𝑥 3 = 𝐴𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 ) + 𝐵𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )

𝑥 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 𝑏2 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 𝑎2 𝑥) ------- (b)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides of (b), we get

1 = 𝐴+𝐵

 𝐴 = −1 − 𝐵 ------- (i)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 on both sides of (b), we get

0 = 𝐴𝑏2 + 𝐵𝑎 2

𝐵𝑎2 = −𝐴𝑏2

𝑏2
𝐵 = −𝐴 𝑎2 ------ (ii)

𝑏2
Putting, 𝐵 = −𝐴 𝑎2 in (i) , we get

𝐴 = −1 − 𝐵

𝑏2
𝐴 = −1 + 𝐴
𝑎2

𝑏2
𝐴 − 𝐴 𝑎2 = −1

𝑏2
𝐴 (1 − 𝑎2) = −1

𝑎 2−𝑏 2
𝐴( ) = −1
𝑎2

𝑎2
𝐴 = − 𝑎2−𝑏2

𝑎2
𝐴 = 𝑏2 −𝑎2

𝑎2
Again, Putting 𝐴 = 𝑏2 −𝑎2 , in (ii), we get

𝑏2
𝐵 = −𝐴 𝑎2

𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝐵 = − 𝑏2−𝑎2  𝑎2
= − 𝑏2−𝑎2

Now,
 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2)

𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2 2) + (𝑥 2 2)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)
+𝑎 +𝑏

𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑏2) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)

Take, 𝑥2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑢 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑣
1 1
 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑢 and 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑣

1 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
2 2
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ 𝑢
+𝐵 ∫ 𝑣

1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
𝐼 = 2 𝐴∫ 𝑢
+2 𝐵 ∫ 𝑣

1 1
𝐼 = 2 𝐴 log 𝑢 + 2 𝐵 log 𝑣

1 1
𝐼= 𝐴 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝐵 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
2 2

1 𝑎2 1 𝑏2
𝐼 = 2  𝑏2−𝑎2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) + 2  (− 𝑏2−𝑎2) log(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )

1
𝐼 = 2(𝑏2−𝑎2) {log(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) − 𝑏2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) }

𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2)

𝑥4
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 4+ 𝑏2 𝑥 2+𝑎2𝑥 2+𝑎2𝑏2 𝑑𝑥

𝑏 2𝑥 2+𝑎 2𝑥 2+𝑎 2 𝑏 2
𝐼 = ∫ {1 − (𝑥 4+ 𝑏2 𝑥 2+𝑎2𝑥 2+𝑎2𝑏2)} 𝑑𝑥 On dividing the numerator by denominator.

𝑏 2𝑥 2+𝑎 2𝑥 2+𝑎 2𝑏 2
𝐼 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4+ 𝑏 2 𝑥 2+𝑎 2𝑥 2+𝑎 2𝑏 2

𝑎 2(𝑥 2+𝑏 2)+𝑏 2 𝑥 2

𝐼 =𝑥−∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎 2)(𝑥 2+𝑏 2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑎 2(𝑥 2+𝑏 2) 𝑏2 𝑥 2
𝐼 = 𝑥 − {∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2) 𝑑𝑥}

𝑎2 𝑥2
𝐼 = 𝑥 − {∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑏2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2) 𝑑𝑥}

𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝐼 = 𝑥 − {𝑎2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2) + 𝑏2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2) 𝑑𝑥}

1 𝑥 𝑥2
𝐼 = 𝑥 − {𝑎2  𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 + 𝑏2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑥}
 𝑥 𝑥2
𝐼 = 𝑥 − {𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 + 𝑏2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2) 𝑑𝑥}

𝑥 𝑥2
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 tan−1 − 𝑏2 𝐼1 Where, 𝐼1 = ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 +𝑎 2)(𝑥 2+𝑏 2)

Here,

𝑥2
𝐼1 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2) 𝑑𝑥

Substituting, 𝑥 2 = 𝑢 , for a partial fraction, we have

𝑥2 𝑢
(𝑥 2+𝑎 2)(𝑥 2+𝑏 2)
= (𝑢+𝑎2)(𝑢+𝑏2)

Here,
𝑢 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑢+𝑎 2)(𝑢+𝑏 2)
= (𝑢+𝑎2) + (𝑢+𝑏2) ------- (a)

𝑢 = 𝐴(𝑢 + 𝑏2 ) + 𝐵(𝑢 + 𝑎2 ) ------ (b)

Putting, 𝑢 = −𝑎2 in (b), we get

𝑎2
𝐴 = 𝑎 2−𝑏2

Putting, 𝑢 = −𝑏2 in (b), we get

𝑏2
𝐵 == − 𝑎2−𝑏2

Now,

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼1 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼1 = ∫ ((𝑢+𝑎2) + (𝑢+𝑏2)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼1 = ∫ ((𝑥 2 + (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 Since, 𝑥 2 = 𝑢
+𝑎 2 ) +𝑏 2)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑏2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼1 = 𝐴 ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑎2 + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑏2

1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝐼1 = 𝐴 𝑎
tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐵 𝑏 tan−1 𝑏

𝑎2 1 𝑥 𝑏2 1 𝑥
𝐼1 = 𝑎2−𝑏2  𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 − 𝑎2−𝑏2  𝑏 tan−1 𝑏

𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥
𝐼1 = 𝑎2−𝑏2 tan−1 𝑎 − 𝑎2−𝑏2 tan−1 𝑏

1 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼1 = 𝑎2−𝑏2 {𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 − 𝑏 tan−1 𝑏}
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 − 𝑏2 𝐼1

𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 − 𝑏2 (𝑎2−𝑏2 {𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 − 𝑏 tan−1 𝑏})

𝑥 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑥 𝑏3 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 tan−1 − tan−1 + tan−1
𝑎 𝑎 2−𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑏 2 𝑏

𝑥 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑏3 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 − tan−1 (𝑎 + )+ tan−1
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑏 2 𝑎 2−𝑏 2 𝑏

𝑥 𝑎 3−𝑎𝑏 2 ∓𝑎𝑏 2 𝑏3 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑎 ( 𝑎 2−𝑏 2
)+
𝑎 2−𝑏 2
tan−1 𝑏

𝑥 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑎 (𝑎2−𝑏2 ) + 𝑎 2−𝑏2 tan−1 𝑏

𝑎3 𝑥 𝑏3 𝑥
𝐼 =𝑥−( ) tan−1 + tan−1
𝑎 2−𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑎 2−𝑏 2 𝑏

