Problem 1

The output of LTI System can be regarded as convolution sum(or integral)

of input and unit impulse response for that system, denoted:

y[n] = x[n] ∗ h[n]

One of the fundamental properties of convolution sum is that it is commu-

tative:

h1 [n] ∗ h2 [n] = h2 [n] ∗ h1 [n]

Another property that it is associative:

(x[n] ∗ h1 [n]) ∗ h2 [n] = x[n] ∗ (h1 [n]) ∗ h2 [n])

Combining these two properties yields the following relation:

(x[n] ∗ h1 [n]) ∗ h2 [n] = x[n] ∗ (h1 [n]) ∗ h2 [n])

= x[n] ∗ (h2 [n] ∗ h1 [n]) = (x[n] ∗ h2 [n]) ∗ h1 [n]

Suppose two systems, (1)having y[n] = x[n] ∗ h1 [n] as input/output relation,

and (2) y[n] = x[n] ∗ h2 [n] as input/output relation, are cascaded (output
of system 1 as input of system 2) Then the total result is identical to the
following:

y[n] = y1 [n] ∗ h2 [n] = (x[n] ∗ h1 [n]) ∗ h2 [n]

By the commutative and associative property of convolution sum stated

above,

y[n] = (x[n] ∗ h1 [n]) ∗ h2 [n] = (x[n] ∗ h2 [n]) ∗ h1 [n]

The latter RHS term represents cascading of system(1) and (2), with their
order reversed(output of system 2 as input of system 1).
Without loss of generality, cascading n LTI systems will yield the same
output with their orders reversed.
This implies that overall system response of cascaded LTI system is
invariant under changing order of each subsystems.

1
Problem 3

(a) h[n] = 0
X∞
(b) x[k]h[n − k]
k=−∞
Xn
(c) x[k]h[n − k]
k=−∞
X∞
(d) h[k]x[n − k]
k=0

1
 Problem 4

By the associative property of convolution sum, the overall impulse response

ho [n] is given as

ho [n] = h1 [n] ∗ h2 [n] ∗ h2 [n]

Since the defintion of unit impulse and step sequence is given as

( (
1, n = 0 1, n ≥ 0
δ[n] = , u[n] = ,
0, n ̸= 0 0, n < 0
u[n] − u[n − 1] = δ[n],

The convolution sum h2 [n] ∗ h2 [n] can be derived by the following:

h2 [n] = u[n] − u[n − 2] = δ[n] + δ[n − 1]

X∞
h2 [n] ∗ h2 [n] = (δ[k] + δ[k − 1])(δ[n − k] + δ[n − k − 1])
k=−∞
1
X
= (δ[n − k] + δ[n − k − 1])
k=0
= δ[n] + 2δ[n − 1] + δ[n − 2]

Thus the relation of h1 [n], ho [n] can be obtained by the following:

ho [n] = h1 [n] ∗ h2 [n] ∗ h2 [n] = h1 [n] ∗ (h2 [n] ∗ h2 [n])

= h1 [n] ∗ (δ[n] + 2δ[n − 1] + δ[n − 2])
= h1 [n] + 2h1 [n − 1] + h1 [n − 2]

Note that the system is causal LTI, which is equivalent with the propo-
sition that this LTI system satisfies initial rest condition, thus

δ[n] = 0, ∀n < 0 −→ h1 [n] = 0, ∀n < 0

Now find h1 [n] from h0 [n], by solving simultaneous equations with values
of h0 [n] given by the graph.

1
 ho [0] = h1 [0] = 1
ho [1] = h1 [1] + 2h1 [0] = 5
ho [2] = h1 [2] + 2h1 [1] + h2 [0] = 10
ho [3] = h1 [3] + 2h1 [2] + h2 [1] = 11
ho [4] = h1 [4] + 2h1 [3] + h2 [2] = 8
ho [5] = h1 [5] + 2h1 [4] + h2 [3] = 4
ho [6] = h1 [6] + 2h1 [5] + h2 [4] = 1
ho [7] = h1 [7] + 2h1 [6] + h2 [5] = 0

−→ h1 [0] = 1, h1 [1] = 3, h1 [2] = 3, h1 [3] = 2, h1 [4] = 1, h1 [n] = 0, n ≥ 5

h1 [n] = h1 [n] ∗ δ[n] = δ[n] + 3δ[n − 1] + 3δ[n − 2] + 2δ[n − 3] + δ[n − 4]

(b)

ho [n] = ho [n] ∗ δ[n]

= δ[n] + 5δ[n − 1] + 10δ[n − 2] + 11δ[n − 3]
+ 8δ[n − 4] + 4δ[n − 5] + δ[n − 6]

x[n] ∗ ho [n] = (δ[n] − δ[n − 1]) ∗ ho [n]

