Mechanics of Materials I:

Fundamentals of Stress & Strain and Axial Loading

Dr. Wayne Whiteman
Senior Academic Professional and Director of the Office of Student Services
Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
 Mechanics of Materials I:
Fundamentals of Stress & Strain and Axial Loading
 Internal Forces due to External Loads
 Axial Centric Loads
 Normal Stress and Shear Stress
 General State of Stress at a Point (3D)
 Plane Stress (2D)
 Normal Strain and Shear Strain
 Stress-Strain Diagrams
 Mechanical Properties of Materials
 Linear Elastic Behavior, Hooke’s Law, and Poisson’s Ratio
 Stresses on Inclined Planes
 Principal Stresses and Max Shear Stress
 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
 Stress Concentrations
 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain
 Strain Transformation and Measuring Strains
 Factor of Safety and Allowable Stresses/Loads
 Nonlinear Behavior and Plasticity
 Statically Indeterminate Structures
 Thermal and Pre-strain Effects
Module 43 Learning Outcomes
• Solve a statically indeterminate structure
problem for axial loading
 Example:
Bar DE is aluminum and has a cross sectional area of 5000 mm2 and
a modulus of elasticity of 70 GPa. σalum yield = 280 MPa = 0.28 GPa
Bar BC is steel and has a cross sectional area of 1300 mm2 and a
modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa. σsteel yield = 250 MPa = 0.25 GPa
Bar ABDF can be considered rigid. Both the aluminum and steel
bars are deformable. The weight of the bars can be assumed
negligible in comparison to the forces they are supporting. Find:
a) The axial stress in the aluminum and steel bars
b) The deflection at point A

.F
300 mm
250mm
.D .
E
300 mm
We will work in:

. 250mm
.B kN/mm2 and GPa
where
C 150 mm 1 kN/mm2 = 1 GPa

.A 530 kN
 Static Equilibrium Equations Fy
Draw the FBD

.F .F Fx
300 mm 300 mm
250mm
.D . D
.D
E
300 mm 300 mm

. 250mm
.B B
.B
C 150 mm
. 530 kN 150 mm

A
.
A 530 kN
 Static Equilibrium Equations
3 Independent Equilibrium Equations:
Fy 4 Unknowns: Fx, Fy, B, D
.F Fx
...
300 mm

D
.D Write the best equilibrium equation
to start to solve the problem

300 mm + M D 0
B
.B 530750  D300  B600  0
150 mm

A
. D  2 B  1325 EQN [1]
530 kN
1 Equation, 2 Unknowns: B, D
 We need an additional equation
D  2B  1325 EQN [1] Deformation Equation
(geometry of the deformation
1 Equation, 2 Unknowns: B, D of the members in the structure)
or Compatibility Equation
(compatibility between equilibrium and
the deformation the structure undergoes)
assume small deformations

.F and therefore small angles

300 mm 300 mm

.
250mm
.D .
E D
300 mm 300 mm

. 250mm
.B .
C 150 mm B

.A 530 kN 150 mm
.
 Example: Normal Stress-Strain Diagram
Bar DE is aluminum and has a cross sectional area of 5000 mm 2 and
a modulus of elasticity of 70 GPa. σalum yield = 280 MPa = 0.28 GPa
Bar BC is steel and has a cross sectional area of 1300 mm2 and a
modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa. σsteel yield = 250 MPa = 0.25 GPa
Bar ABDF can be considered rigid. Both the aluminum and steel bars
are deformable. The weight of the bars can be assumed negligible in
comparison to the forces they are supporting. Find:
a) The axial stress in the aluminum and steel bars
b) The deflection at point A
Equilibrium Equation Deformation Equation
D  2 B  1325 2 D   B
.F Where are we on
Stress-Strain diagram?
300 mm
250mm Idealized Elastoplastic Material
.D .
E Yield Stress
300 mm
and
. 250mm
.B Proportional Limit
are assumed to be
C 150 mm
.A 530 kN the same
Let’s use the elastoplastic assumption and assume the steel
and aluminum bars are on the linear elastic region
.F Equilibrium Equation
Idealized Elastoplastic Material
D  2 B  1325
300 mm Deformation Equation
250mm
.D . 2 D   B
E Bar DE is aluminum and has a cross sectional
300 mm area of 5000 mm2 and a modulus of elasticity
of 70 GPa.