𝑎3 𝑥 𝑏3 𝑥
𝐼 =𝑥− tan−1 + tan−1
−(𝑏 2−𝑎 2) 𝑎 𝑎 2−𝑏 2 𝑏

𝑎3 𝑥 𝑏3 𝑥
𝐼 =𝑥+ tan−1 + tan−1
𝑏 2−𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎 2−𝑏 2 𝑏

𝑑𝑥
19. ∫ (𝑥 2 2)(𝑥+𝑏)
+𝑎

𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2
+ 𝑎 2)(𝑥+𝑏)

1 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶
Let, (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑥+𝑏) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2) + (𝑥+𝑏) ------ (a)

1 (𝐴𝑥+𝐵)(𝑥+𝑏)+ 𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎 2)
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎 2 )(𝑥+𝑏)
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑎 2)

1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑏 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) -------- (b)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of equation (b), we get

𝑂 =𝐴+𝐶  𝐴 = −𝐶 ----- (i)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of equation (b), we get

𝑂 = 𝑏𝐴 + 𝐵  𝐵 = −𝑏𝐴 ------ (ii)

Equating the constant terms on both sides of equation (b), we get

1 = 𝑏𝐵 + 𝑎2 𝐶 -------- (iii)

Putting 𝐴 = −𝐶 in (ii), we get

 𝐵 = 𝑏𝐶

Again, putting 𝐵 = 𝑏𝐶 in (iii)

1 = 𝑏𝐵 + 𝑎2 𝐶

1 = 𝑏𝑏𝐶 + 𝑎2 𝐶

1 = 𝑏2 𝐶 + 𝑎2 𝐶

1 = 𝐶 (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )
1
 𝐶 = 𝑎2+𝑏2

1
Putting, 𝐶 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 in (i)

1
𝐴 = −𝐶  𝐴 = − 𝑎2 +𝑏2

1
Finally, putting 𝐴 = − 𝑎2+𝑏2 in (ii) , we get

𝑏
𝐵 = −𝑏𝐴  𝐵 = 𝑎2+𝑏2

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2)(𝑥+𝑏)

𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥 2 + (𝑥+𝑏)} 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑎 2)

𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+𝑏) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2) + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥+𝑏)

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 tan−1 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 𝑏)
+ 𝑎 2) 𝑎 𝑎

1
Putting, 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑢  𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑎
tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 𝑏)

1
𝑑𝑢 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ 2
𝑢
+𝐵 𝑎
tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 𝑏)

1 𝑑𝑢 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 2𝐴 ∫ 𝑢
+𝐵 𝑎
tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 𝑏)

1 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 2 𝐴 log 𝑢 + 𝐵 𝑎
tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 𝑏)

1
𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑢2 + 𝐵 tan−1 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑎 𝑎
 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 log √𝑢 + 𝐵 𝑎
tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + 𝑏)

1 𝑏 1 𝑥 𝑏
𝐼=− log √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + tan−1 + log(𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 𝑎 2+𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2+𝑏 2

1 𝑏 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑎2+𝑏2 (log(𝑥 + 𝑏) − log √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝑎2+𝑏2 𝑎
tan−1 𝑎

1 (𝑥+𝑏) 𝑏 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑎2+𝑏2 log √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2+𝑏2 tan−1 𝑎
+ 𝑎2 𝑎

1 (𝑥+𝑏) 𝑏 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑎2+𝑏2 {log √𝑥 2 + tan−1 𝑎}
+ 𝑎2 𝑎

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
20. (i) ∫ (1+𝑥)(1+𝑥 2) (ii) ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑥)(1+𝑥 2)

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Let, (1+𝑥)(1+𝑥 2)
= (1+𝑥)
+ (1+𝑥 2) -------- (a)

𝑥 𝐴(1+𝑥 2)+ (𝐵𝑥+𝐶)(1+𝑥)

(1+𝑥)(1+𝑥 2)
= (1+𝑥)(1+𝑥 2)

𝑥 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶 (1 + 𝑥) -------- (b)

For, 𝑥 = 0, we get

0=𝐴+𝐶 𝐶 = −𝐴 -------- (i)

For, 𝑥 = −1, we get

1
−1 = 2𝐴  𝐴 = −2

1
Putting, 𝐴 = − 2 in (i), we get

1
𝐶 = −𝐴 𝐶 =2

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 in both sides of equation (b), we get

0 = 𝐴+𝐵

𝐵 = −𝐴
1
𝐵=2

Now,
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑥)(1+𝑥 2)

𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ ((1+𝑥) + (1+𝑥 2)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)
 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (1+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (1+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (1+𝑥) + 𝐵 ∫ (1+𝑥 2) + 𝐶 ∫ (1+𝑥 2)

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 log(1 + 𝑥) + 𝐵 ∫ (1+𝑥 2) + 𝐶 tan−1 𝑥

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(1 + 𝑥) + 𝐵 log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶 tan−1 𝑥

1 1 1 1
𝐼 = − log(1 + 𝑥) +  log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + tan−1 𝑥
2 2 2 2

1 1 1
𝐼 = − log(1 + 𝑥) + log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + tan−1 𝑥
2 4 2

𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3−1

𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Let, (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+𝑥+1)
= (𝑥−1) + (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) ------ (a)

𝑥 𝐴(𝑥 2+𝑥+1)+(𝐵𝑥+𝐶)(𝑥−1)
(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+𝑥+1)
= (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+𝑥+1)

𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 )(𝑥 − 1)

𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 𝑥) + 𝐶 (𝑥 − 1) ---------- (b)

For, = 1 , we have
1
1 = 3𝐴  𝐴=3

For, = 0 , we have

0= 𝐴−𝐶

𝐶=𝐴
1
 𝐶=
3

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 , on both sides of (b)

0 = 𝐴+𝐵

𝐵 = −𝐴
1
𝐵 = −3

Now,
𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥−1) + (𝑥 2+𝑥+1)} 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 1
1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥+
𝐼 = 3 ∫ (𝑥−1) + ∫ (𝑥 23+𝑥+1)
3
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−1
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1) − ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 3 +𝑥+1)

1 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥−2
𝐼 = 3 ∫ (𝑥−1) − 6 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥+1−3 1 3
𝐼 = 3 ∫ (𝑥−1) − 6 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 6 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥+1 3 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 3 ∫ (𝑥−1) − 6 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 6 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1)

1 1 2𝑥+1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 3 log(𝑥 − 1) − 6 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 2
1 2 √3
(𝑥+ ) +( )
2 2

Putting, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢  (2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢

1 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 3 log(𝑥 − 1) − 6 ∫ + 2∫ 2
𝑢 1 2 √3
(𝑥+ ) +( )
2 2