= δ[n] ∗ ho [n] − δ[n − 1]
= ho [n] − ho [n − 1]
= δ[n] + 5δ[n − 1] + 10δ[n − 2] + 11δ[n − 3]
+ 8δ[n − 4] + 4δ[n − 5] + δ[n − 6]
− δ[n − 1] − 5δ[n − 2] − 10δ[n − 3] − 11δ[n − 4]
− 8δ[n − 5] − 4δ[n − 6] − δ[n − 7]
= δ[n] + 4δ[n − 1] + 5δ[n − 2] + δ[n − 3]
− 3δ[n − 4] − 4δ[n − 5] − 3δ[n − 6] − δ[n − 7]

∴ y[n] = δ[n]+4δ[n − 1] + 5δ[n − 2] + δ[n − 3] − 3δ[n − 4] − 4δ[n − 5] − 3δ[n − 6] − δ[n − 7]

2
 Problem 7

Two functions defined about given complex valued signal X : R −→ C as the

following below:

X(f ) + X ∗ (−f ) X(f ) − X ∗ (−f )

Xc (f ) = , Xs (f ) =
2 2j

(a)
" #∗
X(−f ) + X ∗ (−(−f ))
Xc∗ (−f ) = [Xc (−f )] ∗
= ]
2
[X(−f )]∗ + [X ∗ (f )]∗
=
2
∗
X (−f ) + X(f )
=
2
= Xc (f )

(b)
" #∗
X(−f ) − X ∗ (−(−f ))
Xs∗ (−f ) = [Xs (−f )]∗ = ]
2j
[X(−f )]∗ − [X ∗ (f )]∗
=
2j ∗
∗
X (−f ) − X(f )
=
−2j
X(f ) − X ∗ (−f )
=
2j
= Xs (f )

(c)

[jXs (−f )]∗ = j ∗ Xs∗ (−f )

= (−j)Xs (f )
= −jXs (f )

(d)
" # " #
X(f ) X(f ) X ∗ (−f ) X ∗ (−f )
X(f ) = +j + −j
2 2j 2 2j
X(f ) + X ∗ (−f ) X(f ) − X ∗ (−f )
= + j
2 2j
= Xc (f ) + jXs (f )

1
 Problem 8

K
X 2π
x(t) = ej T kt
, T > 0, K ∈ N
k=−K

(a)

Fundamental period τ0 = min{τ : x(t) = x(t + τ ), ∀t ∈ R}

K K
X 2π X 2π
x(t + τ ) − x(t) = ej T k(t+τ )
− ej T kt

k=−K k=−K
K  
X 2π 2π
= ej T kt
ej T kτ
− 1 = 0, ∀t ∈ R
k=−K

By Euler’s Identity,
2π 2π 2π
ej T kt
= cos kt + j sin kt,
T T
and each terms for different k are mutually linear independent.
Thus for the sum to be zero for all t, the following must be satisfied:
2π
ej T kτ
− 1 = 0, ∀t ∈ R, ∀k ∈ {−K, −K + 1, · · · , K}
2π
kτ = 2πn
T
kτ
= n for some n ∈ Z∗
T
Note that this relation must hold for all k ∈ {−K, −K + 1, · · · , K}

Therefore, the minimum period to satisty the relation is

τ0 = min τ = T

(b - 1)

x(t) is real ←→ x∗ (t) = x(t)

K  ∗
X 2π
∗
x (t) = ej T kt
k=−K
K
X 2π
= e−j T kt

k=−K
K
X 2π
= ej T lt
(l := −k)
l=−K
= x(t)

1
(b - 2)

x(t) is even ←→ x(−t) = x(t)

K
X 2π
x(−t) = ej T k(−t)

k=−K
K
X 2π
= e−j T kt

k=−K
K
X 2π
= ej T lt
(l := −k)
l=−K
= x(t)

(c)
Case 1: t = 0
K
X K
X
x(0) = e0 = 1
k=−K k=−K
= 2K + 1

Case 2: t ̸= 0
K
" 2π #
X
j 2π kt −j 2π Kt 1 − ej T (2K+1)t
x(t) = e T = e T
2π
k=−K 1 − ej T t

2π
(K+ 12 )t 2π
(K+ 12 )t 2π
(K+ 12 )t
" #
−j 2π Kt ej T (e−j T − ej T )
= e T
2π 2π 2π
ej 2T t (e−j 2T t − ej 2T t )
2π
(K+ 12 )t 2π
(K+ 21 )t
e−j T − ej T
= 2π 2π
e−j 2T t − ej 2T t
sin T (K + 12 )t
2π
= 2π
sin 2T t
sin (2K+1)π
T t πt
T
= π (2K+1)πt
(2K + 1)
sin T t
T
(2K+1)π
sinc T t
= (2K + 1) π , t ̸= 0,
sinc T t

using the relation of sine function and exponential from Euler’s Identity:

ejωt − e−jωt
sin(ωt) =
2j
Thus,

sinc (2K+1)π
T t
x(t) = (2K + 1) π
sinc T t