. 250mm
.B Bar BC is steel and has a cross sectional area
of 1300 mm2 and a modulus of elasticity of
C 150 mm 200 GPa.
Axial Centric Loading
.A 530 kN
L P

Normal Stress Normal Strain
N  
PL
  AE
A L
Let’s use the elastoplastic assumption and assume the steel
and aluminum bars are on the linear elastic region
.F Equilibrium Equation
Idealized Elastoplastic Material
D  2 B  1325 EQN [1]
300 mm Assuming linear elastic region
250mm
.D . B  1.49 D EQN [2]
E Solving simultaneously
300 mm
D  446 kN
. 250mm
.B B  664 kN
Check Stresses for linearly elastic assumption
C 150 mm
.A 530 kN σalum yield = 280 MPa = 0.28 GPa
σsteel yield = 250 MPa = 0.25 GPa
664 kN
 BC   0.511 GPa
1300 mm 2
0.511 GPa  0.25 GPA
Not ok ...
steel bar has yielded
 Example:
Bar DE is aluminum and has a cross sectional area of 5000 mm 2 and
a modulus of elasticity of 70 GPa. σalum yield = 280 MPa = 0.28 GPa Idealized Elastoplastic Material
Bar BC is steel and has a cross sectional area of 1300 mm2 and a
modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa. σsteel yield = 250 MPa = 0.25 GPa
Bar ABDF can be considered rigid. Both the aluminum and steel bars
are deformable. The weight of the bars can be assumed negligible in
comparison to the forces they are supporting. Find:
a) The axial stress in the aluminum and steel bars
b) The deflection at point A

Equilibrium Equation
F
300 mm . D  2 B  1325 EQN [1]
Aluminum is in linear elastic region
250mm
.D . Steel has yielded and is in perfectly
plastic region for elastoplastic assumption σalum yield = 280 MPa = 0.28 GPa
E σsteel yield = 250 MPa = 0.25 GPa
300 mm

. 250mm
.B a) The axial stress in the steel bar

C 150 mm σBC = σsteel yield = 250 Mpa (T) = 0.25 Gpa (T)
.A 530 kN ANS
 Example:
Bar DE is aluminum and has a cross sectional area of 5000 mm 2 and
a modulus of elasticity of 70 GPa. σalum yield = 280 MPa = 0.28 GPa Idealized Elastoplastic Material
Bar BC is steel and has a cross sectional area of 1300 mm2 and a
modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa. σsteel yield = 250 MPa = 0.25 GPa
Bar ABDF can be considered rigid. Both the aluminum and steel bars
are deformable. The weight of the bars can be assumed negligible in
comparison to the forces they are supporting. Find:
a) The axial stress in the aluminum and steel bars Equilibrium Equation
b) The deflection at point A
325
F D  2 B  1325 EQN [1]

300 mm . D  675 kN
250mm
.D . σBC = σsteel yield = 250 Mpa (T) = 0.25 Gpa (T)
ANS
E
300 mm 
B   BC ABC   0.25
kN 
2 
 
1300 mm2  325 kN
N  mm 
. 250mm
.B 
A  DE 
D

675 kN
 0.135 GPa (C )  135 MPa (C )
C 150 mm ADE 5000 mm2
.A 530 kN ANS
 Example:
Bar DE is aluminum and has a cross sectional area of 5000 mm 2 and
a modulus of elasticity of 70 GPa. σalum yield = 280 MPa = 0.28 GPa Idealized Elastoplastic Material
Bar BC is steel and has a cross sectional area of 1300 mm2 and a
modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa. σsteel yield = 250 MPa = 0.25 GPa
Bar ABDF can be considered rigid. Both the aluminum and steel bars
are deformable. The weight of the bars can be assumed negligible in
comparison to the forces they are supporting. Find:
a) The axial stress in the aluminum and steel bars Equilibrium Equation
b) The deflection at point A
325
F D  2 B  1325 EQN [1]

300 mm . D  675 kN
250mm
.D . Aluminum is in linear elastic region
Therefore, for deflection calculation, we must use the
E aluminum bar where the following relationship holds: PL
300 mm 
AE
. 250mm
.B
C 150 mm
.A 530 kN
 Example:
Bar DE is aluminum and has a cross sectional area of 5000 mm 2 and
a modulus of elasticity of 70 GPa. σalum yield = 280 MPa = 0.28 GPa Idealized Elastoplastic Material
Bar BC is steel and has a cross sectional area of 1300 mm2 and a
modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa. σsteel yield = 250 MPa = 0.25 GPa
Bar ABDF can be considered rigid. Both the aluminum and steel bars
are deformable. The weight of the bars can be assumed negligible in
comparison to the forces they are supporting. Find:
a) The axial stress in the aluminum and steel bars D 
   0.482 mm
675 250
b) The deflection at point A  
5000 70
F
300 mm . 300 mm Do similar triangles by hand

.D
250mm
. . b) The deflection at point A
D
E 300 mm
300 mm

. 250mm
.B
250mm
.
B
C 150 mm
.A 530 kN
150 mm
.
A