1
1 1 1 1 𝑥+
𝐼 = log(𝑥 − 1) − log 𝑢 +  √3 tan−1 ( √3
2
)
3 6 2
2 2

1 1 1 2𝑥+1
𝐼 = 3 log(𝑥 − 1) − 6 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + tan−1 ( )
√3 √3

1 1 1 1 2𝑥+1
𝐼 = 3 log(𝑥 − 1) − 3  2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + tan−1 ( )
√3 √3

1
1 1 1 2𝑥+1
𝐼 = 3 log(𝑥 − 1) − 3 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 + tan−1 ( )
√3 √3

1 1 1 2𝑥+1
𝐼 = 3 log(𝑥 − 1) − 3 log √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + tan−1 ( )
√3 √3

1 1 2𝑥+1
𝐼 = 3 (log(𝑥 − 1) − log √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + tan−1 ( )
√3 √3

1 𝑥−1 1 2𝑥+1
𝐼 = 3 log √𝑥 2 + tan−1 ( )
+𝑥+1 √3 √3

(𝑥 2−1)
21. ∫ 𝑥 4+𝑥 2+1 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 2−1)
Solution: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4+𝑥 2 +1
 1
𝑥 2(1− 2 )
𝑥
𝐼=∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2(𝑥 2+1+ 2)
𝑥

1
(1− 2 )
𝑥
𝐼=∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2+1+ 2)
𝑥

1
(1− 2 )
𝑥
𝐼=∫ 1 2
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+ ) −1
𝑥

1 1
Putting, 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑢  (1 − 𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑢2 −1

𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑢+1)(𝑢−1)

1 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (𝑢+1)(𝑢−1) = (𝑢+1) + (𝑢−1) ------ (a)

1 𝐴(𝑢−1)+ 𝐵 (𝑢+1)
(𝑢+1)(𝑢−1)
= (𝑢+1)

1 = 𝐴(𝑢 − 1) + 𝐵 (𝑢 + 1) ------ (b)

Putting, 𝑢 = 1 and 𝑢 = −1 in (b) , we get

1 1
𝐴=− and 𝐵 =
2 2

Now,
𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑢+1)(𝑢−1)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑢+1) + (𝑢−1)) 𝑑𝑢

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑢+1) 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (𝑢−1) 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑢+1) + 𝐵 ∫ (𝑢−1)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑢 + 1) + 𝐵 log(𝑢 − 1)
1 1
𝐼 = − 2 log(𝑢 + 1) + 2
log(𝑢 − 1)

1 1
𝐼 = 2 log(𝑢 − 1) − 2 log(𝑢 + 1)

1 1 1 1
𝐼 = 2 log (𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1) − 2 log (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)

1 𝑥 2−𝑥+1 1 𝑥 2+𝑥+1
𝐼 = 2 log ( 𝑥
)−
2
log ( 𝑥
)

1 1 1 1
𝐼 = 2 log(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) − 2 log 𝑥 − 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 2 log 𝑥
 1 1
𝐼= log(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) − log(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
2 2

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
22. (i) ∫ 𝑥 4−𝑥 2−12 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑥 4−𝑥 2−2

𝑥2
(i) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 4−𝑥 2−12 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 4−4𝑥 2+3𝑥 2−12 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2(𝑥 2−4)+3(𝑥 2−3) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2−4)(𝑥 2+3) 𝑑𝑥

Substituting, 𝑥 2 = 𝑢 for partial fraction

𝑥2 𝑢
Here, (𝑥 2−4)(𝑥 2+3) = (𝑢−4)(𝑢+3)

𝑢 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (𝑢−4)(𝑢+3)
= (𝑢−4) + (𝑢+3) ------ (a)

𝑢 𝐴(𝑢+3)+ 𝐵 (𝑢−4)
(𝑢−4)(𝑢+3)
= (𝑢−4)(𝑢+3)

𝑢 = 𝐴(𝑢 + 3) + 𝐵 (𝑢 − 4) ------- (b)

Putting, 𝑢 = −3 in (b), we get

3
𝐵=
7

Putting, 𝑢 = 4 in (b), we get

4
𝐴=
7

Now,

𝑥2
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2−4)(𝑥 2+3) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑢−4) + (𝑢+3)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2−4) + (𝑥 2+3)) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2−4) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2+3) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ 𝑥 2−22 + 𝐵 ∫ 2
𝑥 2+ (√3)
 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
∫ 𝑥 2−𝑎2 = 2𝑎 log |𝑥+𝑎 |
1 𝑥−2 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 22 log |𝑥+2| + 𝐵 tan−1
√3 √3

4 1 𝑥−2 3 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 7  4 log |𝑥+2| + 7
 tan−1
√3 √3

1 𝑥−2 √3 𝑥
𝐼 = 7 log |𝑥+2| + 7
tan−1
√3

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ 4 2
𝑥 −𝑥 −2

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+1)(𝑥+
√2)(𝑥−√2)

𝑥 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Here, (𝑥 2 = (𝑥 2 + (𝑥+ + (𝑥−
+1)(𝑥+ √2)(𝑥−√2) +1) √2) √2)

𝑥 (𝐴𝑥+𝐵)(𝑥+ √2)(𝑥−√2)+ 𝐶(𝑥 2+1)(𝑥−√2)+𝐷(𝑥 2+1)(𝑥+ √2)

(𝑥 2+1)(𝑥+ √2)(𝑥−√2)
= (𝑥 2+1)(𝑥+ √2)(𝑥−√2)

𝑥 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + √2)(𝑥 − √2) + 𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − √2) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + √2) -------- (b)

Putting, = √2 , in (b) , we get

√2 1
𝐷=  𝐷=
6√2 6

Putting, = −√2 , in (b) , we get

−√2 1
𝐶=  𝐶=
6√2 6

Putting, = 0 , in (b) , we get

0 = 𝐵(−2) + 𝐶(−√2) + 𝐷(√2)

2𝐵 = 𝐶(−√2) + 𝐷(√2)

1 1
2𝐵 = − 6 √2 + 6 √2

2𝐵 = 0  𝐵=0

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 , on both sides of (b)

0 = 𝐴+𝐶 +𝐷

𝐵 = −𝐶 − 𝐷
1 1
𝐵 = −6− 6

1
𝐵 = −3

Now,
 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+1)(𝑥+
√2)(𝑥−√2)

𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2 + (𝑥+ + (𝑥− ) 𝑑𝑥
+1) √2) √2)

𝐴𝑥 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+1) + (𝑥+ + (𝑥− ) 𝑑𝑥 Since, 𝐵 = 0
√2) √2)

𝐴𝑥 𝐶 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+ ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥− ) 𝑑𝑥
+1) √2 √2

