BS BIO 2A - Group 5

Members: Krissha Lopez, Noreen Ocampo, Joyce Romero, Rachel Zambrano

Experiment # 5

ANALYSIS OF SODA ASH

Date Performed: November 21, 2023

Date Finished: November 30, 2023

Objectives:

To determine the alkalinity of soda ash using standardize NaOH of 0.10 M,

concentrated HCl, impure soda ash, and methyl orange as indicator.

Principles Involved:

1. Acid-base titration method is employed to determine the total alkalinity of

Na2CO3 or Na2O in terms of percentage. Also, aliquot portions are conducted
with the use of methyl orange as an indicator for the sample is frequently
homogenous.
2. Standardization of 0.1 N HCl using 0. 1 N NaOH was done in which the sodium
hydroxide solution is run in hydrochloric acid is an orange shade that varies
between pink and yellow. This is to secure accuracy in obtaining the correct
results of the titration.

Materials:

Burette, Erlenmeyer flask (250 ml), Funnel, Volumetric flask, Stirring rod, Wash bottle,
Burette holder, Pipette, Aspirator

Chemicals:

Unknown concentration, Methyl orange, HCl, NaOH

Procedure (outline):
 Data and Calculations

Data:

Table A. Standardization of 0.1 N HCl against standard NaOH solution

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Initial reading 0 0 0
of HCl (mL)

Final reading 23 22.5 22.5

of HCl (mL)

Volume of HCl 23 22.5 22.5

Used (mL)

Ratio
Vol HCl (mL) 23 22.5 22.5 Variation:
Vol NaOH 23 23 23
(mL) =1 = 0.9783 = 0.9783
1.3

Vol NaOH 23 mL 23 mL 23 mL
Vol HCl 23 mL 22.5 22.5
=1 = 1.0222 = 1.0222
Normality of 0.1 N 0.1 N 0.1 N Average NHCl:
HCl solution
0.1 N

Table B. Determination of Total Alkalinity of Soda Ash

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Weight of 1.0043 g 1.0043 g 1.0043 g

sample

Initial Reading 0 mL 0 mL 0 mL
of HCl
 Final Reading 32.8 mL 33.2 mL 33 mL
of HCl

Volume of HCl 32.8 mL 33.2 mL 33 mL

used

% sodium 17. 31 % 17. 51 % 17. 42 % % ave NaCO3:

carbonate
17.413 %

% sodium 7.51 % 7.6 % 7.56 % % ave Na:

7.56 %

Calculations:

A. Normality of HCl solutions

N1V1=N2V2

Trial 1:

Given: N1= 0.1 N

V1= 23 mL → 0.023 L
V2 =23 mL → 0.023 L
N2= ?
N2 = (N1) (V1) / V2
N2 = (0.1) (0.023) / 0.023

N2 = 0.1 N

Trial 2:

Given: N1= 0.1 N

V1= 22.5 mL → 0.0225 L
V2 =23 mL → 0.023 L
N2= ?
N2 = (N1) (V1 )/ V2
N2 = (0.1) (0.0225) / 0.023

N2 = 0.09783 or 0.1 N
Trial 3

Given: N1= 0.1 N

V1= 22.5 mL → 0.0225 L
V2 =23 mL → 0.023 L
N2= ?
N2 = (N1) (V1) / V2
N2 = (0.1) (0.0225) / 0.023

N2 = 0.09783 or 0.1 N

Average NHCl : 0.1 N

B. Determination of Total Alkalinity of Soda Ash( % Na2CO3 and % Na)

Trial 1:

Given:

Volume of acid used: 32.8 mL = 0.0328 L

Total mass of sample: 1.0043 g

Solution:

MW Na2CO3 = 105.9888 g/mol

MW Na = 22.99 g/mol

Moles of HCl = molarity of acid (mol/L) x volume of acid used (L)

= 0.1 mol/L x 0.0328 L

= 0.00328 mol

Moles of Na2CO3 = Moles of HCl / 2

= 0.00328 mol / 2

= 0.00164 mol

Mass of Na2CO3 = moles of Na2CO3 x MW Na2CO3

 = 0.00164 mol x 105.9888 g/mol

= 0.1738 g

% Na2CO3 = ( mass of Na2CO3 / total mass of sample) x 100

= (0.1738 g / 1.0043 g) x 100

= 17. 31 %

Moles of Na = 2 x moles of Na2CO3

= 2 x 0.00164 mol

= 0.00328 mol

Mass of Na in Na2CO3 = moles of Na x MW Na

= 0.00328 mol x 22.99 g/mol

= 0.0754 g

% Na = ( mass of Na / total mass Na2CO3 ) x 100

= (0.0754 g / 1.0043 g) x 100

= 7.51 %

Trial 2:

Given:

Volume of acid used: 33.2 mL = 0.0332 L

Total mass of sample: 1.0043 g

Solution:

MW Na2CO3 = 105.9888 g/mol

MW Na = 22.99 g/mol
Moles of HCl = molarity of acid (mol/L) x volume of acid used (L)

= 0.1 mol/L x 0.0332 L

= 0.00332 mol

Moles of Na2CO3 = Moles of HCl / 2

= 0.00332 mol / 2

= 0.00166 mol

Mass of Na2CO3 = moles of Na2CO3 x MW Na2CO3

= 0.00166 mol x 105.9888 g/mol

= 0.1759 g

% Na2CO3 = ( mass of Na2CO3 / total mass of sample) x 100

= (0.1759 g / 1.0043 g) x 100

= 17. 51 %

Moles of Na = 2 x moles of Na2CO3

= 2 x 0.00166 mol

= 0.00332 mol

Mass of Na in Na2CO3 = moles of Na x MW Na

= 0.00332 mol x 22.99 g/mol

= 0.0763 g

% Na = ( mass of Na / total mass Na2CO3 ) x 100

= (0.0763 g / 1.0043 g) x 100

= 7.6 %
Trial 3:
Given:

