with very huge size ( which is unrealistic), here use many inverter in the ring

oscillator.

• The comparactor here is to prevent voltage dropping below zero ( inverter on the
most left drag the circuit a bit more down). vconst is set to 2.2V , which is the high
boundary. It is implemented through voltage divider.
R4 22k
vconst = ∗ V dd = ∗ 3.3V = 2.2V (10)
R3 + R4 11k + 22k

• Size of pMOS is twice the size of nMOS in the OTA is due to the fact that the
mobility of electrons is twice in comparison with mobility of holes.

3.2 Part 2 - Frequency Voltage Controlled

• To make frequency linearly controlled by voltage, here use an OTA. Here connect
the OTA to a source follower ( common drain ). If connected directly, voltage and
current is not really linear due to threshold voltage of the transistor, so connect the
output of source follower as one input of OTA.

• The linear region is between 0 to 1.7 volt, verified in the file ”linearity test”.

• The linearity between the input voltage and the output current in an OTA is
achieved through the transconductance (gm = ∂I out
∂Vin
) parameter. Transconductance
is a measure of how much output current changes in response to a change in in-
put voltage. In an OTA, the transconductance is typically controlled by biasing
the input differential pair transistors. The differential pair transistors in the OTA

10
 are biased with a fixed current source. As the input voltage varies, it causes a
change in the effective transconductance of the differential pair. This change in
transconductance results in a corresponding change in the output current.

• The relation of input voltage and sawtooth frequency is shown in the table.

Vin Frequency
1V 61.01 MHz
1.2V 67.29 MHz
1.5V 75.31 MHz

1.2 − 1 1.5 − 1.2

≈ 0.32 ≈ ≈ 0.37 (11)
67.29 − 61.01 75.31 − 67.29

3.3 Part 3 - Settable with Digital Signal

• Digital input is connected to a current mirror.

• High pass filter : extract the falling edge in order to discharge the capacitance at
1
each falling edge. τ = RC

11