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (𝑥 2+1) + 𝐶 ∫ (𝑥+ + 𝐷 ∫ (𝑥−
√2) √2)

1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐶 log(𝑥 + √2) + 𝐷 log(𝑥 − √2)
2

1 1 1 1
𝐼 = −  log(𝑥 2 + 1) + log(𝑥 + √2) + log(𝑥 − √2)
3 2 6 6

1 1
𝐼 = − 6 log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 6
{log(𝑥 + √2) + log(𝑥 − √2)}

1 1
𝐼 = − 6 log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 6
{log(𝑥 + √2)(𝑥 − √2)}

1 1
𝐼 = − 6 log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 6
{log(𝑥 2 − 4)}

1 1
𝐼 = − 6 log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 6
log(𝑥 2 − 2)

1
𝐼 = 6 {log(𝑥 2 − 2) − log(𝑥 2 + 1)}

𝑑𝑥
23. ∫ (𝑥 4+ 𝑥 2+1)2

𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 4+ 𝑥 2+1)2

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥+2)2+1}2

Take, 𝑥 + 2 = tan 𝜃  𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Now,

sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼 = ∫ {tan2 𝜃+1}2

sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼=∫ sec4 𝜃

𝑑𝜃
𝐼 = ∫ sec2 𝜃
 We take,
𝐼 = ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑥 + 2 = tan 𝜃
1
𝐼 = ∫ 2 (1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑥 + 2)

1
𝐼 = 2 ∫(1 + cos 2𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃 Again, 𝑥 + 2 = tan 𝜃

1 sin 2𝜃
(𝑥 + 2)2 = tan2 𝜃
𝐼 = 2 (𝜃 + 2
)
sin2 𝜃
(𝑥 + 2)2 = 2
1 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝐼 = (𝜃 + )
2 2
(𝑥 + 2)2 cos2 𝜃 = sin2 𝜃
1
𝐼 = 2 (𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 )
(𝑥 + 2)2 (1 − sin2 𝜃) = sin2 𝜃
1 𝑥+2 1
𝐼 = 2 (tan−1 (𝑥 + 2) + √𝑥 2
+4𝑥+5
 √𝑥 2+4𝑥+5) (𝑥 + 2)2 − (𝑥 + 2)2 sin2 𝜃 = sin2 𝜃

1
𝐼 = 2 (tan−1 (𝑥 + 2) + 𝑥 2+4𝑥+5)
𝑥+2 (𝑥 + 2)2 = sin2 𝜃 + (𝑥 + 2)2 sin2 𝜃

(𝑥 + 2)2 = sin2 𝜃 (1 + (𝑥 + 2)2 )

(𝑥+2)2
(1+(𝑥+2)2 )
= sin2 𝜃

𝑥+2
sin 𝜃 =
√1+(𝑥+2) 2

𝑥+2 1
sin 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 =
√𝑥 2+4𝑥+5 √𝑥 2+4𝑥+5

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
24. ∫ (𝑥 2+1)(2𝑥 2+1)

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2
+1)(2𝑥 2+1)

𝑥2 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
(𝑥 2+1)(2𝑥 2+1)
= (𝑥 2 + (2𝑥 2 ------ (a)
+1) +1)

𝑥2 (𝐴𝑥+𝐵)(2𝑥 2+1)+ (𝐶𝑥+𝐷)(𝑥 2+1)

(𝑥 2+1)(2𝑥 2+1)
= (𝑥 2+1)(2𝑥 2+1)

𝑥 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(2𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 1)

𝑥 2 = 𝐴(2𝑥 3 + 𝑥) + 𝐵(2𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 1) --------- (b)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides of (b), we get

0 = 2𝐴 + 𝐶 𝐶 + 2𝐴 = 0 ------ (i)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of (b), we get

1 = 2𝐵 + 𝐷 ------ (ii)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 on both sides of (b), we get

0 = 𝐴+𝐶  𝐶 = −𝐴 ----- (iii)

Equating the constant terms on both sides of (b), we get

0 = 𝐵 + 𝐷  𝐷 = −𝐵 ----- (iv)

Putting, 𝐷 = −𝐵 in (ii), we get

1 = 2𝐵 + 𝐷

1 = 2𝐵 − 𝐵

𝐵 =1

Putting 𝐵 = 1 in (iv). We get

𝐷 = −𝐵  𝐷 = −1

Putting 𝐶 = −𝐴 in (i). We get

𝐶 + 2𝐴 = 0

−𝐴 + 2𝐴 = 0

𝐴=0

Putting 𝐴 = 0 in (i) , we get

𝐶 + 2𝐴 = 0

𝐶 +0= 0

𝐶=0

Now,

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2
+1)(2𝑥 2+1)

𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+1) + (2𝑥 2+1)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐵 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+1) + (2𝑥 2+1)) 𝑑𝑥 Since, 𝐴 = 0 and 𝐶 = 0

1 −1
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+1) + (2𝑥 2+1)) 𝑑𝑥

1 1
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+1) − (2𝑥 2+1)) 𝑑𝑥

1 1
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (2𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1
𝑥 2+
2
 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 2
𝑥 2+( )
√2

1 1 𝑥
𝐼 = tan−1 𝑥 − 2  1 tan−1 ( 1 )
√2 √2

√2
𝐼 = tan−1 𝑥 − 2
tan−1 (√2 𝑥)

√2 √2
𝐼 = tan−1 𝑥 − 2
 tan−1 (√2 𝑥)
√2

2
𝐼 = tan−1 𝑥 − 2√2
tan−1 (√2 𝑥)

1
𝐼 = tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 (√2 𝑥)
√2

𝑑𝑥
25. ∫ 𝑥(1+𝑥+𝑥 2+𝑥 3)

𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫
𝑥(1+𝑥+𝑥 2+𝑥 3)

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2+1)

𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
Let, 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2+1) = 𝑥 + (𝑥+1) + (𝑥 2+1) ---- (a)

1 𝐴(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2+1)+ 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 2+1)+(𝐶𝑥+𝐷)𝑥(𝑥+1)

=
𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +1) 𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2+1)

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 𝑥) + 𝐶 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) --- (b)

Putting, 𝑥 = −1 in (b), we get

1
1 = −2𝐵 𝐵 =−
2

Putting, 𝑥 = 0 in (b), we get

1=𝐴  𝐴=1

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides of (b), we get

0= 𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
1
0= 1−2+𝐶

1
0= +𝐶
2

1
 𝐶 = −2

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of (b), we get

 0= 𝐴+𝐶 +𝐷
1
0= 1−2+𝐷

1
0 = −2+ 𝐷

1
𝐷 = −2

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2+1)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 + (𝑥+1) + (𝑥 2+1)) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 1
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 −
2 2
𝐼=∫ − ∫ (𝑥+1) +∫ (𝑥 2 +1)
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1)