Volume of acid used: 33 mL = 0.033 L

Total mass of sample: 1.0043 g

Solution:

MW Na2CO3 = 105.9888 g/mol

Moles of HCl = molarity of acid (mol/L) x volume of acid used (L)

= 0.1 mol/L x 0.033 L

= 0.0033 mol

Moles of Na2CO3 = Moles of HCl / 2

= 0.0033 mol / 2

= 0.00165 mol

Mass of Na2CO3 = moles of Na2CO3 x MW Na2CO3

= 0.00165 mol x 105.9888 g/mol

= 0.1749 g

% Na2CO3 = ( mass of Na2CO3 / total mass of sample) x 100

= (0.1749 g / 1.0043 g) x 100

= 17. 42 %

Moles of Na = 2 x moles of Na2CO3

= 2 x 0.00165 mol

= 0.0033 mol

Mass of Na in Na2CO3 = moles of Na x MW Na

 = 0.0033 mol x 22.99 g/mol

= 0.0759 g

% Na = ( mass of Na / total mass Na2CO3 ) x 100

= (0.0759 g / 1.0043 g) x 100

= 7.56 %

% average Na2CO3: 17.413 %

% Average Na: 7.56 %

Discussion:

The purpose of the experiment was to determine the alkalinity of sodium

carbonate (Na2CO3), commonly known as soda ash. Sodium carbonate is an important
inorganic compound that is used in various industries such as water treatment, soap
and detergent manufacturing, and glass production. The experiment employed several
principles including acid-base titration, gravimetric analysis, spectroscopy, and thermal
analysis.

In the acid-base titration, a standardized hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution was

reacted with a sample of soda ash. The equivalence point, which indicates the
completion of the reaction, was determined using a pH indicator called methyl orange.
By measuring the amount of HCl used, the percentage of Na2CO3 in the sample could
be calculated. This process is based on the principle of neutralization, where an acid
and a base react to produce salt and water.

To isolate a specific component of the soda ash sample, gravimetric analysis was
employed. The precipitate formed during the reaction was weighed to determine its
amount. This method relies on the idea that accurate quantification requires the
separation and isolation of the component of interest. Thermal analysis and
spectroscopy were noted as additional techniques that may have been used. These
techniques likely involve studying how light interacts with the sample and examining its
thermal properties, respectively.

The experiment utilized various laboratory tools such as pipettes, graduated

cylinders, analytical balances, volumetric flasks, Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, stirring
rods, and burettes. Compounds such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium
bicarbonate, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and methyl orange were used in the experiment as
well. The careful selection and use of these substances and materials ensured the
accuracy and reliability of the experimental findings.

Conclusion:

According to the data above, the standardization of HCl using NaOH acquired an
endpoint that ranges from 22.5 mL to 23 mL. It is evident that compared to the
standardization of HCl using NaOH, the soda ash uses up HCl that ranges from 32.5
mL to 33 mL before it reaches its endpoint which is a half higher than the
standardization. Subsequently, the average normality of HCl is 0.1 N as all three trials
conceived a 0.1 N. Furthermore, the total alkalinity of soda ash is perceived to be an
average of 17.38% in sodium carbonate (NaCO3) and 7.56 % average in sodium (Na).
With that, it can be seen that sodium carbonate has a higher percentage compared to
sodium which means that sodium is less alkaline over sodium carbonate. Moreover,
with these two components present, it contributes to the alkalinity of the soda ash.

GUIDED QUESTIONS:

1. Why is it preferable to titrate HCl with NaOH than the reverse?

Titrating hydrochloric acid (HCl) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is often preferred
over the reverse titration for several reasons. Firstly, it enhances safety as NaOH
is generally less hazardous to handle than HCl. Secondly, when titrating HCl with
NaOH, the pH starts low and gradually increases, making it easier to detect the
endpoint using pH indicators or meters. Thirdly, the stoichiometry of the reaction
between HCl and NaOH is well-defined, they react in a 1:1 ratio, simplifying
calculations and allowing for precise determination of the analyte's concentration.
Lastly, standardized solutions of NaOH are readily available, making it
convenient to prepare a known concentration of the titrant. It is easier to obtain
accurate and precise results when working with a standardized solution of known
concentration.

2. Suggest a way to determine the alkalinity due to NaOH present in soda ash.

One way to determine the alkalinity due to NaOH present in soda ash is the
acid-base titration method. To do this, first prepare a known concentration of acid
solution, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl). Dissolve a sample of soda ash in water,
and add a suitable indicator, such as phenolphthalein, to the solution. Slowly add
the acid solution to the soda ash solution while stirring, until the indicator
changes color permanently. Record the volume of acid solution used during the
titration. Based on the volume and concentration of the acid solution, calculate
the alkalinity due to NaOH in the soda ash sample.
PROBLEM SOLVING:

1. A mixture weighing 0.8000 g consists of equal parts by weight of Na2CO3 and K2CO3.
It is dissolved in H2O and 17.00 mL of 1.070 N acid were added. Is the solution acid or
alkaline? What volume of 1.070 N acid or alkaline is added to make the solution
neutral?
2. Calculate the alkaline strength of a sample of impure K2CO3 in terms of percent K2O
from the following data: weight of sample: 1.000g; HCl used = 55.90 mL; NaOH used
= 0.42 mL; 1.00 mL NaOH≈0.008473 g KHC2O4H2C2O4: 1.00 mL HCl ≈2.500 mL
NaOH.
Documentation