BS EN 197-1:2011

Cement. Composition, specifications and

conformity criteria for common cements
MM9819 (CIVE5026M/5926M) Notation Name
CEM I Portland cement

Hydration of cements with CEM II

Portland-composite
cement
CRMs CEM III Blast furnace cement
CEM IV Pozzolanic cement
CEM V Composite cement
Prof. I.G. Richardson
I In
shall tell youthe
addition, some things about
standard coversthe nature
seven of the materials
products in the that
are usedofinthe
family these common
sulfate cements.
resisting common cements, which
I involve
shall tellCEM
you about
I, CEMhowIII the reactions
or CEM IV. and products are affected
by the partial replacement of Portland cement.

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BS EN
Cement Replacement Materials (CRM)
197-1:2011 • The most important CRMs are silica fume (sf), pulverized fuel ash
(pfa), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (ggbs), and metakaolin
(mk).
CEM I
Portland cement • The approximate compositional ranges for these materials are shown
on the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary diagram below right.

CEM II SF
Blast-furnace
slag (ggbs)
Silica fume (sf) GGBS PFA
Natural
pozzolana MK
Pulverized fuel
ash (pfa; fly ash) C2S
CAC
Burnt shale C3S
Limestone PC
CEM III
More ggbs
C3A

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 Cement Replacement Materials (CRM) Cement Replacement Materials (CRM)
• The most important CRMs are silica fume (sf), pulverized fuel ash • The most important CRMs are silica fume (sf), pulverized fuel ash
(pfa), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (ggbs), and metakaolin (pfa), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (ggbs), and metakaolin
(mk). (mk).
• Portland cement and calcium aluminate cement (CAC) are also shown • In an earlier lecture you were given some information about the typical
for comparison, together with some pure cement-related phases. characteristics of these materials. Density and specific surface area
data are shown below left.
SF SF
Density SSA
kg m-3 m2 kg-1
GGBS PFA GGBS PFA
OPC 3200 360
MK MK
GGBS 2900 420
C2S C2S
CAC CAC
C3S PFA 2240 380 C3S
PC PC
MK 2600 15000

SF 2160 20000
C3A C3A

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CEM II to V: cements with CRMs CEM II to V: cements with CRMs

• BS EN 197-1:2011 includes a number of CRMs. How are the hydration reactions
• These materials are used for performance-related benefits affected by the use of CRMs?
as well as for their role as cheap cement-extenders and in The rate of heat evolution is
reducing the CO2 emissions of the cement industry. reduced.
This example is for a CEM II
APPROX. TIME
SCALE OF CHARACTERISTIC cement with 30% pfa.
INTEREST
It is also reduced with other
0→1 Hours Rheology
CRMs, such as ggbs.
0→10 Hours
Some properties of cementitious systems
Initial set time
affected by the presence of blending agents
0→10 Days Heat
areevolution;
given ininitial strength gain
this table: Heat evolution

0→180 Days Strength gain; shrinkage; evolution of microstructure and

relationship with porosity and permeability

>1 Year As above, plus enhanced durability; resistance to adverse

environmental factors (carbonation, sulfate and chloride
attack, freeze-thaw, etc.)
So do CRMs simply dilute the cement?
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 CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
The full black line on this figure
shows the cumulative heat
evolution over the first 20 hours
for a CEM I hydrated at 20 °C
with w/c = 0.4.
The red line is for a CEM III that
has 50% ggbs.
For comparison, the dashed
black line is the CEM I multiplied
by 0.5.
Clearly, more heat had been
evolved than would be expected
upon simple dilution!
So do CRMs simply dilute the cement?
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CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
The data in blue (referred to as
CHactual/CHexpected) shows the
result of dividing the values of %
CH measured for the blend by
those for the neat cement
multiplied by the fraction of
cement in the blend.
A value less than 1 means that
there was less CH than expected
on the basis of simple dilution
and a value greater than 1
means that there was more CH
than expected.
The same happens with 75% slag
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CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
The data in blue (referred to as
CHactual/CHexpected) shows the
result of dividing the values of %
CH measured for the blend by
those for the neat cement
multiplied by the fraction of
cement in the blend.
A value less than 1 means that
there was less CH than expected
on the basis of simple dilution
and a value greater than 1
means that there was more CH
than expected.
So what’s going on?
CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
The data in blue (referred to as
CHactual/CHexpected) shows the
result of dividing the values of %
CH measured for the blend by
those for the neat cement
multiplied by the fraction of
cement in the blend.
A value less than 1 means that
there was less CH than expected
on the basis of simple dilution
and a value greater than 1
means that there was more CH
than expected.
… and with 90% slag
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 CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
The data in blue (referred to as
CHactual/CHexpected) shows the
result of dividing the values of %
CH measured for the blend by
those for the neat cement
multiplied by the fraction of
cement in the blend.
A value less than 1 means that
there was less CH than expected
on the basis of simple dilution
and a value greater than 1
means that there was more CH
than expected.
BUT, the situation is very different
with 30% pfa!
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CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
With ggbs, CHactual/CHexpected is
initially greater than 1, which
means that there was more CH
than expected and so the
hydration of the Portland cement
was initially accelerated.
The CH was later consumed by
the reaction of the slag i.e. when
CHactual/CHexpected dropped below
1.
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CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
The data in blue (referred to as
CHactual/CHexpected) shows the
result of dividing the values of %
CH measured for the blend by
those for the neat cement
multiplied by the fraction of
cement in the blend.
A value less than 1 means that
there was less CH than expected
on the basis of simple dilution
and a value greater than 1
means that there was more CH
than expected.
BUT, the situation is very different
with 30% pfa!
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CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
With pfa, CHactual/CHexpected is
initially less than 1, which means
that there was less CH than
expected and so the hydration of
the Portland cement was initially
retarded.
At intermediate ages
CHactual/CHexpected is above 1 and
so the hydration of the Portland
cement was then accelerated.
The CH was later consumed by
the reaction of the pfa i.e. when
CHactual/CHexpected dropped below
1.
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 Hydration accelerated: Value expected on the
the ‘filler’ effect basis of simple dilution
Reaction of
Hydration retarded the pfa

1.4

1.2
CH actual / CHexpected

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Data from many studies. Age (days)

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