1 1 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = log 𝑥 − 2 log(𝑥 + 1) − 2 ∫ (𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ (𝑥 2+1)

1 1 2𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = log 𝑥 − 2 log(𝑥 + 1) − 4 ∫ (𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ (𝑥 2+1)

1 1 1
𝐼 = log 𝑥 − log(𝑥 + 1) − log(𝑥 2 + 1) − tan−1 𝑥
2 4 2

𝑑𝑥
26. ∫ 𝑥 4+𝑥 2+1

𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫
𝑥 4+𝑥 2+1

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥+1)

1 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
Let, (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥+1)
= (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) + (𝑥 2−𝑥+1) ----- (a)

1 (𝐴𝑥+𝐵)(𝑥 2−𝑥+1)+(𝐶𝑥+𝐷) (𝑥 2+𝑥+1)

(𝑥 2+𝑥+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥+1)
= (𝑥 2+𝑥+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥+1)

1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐵 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) ------- (b)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides of equation (b), we get

0= 𝐴+𝐶 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 ----- (i)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of equation (b), we get

0 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 ----- (ii)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 on both sides of equation (b), we get

0 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 -------- (iii)

Equating the constant terms on both sides of equation (b), we get

1 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 ------ (iv)

Adding (ii) and (iii), we get

0 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷

0 = 𝐴−𝐵+𝐶 +𝐷

------------------------------------------------

𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0 ----- (v)

Putting, 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 in (iii), we get

0= 𝐴−𝐵+𝐶 +𝐷

0 = −𝐵 + 𝐷

𝐷=𝐵

Putting 𝐷 = 𝐵 in (iv)

1 = 𝐵+𝐷

1 = 𝐵+𝐵

1 = 2𝐵
1
𝐵=2

1
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝐷 = 2

1
Putting, 𝐷 = 2 in (v)

𝐶 +𝐷 = 0
1
𝐶 +2 = 0

1
𝐶=−
2

1
Putting, 𝐵 = 2 in (iv)

1 = 𝐵+𝐷
 1
1 = +𝐷
2

1
𝐷=2

1
Putting, 𝐶 = − 2 in (i)

𝐴+𝐶 = 0
1
𝐴=2

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫
𝑥 4+𝑥 2+1

𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+𝑥+1) + (𝑥 2−𝑥+1)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

1 1 1 1
𝑥+ − 𝑥+
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 22+𝑥+1)
2
+ (𝑥 22−𝑥+1)
2
) 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1 1
𝑥+ − 𝑥+
2 2 2 2
𝐼=∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥+1 1 −𝑥+1
𝐼 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 2
∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥+1 1 𝑥−1
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
2 +𝑥+1) 2

1 2𝑥+2 1 2𝑥−2
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
4 +𝑥+1) 4

1 2𝑥+1+1 1 2𝑥−1−1
𝐼 = 4 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 − 4
∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑥+1 1 1 2𝑥−1 1
𝐼 = ∫ {(𝑥 2 + (𝑥 2 } 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ {(𝑥 2−𝑥+1) − (𝑥 2−𝑥+1)} 𝑑𝑥
4 +𝑥+1) +𝑥+1) 4

1 2𝑥+1 1 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥−1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 4 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 4
∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥+1) − 4
∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥+1)

1 2𝑥+1 1 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥−1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 − ∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 2
4 +𝑥+1) 4 1 2 √3 4 1 2 √3
(𝑥+ ) +( ) (𝑥− ) +( )
2 2 2 2

1 1
1 1 1 𝑥+ 1 1 1 𝑥−
𝐼 = 4 log (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 4  √3 tan−1 ( √3
2
) − 4 log(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 4  √3 tan−1 ( √3
2
)
2 2 2 2

1 1 2 2𝑥+1 1
𝐼 = 4 log (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 4  tan−1 ( ) − log( )(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) +
4
√3 √3
1 2 2𝑥−1
4
 tan−1 ( )
√3 √3

1 1 2𝑥+1 1 1 2𝑥−1
𝐼 = 4 log (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 2√3
tan−1 ( ) − log(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) +
4 2√3
tan−1 ( )
√3 √3
 1 1 1 2𝑥+1 1 2𝑥−1
𝐼 = 4 log (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) − 4 log(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 2√3
tan−1 ( ) +
2√3
tan−1 ( )
√3 √3

1 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 1 2𝑥+1 2𝑥−1

𝐼 = log + (tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( ))
4 𝑥 2−𝑥+1 2√3 √3 √3

2𝑥+1 2𝑥−1
1 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 1 +
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥 2−𝑥+1 + tan −1
( √3 √3
) 𝐴+𝐵
2√3 1−(
2𝑥+1 2𝑥−1
)( ) tan−1 𝐴 + tan−1 𝐵 = tan−1
√3 √3 1 − 𝐴𝐵
2𝑥+1+2𝑥−1
1 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 1 −1 ( √3
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥 2−𝑥+1 + tan 4𝑥2 −1
)
2√3 1−( )
3

4𝑥
1 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 1
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥 2−𝑥+1 + 2√3
tan−1 ( 3−4𝑥
√3
2 +1 )
3

4𝑥
1 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 1
𝐼 = log + tan−1 ( 4−4𝑥
√3
2)
4 𝑥 2−𝑥+1 2√3
3

1 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 1 4𝑥 3
𝐼 = log
4 𝑥 2−𝑥+1
+
2√3
tan−1 (  4−4𝑥 2)
√3

1 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 1 4√3 𝑥
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥 2−𝑥+1 + 2√3
tan−1 (4(1−𝑥 2))

1 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 1 √3 𝑥
𝐼 = 4 log 𝑥 2−𝑥+1 + 2√3
tan−1 ((1−𝑥 2))

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2+1
27. (i) ∫ 2 (ii) ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1

𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2+1

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2
+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)

1 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
Let, (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) = (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) + (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) ----- (a)

1 (𝐴𝑥+𝐵)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)+(𝐶𝑥+𝐷)(𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)

(𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)
= (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)

1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥√2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥√2 + 1)

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 √2 + 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 𝑥√2 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 √2 + 𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 𝑥√2 + 1) ----- (b)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides of (b), we get

𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 ------ (i)
Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of (b), we get
𝐵 + 𝐷 + √2 (– 𝐴 + 𝐶 ) = 0 ------- (ii)
 Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 on both sides of (b), we get
𝐵 − 𝐷 = 0 ---- (iii)
Equating the constant terms on both sides of (b), we get
𝐵 + 𝐷 = 1 ----- (iv)
Solving (iii) and (iv), we get
1
𝐵=2
1
Putting, 𝐵 = 2 in (iii)

𝐵−𝐷 =0
𝐷=𝐵
1
𝐷=2
Putting 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 1 in (ii)
𝐵 + 𝐷 + √2 (– 𝐴 + 𝐶 ) = 0
1 + √2 (– 𝐴 + 𝐶 ) = 0
1 + √2 (−𝐴 − 𝐴) = 0 Since 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 𝐶 = −𝐴
1 − 2√2 𝐴 = 0
1
𝐴 =
2√2
Again, from (i), we have

𝐴+𝐶 = 0
1
𝐶 + 2√2 = 0
1
𝐶=−
2√2
Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)

𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) + (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+𝑥√2+1) −𝑥√2+1)

1 1 1 1
𝑥+ − 𝑥+
2√2 2 2√2 2
𝐼=∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥+√2 1 𝑥−√2
𝐼 = 2√2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥 − 2√2
∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥+2√2 1 2𝑥−2√2
𝐼 = 4√2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥 − 4√2
∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑥+√2+√2 1 2𝑥−√2−√2
𝐼 = − 4√2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥 − 4√2
∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥+√2 1 √2 1 𝑥−√2 1 √2
𝐼 = − 4√2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 4√2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥 − 4√2
∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 4√2 ∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥+√2 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−√2 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = − 4√2 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) − 4√2
∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)
 1 1 𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 4√2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑥√2 + 1) + 4 ∫ 2 − log(𝑥 2 − 𝑥√2 + 1) + 4 ∫ 2
√2 1 2 4√2 √2 1 2
(𝑥+ ) +( ) (𝑥− ) +( )
2 √2 2 √2
√2 √2
1 1 1 𝑥+ 1 1 𝑥−
𝐼 = 4√2 {log(𝑥 2 + 𝑥√2 + 1) − log(𝑥 2 − 𝑥√2 + 1)} + 4  1 tan−1 ( 1
2
)+ 4
 1 tan−1 ( 1
2
)
√2 √2 √2 √2
1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 √2 2𝑥+√2 √2 2𝑥−√2
𝐼 = 4√2 log 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 + 4
tan−1 ( )+
4
tan−1 ( )
√2 √2

1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1 2𝑥+√2 1 2𝑥−√2

𝐼= log + tan−1 ( )+ tan−1 ( )
4√2 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 2√2 √2 2√2 √2

1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1 2𝑥+√2 2𝑥−√2

𝐼 = 4√2 log 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 + 2√2 (tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( ))
√2 √2
𝐴+𝐵
tan−1 𝐴 + tan−1 𝐵 = tan−1
1−𝐴𝐵
2𝑥+√2 2𝑥−√2
1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1 +
𝐼= log + (tan−1 ( √2 √2
))
4√2 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 2√2 1−(
2𝑥+√2 2𝑥−√2
)( )
√2 √2

2𝑥+√2 +2𝑥−√2
1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1
𝐼 = 4√2 log 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 + 2√2 (tan−1 ( √2
4𝑥2 −2
))
1−( )
2

2𝑥+√2 +2𝑥−√2
1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1
𝐼= log + (tan−1 ( √2
2−4𝑥2 +2
))
4√2 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 2√2
2

2𝑥 +2𝑥
1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1
𝐼 = 4√2 log 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 + 2√2 (tan−1 ( 4−4𝑥
√2
2 ))
2

1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1 4𝑥 2
𝐼 = 4√2 log 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 + 2√2 (tan−1 (  4−4𝑥 2
))
√2

1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1 4𝑥 2
𝐼 = 4√2 log 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 + 2√2 (tan−1 (  4(1−𝑥 2)
))
√2

1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1 √2 𝑥
𝐼 = 4√2 log 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 + 2√2 (tan−1 ( (1−𝑥 2)
))

1 𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1 1 √2 𝑥
𝐼 = 4√2 log 𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1 + 2√2 tan−1 ( 1−𝑥 2
)

𝑥 2+1
(ii) Solution: Let:, 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 4+1 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2+1
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+1 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
Let, (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) = (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) + (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) ----- (a)

𝑥 2+1 (𝐴𝑥+𝐵)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)+(𝐶𝑥+𝐷)(𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)

(𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)
= (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)
𝑥 2 + 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥√2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥√2 + 1)

𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 √2 + 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 𝑥√2 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 √2 + 𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 𝑥√2 + 1) ----(b)

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3 on both sides of (b), we get

𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 ------ (i)
Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of (b), we get
𝐵 + 𝐷 + √2 (– 𝐴 + 𝐶 ) = 1 ------- (ii)
Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 on both sides of (b), we get
𝐵 − 𝐷 = 0 ---- (iii)
Equating the constant terms on both sides of (b), we get
𝐵 + 𝐷 = 1 ----- (iv)
Solving (iii) and (iv), we get
1
𝐵=2
1
Putting, 𝐵 = 2 in (iii)

𝐵−𝐷 =0
𝐷=𝐵
1
𝐷=
2
Putting 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 1 in (ii)
𝐵 + 𝐷 + √2 (– 𝐴 + 𝐶 ) = 1
1 + √2 (– 𝐴 + 𝐶 ) = 1
1 + √2 (−𝐴 − 𝐴) = 1 Since 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 𝐶 = −𝐴
1 − 2√2 𝐴 = 1
𝐴 = 0
Again, from (i), we have

𝐴+𝐶 = 0
𝐶 +0 = 0
𝐶=0
Now,
𝑥 2+1
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1) 𝑑𝑥

𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) + (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)) 𝑑𝑥 Using (a)

𝐵 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ ((𝑥 2+𝑥√2+1) + (𝑥 2−𝑥√2+1)) 𝑑𝑥 Since, 𝐴 = 0, 𝐶 = 0

𝐵 𝐷
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+𝑥√2+1) −𝑥√2+1)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝐵∫ 2 + 𝐷∫ 2
√2 1 2 √2 1 2
(𝑥+ ) +( ) (𝑥− ) +( )
2 √2 2 √2
 √2 √2
1 𝑥+ 1 𝑥−
𝐼=𝐵 1 tan−1 ( 1
2
)+𝐷 1 tan−1 ( 1
2
)
√2 √2 √2 √2

1 2𝑥+√2 1 𝑥−√2
𝐼=𝐵 1 tan−1 ( )+𝐷 1 tan−1 (2 )
√2 √2
√2 √2
1 2𝑥+√2 1 2𝑥−√2
𝐼 = 2 √2 tan−1 ( ) + √2 tan−1 (
2
)
√2 √2

1 2𝑥+√2 1 2𝑥−√2
𝐼= tan−1 ( )+ tan−1 ( ) 𝐴+𝐵
tan−1 𝐴 + tan−1 𝐵 = tan−1 1−𝐴𝐵
√2 √2 √2 √2

2𝑥+√2 2𝑥−√2
1 +
−1 ( √2 √2
)
𝐼= tan 2𝑥+√2 2𝑥−√2
√2 1−( )( )
√2 √2

4𝑥
1 −1 ( √2
𝐼= tan 4𝑥2 −2
)
√2 1−( )
2

4𝑥
1
𝐼= tan−1 ( 2−4𝑥
√2
2 +2 )
√2
2
4𝑥
1
𝐼= tan−1 ( √2
4−4𝑥2
)
√2
2

4𝑥
1 −1 √2
𝐼= tan ( 4(1−𝑥2 )
)
√2
2
1 4𝑥 2
𝐼= tan−1 (  4(1−𝑥 2))
√2 √2

1 √2 𝑥
𝐼= tan−1 (1−𝑥 2)
√2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
28. (i) ∫ cos 𝑥 (5+3 cos 𝑥) (ii) ∫ sin 2𝑥−sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫ cos 𝑥 (5+3 cos 𝑥)

1 𝐴 𝐵
Let, cos 𝑥 (5+3 cos 𝑥)
= cos 𝑥 + 5+3 cos 𝑥

1 𝐴 (5+3 cos 𝑥)+ 𝐵 cos 𝑥

cos 𝑥 (5+3 cos 𝑥)
= cos 𝑥 (5+3 cos 𝑥)

1 = 𝐴 (5 + 3 cos 𝑥) + 𝐵 cos 𝑥

1 = 5𝐴 + 3 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑥 ------- (b)

Equating the coefficients of cos 𝑥 on both sides of equation (b), we get

0 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵

 𝐵 = −3𝐴 ------ (i)

Equating the constant terms on both sides of equation (b), w e get

1 = 5𝐴
1
𝐴 = 5 ------ (ii)

1
Putting 𝐴 = 5 in equation (i), we get

𝐵 = −3𝐴
3
𝐵 = −5

Now,
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ cos 𝑥 (5+3 cos 𝑥)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 5+3 cos 𝑥

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5+3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 ∫ 5+3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋 𝑥 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5+3(cos2 −sin2 )
2 2

𝜋 𝑥 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5(sin2 +cos2 )+3 cos2 − 3 sin2
2 2 2 2

𝜋 𝑥 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 sin2 + 5cos2 +3 cos2 − 3 sin2
2 2 2 2

𝜋 𝑥 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 sin2 + 8cos2
2 2

𝜋 𝑥 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 sin 2
2 cos2 ( + 4)
2 cos2 𝑥
2

𝜋 𝑥 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 cos2 (tan2 + 4)
2 2

𝑥
𝜋 𝑥 𝐵 sec2
2
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( + )| + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2 2 tan2 + 4
2

𝑥 𝑥
Take,tan 2 = 𝑢  sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢
 𝜋 𝑥 𝐵 2 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 2
∫ 𝑢2 + 4

𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑢2 + 22

𝜋 𝑥 1 𝑢
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 2 tan−1 2

𝜋 𝑥 1 𝑢
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 2 tan−1 2

𝜋 𝑥 1 1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| + 𝐵 2 tan−1 (2 𝑢)

1 𝜋 𝑥 3 1 1 𝑥
𝐼 = log |tan ( + )| −
5 4 2 5
 2 tan−1 (2 tan 2)

1 𝜋 𝑥 3 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 5 log |tan ( 4 + 2)| − 10 tan−1 (2 tan 2)

𝑑𝑥
(ii) Solution : Let, 𝐼 = ∫
sin 2𝑥−sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥

Multiplying both denominator and numerator by sin 𝑥, we get

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫
2 sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥− sin2 𝑥

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ sin2 𝑥(2 cos 𝑥−1)

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ − sin2 𝑥(1−2 cos 𝑥)

− sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ (1−cos2 𝑥)(1−2 cos 𝑥)

Take, 𝑢 = cos 𝑥  − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫ (1− 𝑢2 )(1−2𝑢)

𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑢) (1− 𝑢)(1−2𝑢)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, (1+𝑢) (1− 𝑢)(1−2𝑢)
= (1+𝑢) + (1− 𝑢)
+ (1−2𝑢) ---- (a)

1 𝐴 (1− 𝑢)(1−2𝑢)+ B (1+𝑢) (1−2𝑢)+ 𝐶(1+𝑢) (1− 𝑢)

(1+𝑢) (1− 𝑢)(1−2𝑢)
= (1+𝑢) (1− 𝑢)(1−2𝑢)

1 = 𝐴 (1 − 𝑢)(1 − 2𝑢) + B (1 + 𝑢) (1 − 2𝑢) + 𝐶 (1 + 𝑢) (1 − 𝑢) ---------- (b)

Putting, 𝑢 = 1 in (b), we get

1 = −2𝐵
 1
 𝐵 = −2

Putting, 𝑢 = −1 in (b), we get

1 = 6𝐴
1
𝐴=6

1
Putting, 𝑢 = 2 in (b), we get

3
1 = 4𝐶

4
𝐶=3

Now,
𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑢) (1− 𝑢)(1−2𝑢)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ ((1+𝑢) + (1− 𝑢)
+ (1−2𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢 Using (a)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (1− 𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (1−2𝑢)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (1− 𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (1−2𝑢)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (1+𝑢) + 𝐵 ∫ (1− 𝑢)
+ 𝐶 ∫ (1−2𝑢)

𝐶
𝐼 = 𝐴 log(1 + 𝑢) − 𝐵 log(1 − 𝑢) − 2 log(1 − 2𝑢)

4
1 1
𝐼 = 6 log(1 + cos 𝑥 ) + 2 log (1 − cos 𝑥 ) − 23 log(1 − 2cos 𝑥)

1 1 4
𝐼 = log(1 + cos 𝑥 ) + log (1 − cos 𝑥 ) − log(1 − 2cos 𝑥 )
6 2 6

1 1 2
𝐼 = 6 log(1 + cos 𝑥 ) + 2 log (1 − cos 𝑥 ) − 3 log(1 − 2 cos 𝑥 )

1 1 2
𝐼 = 6 log(1 + cos 𝑥 ) + 2 log (1 − cos 𝑥 ) − 3 log(1 − 2 cos 𝑥 )

1 1 2
𝐼 = 6 log(1 + cos 𝑥 ) + 2 log (1 − cos 𝑥 ) − 3 log(1 − 2 cos 𝑥 ) + 𝐶

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
29. (i) ∫ 1+3𝑒 𝑥 +2𝑒 2𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 −3𝑒 −𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥
(i) Solution: Let , 𝐼 = ∫
1+3𝑒 𝑥 +2𝑒 2𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1+3𝑒 𝑥 +2𝑒 2𝑥)
 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +3𝑒 2𝑥 +2𝑒 3𝑥

Take, 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢  𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑢+3𝑢2 +2𝑢3

𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫
𝑢(1+3𝑢+2𝑢2 )

𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫
𝑢 (1+𝑢)(1+2𝑢)

𝑑𝑢 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, 𝑢 (1+𝑢)(1+2𝑢)
=𝑢 + (1+𝑢)
+ (1+2𝑢) ------ (a)

𝑑𝑢 𝐴 (1+𝑢)(1+2𝑢)+𝐵 𝑢 (1+2𝑢)+ 𝐶𝑢(1+𝑢)

=
𝑢 (1+𝑢)(1+2𝑢) 𝑢 (1+𝑢)(1+2𝑢)

1 = 𝐴 (1 + 𝑢)(1 + 2𝑢) + 𝐵 𝑢 (1 + 2𝑢) + 𝐶 𝑢(1 + 𝑢) ------ (b)

Putting 𝑢 = 0 in (b), we get

𝐴 = 1 ----- (i)

Putting 𝑢 = −1 in (b), we get

𝐵=1 ----- (ii)

1
Putting 𝑢 = − 2 in (b), we get

𝐶 = −4

Now,
𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑢 (1+𝑢)(1+2𝑢)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫( + (1+𝑢)
+ (1+2𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (1+𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (1+2𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ 𝑢
+ 𝐵∫ (1+𝑢)
+ 𝐶 ∫ (1+2𝑢)

1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log 𝑢 + 𝐵 log(1 + 𝑢) + 2
𝐶 log(1 + 2𝑢)

−4
𝐼 = log 𝑒 𝑥 + log(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + log(1 + 2𝑒 𝑥 )
2

𝐼 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 + log (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 2 log(1 + 2𝑒 𝑥 )

𝐼 = 𝑥 + log(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 2 log (1 + 2𝑒 𝑥 )
 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Let, 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 −3𝑒 −𝑥 +2

𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥−3𝑒 −𝑥 +2)

𝑒 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫
𝑒 2𝑥 +2𝑒 𝑥 −3

Take, 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢  𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫
𝑢2 +2𝑢 −3

𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫ 𝑢2 +3𝑢−𝑢 −3

𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫ 𝑢(𝑢+3)−1(𝑢+3)

𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫ (𝑢−1)(𝑢+3)

𝑢 𝐴 𝐵
Let, (𝑢−1)(𝑢+3)
= (𝑢−1)
+ (𝑢+3)
----- (a)

𝑢 𝐴(𝑢+3)+ 𝐵 (𝑢−1)
(𝑢−1)(𝑢+3)
= (𝑢−1)(𝑢+3)

𝑢 = 𝐴(𝑢 + 3) + 𝐵 (𝑢 − 1) ----- (b)

Putting, 𝑢 = −3 in (b), we get

3
𝐵=4

Putting, 𝑢 = 1 in (b), we get

1
𝐴=
4

Now,
𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫ (𝑢−1)(𝑢+3)

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼 = ∫ ( (𝑢−1) + (𝑢+3)
) 𝑑𝑢

𝐴 𝐵
𝐼=∫ (𝑢−1)
𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (𝑢+3)
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 𝐴∫ (𝑢−1)
+ 𝐵∫ (𝑢+3)

𝐼 = 𝐴 log(𝑢 − 1) + 𝐵 log(𝑢 + 3)
1 3
𝐼 = log(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) + log(𝑒 𝑥 + 3)
4 4

1 1
𝐼 = 4 log(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) + 4 log(𝑒 𝑥 + 3)3
 1
𝐼 = (log(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) + log(𝑒 𝑥 + 3)3 )
4

1
𝐼 = 4 log{(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 𝑥 + 3)3 }

𝑑𝑥
30. ∫ sin 𝑥 (3+2 cos 𝑥)

𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let, 𝐼 = ∫
sin 𝑥 (3+2 cos 𝑥)

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 2 (3+2 On multiplying both numerator and denominator by sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥)

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ (1−cos2
𝑥) (3+2 cos 𝑥)

Taking cos 𝑥 = 𝑢  sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢

−𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (1−u2 ) (3+2𝑢)

−𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ −(u2−1) (3+2𝑢)

−𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (u2
−1) (3+2𝑢)

𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑢)(1−u) (3+2𝑢)

−1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let, (𝑢+1)(u−1) (3+2𝑢)
= (1+𝑢) + (1−𝑢) + (3+2𝑢) ------- (a)

1 𝐴(3+2𝑢)(1−𝑢)+ 𝐵(1+𝑢)(3+2𝑢)+ 𝐶 (1+𝑢)(1−𝑢)

(1+𝑢)(1−u) (3+2𝑢)
= (1−𝑢)(1+𝑢)(3+2𝑢)

−1 = 𝐴(3 + 2𝑢)(1 − 𝑢) + 𝐵(1 + 𝑢)(3 + 2𝑢) + 𝐶 (1 + 𝑢)(1 − 𝑢) -------- (b)

Putting, 𝑢 = 1 in (b), we get

1 = 10𝐵
1
𝐵=−
10

Putting, 𝑢 = −1 in (b), we get

1
𝐴 = −2

3
Putting, 𝑢 = − 2 in (b), we get

4
𝐶=
5

Now,
 −𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑢)(1−u) (3+2𝑢)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ ((1+𝑢) + (1−𝑢) + (3+2𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐼 = ∫ (1+𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (1−𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ (3+2𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = 𝐴 ∫ (1+𝑢) + 𝐵 ∫ (1−𝑢) + 𝐶 ∫ (3+2𝑢)

1
𝐼 = 𝐴 log(1 + 𝑢) − 𝐵 log(1 − 𝑢) + 𝐶 log(3 + 2𝑢)
2

1 1 1 4
𝐼 = − 2 log(cos 𝑥 + 1) + 10 log(1 − cos 𝑥) + 2  5 log(3 + 2 cos 𝑥 )

1 1 2
𝐼 = − 2 log(1 + cos 𝑥) + 10 log(1 − cos 𝑥) + 5
log(3 + 2 cos 𝑥 )